ABSTRACT

The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of pre-prepared cmc
powder on different height, diameter and flow curves of different capillary tubes
and to determined the viscosity that appears as a function of the cutting speed.

The prepared solution was poured into the tygon tube. Different capillary and
different diameter values of the flow to be non-newtonian or newtonian was
determined.
 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................iv
1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND...............................................................2
3. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND CHEMICALS...................................................5
3.1. APPARATUS...............................................................................5
3.2. CHEMICALS...............................................................................5
4. PROCEDURE...................................................................................6
5. CALCULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS............................................7
5.1. CALCULATIONS..........................................................................7
5.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS..............................................................11
6. DISCUSSION..................................................................................12
7. CONCLUSİON AND RECOMENDATION .....................................................14
7.1. CALCULATIONS.........................................................................14
7.2. CALCULATIONS.........................................................................14
REFERENCES..................................................................................15
APPENDIX.....................................................................................16
APPENDIX A.................................................................................16
APPENDIX B.................................................................................21
 iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Shear stress and shear rate of graphs

Figure 2.2 Structure of CMC.
Figure 3.1 Experimental set-up......................................................................................................7
Figure 5.1 ln(h(t)/h(0)) versus time graph.
Figure 5.2 Apparent viscosity versus time graph.
Figure 5.3 Apparent viscosity versus time graph.
Figure A.1 ln(h(t)/h(0)) versus time (s) graph
Figure A.2 Apparent viscosity versus time (s) graph..
Figure A.3 Apparent viscosity versus shear rate (s-1) graph.
Figure A.4 ln(h(t)/h(0)) versus time (s) graph..
Figure A.5 Apparent Viscosity(Pa.s) versus time (s)
Figure A.6 Apparent viscosity versus shear rate (s-1) graph.
 iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Tube dimensions................................................................................................................8

Table 5.1 For L=0.396 m D=0.0008 m..........................................................................................11
Table A.1 For L=0.396 m and D=0.0017m..................................................................................16
Table A.2 For L=0.2 m D=0.0017..................................................................................................17
Table B.1 for l=0.396 m, D= 0.0008 m........................................................................................18
Table B.2 for l=0.396 m, D= 0.0017 m........................................................................................21
Table B.3 For L=0.2 m D=0.0017...................................................................................................22
 1

INTRODUCTION
In the case of simple sliding at constant pressure and constant temperature, the
degree of slip was correlated with the shear rate. The dynamic constant was the
dynamic constant. Such fluids were "newtonian fluids" classified according to the
laws open, such as water, oil and air. These liquids were elastic and have a
viscosity constant. Liquids with a viscous consistency and significantly elastic were
classified as "non-newtonian fluids".

In the theory part of this experiment classified several fluids. The properties of
CMC powder solution were mentioned. Shear stress formula and its importance. It
was mentioned whether liquids were elastic. It was mentioned that the capillary
viscosity depends on a certain pressure drop and volumetric flow rate. In procedure
part of the experiment was made in three different diameters. These were 3 mm, 4
mm and 5 mm. Water fill to a certain extent and the flow of water flowing through
the gap calculate in how many seconds its was gone.

In the calculation part of the experiment, the volumetric flow rate "Q" of a
newtonian fluid in a fixed horizontal capillary tube of "newton fluids" was
determined. The diameter of the prepared solder was determined by the length of
the capillary tubes and by the effect of the open air pressure.

In the discussion part of this experiment, if there was an error in the procedure

Figure 2.1 Shear stress and shear rate of graphs (3)

 2

The volumetric flow rate “Q” of a newtonian fluid in a horizontal capillary tube
under steady, fully developed and laminar conditions, is decribed by the equation;

4 '
π R (−P ) (2.3)
Q=
8σ

With

dP ∆P (2.4)
−P' = =constant =
dX L

Where, σ ,
∆ P , L and R are the viscosity, pressure drop across capillary, length and Radius of
the capillary repectively.The pressure drop across the capillary tube is also given
by;

∆ P=ρgh ( t ) (2.5)

Where “ ρ ” is the liquid density “g” is the acceleration due to gravity. In the
experimental set up which consist of vertical burette feeding the capillary
tubing,h(t) is the change of height of flowing liquid through the burette as shown in
figüre 3.1. The change of “h” with respect to time can be expressed as:

dh(t) Q π R 4 (ρgh ( t ) ) (2.6)

= =
dt A 8 LAσ

Where “A” is the cross sectional area of burette. Integration of Equation 2.6 gives:

4
π R (ρg) Bρ (2.7)
ln ( h ( t ) )= +C= t +C=mt +C
8 LAσ σ
 3

Where

π R4 g (2.8)
B=
8 LA

dln [h(t)] Bρ (2.9)

m= =
dt σ

Log(h(t)) vs. t plots for such liquids are expected to be linear having negative
slopes which may be used to estimate viscosity for “Newtonian fluids” (4).

In the case of “non-newtonian fluid”, the shear stress, τ , is not linearly related to
the shear rate, γ , and the “apparent” viscosity is aa funtion of shear rate. “ τ W
(shear stress and γ w (shear rate) at capillary wall atn any time t are given by
equations :

R ∆P (2.10)
τ w=
2L

Which gives,

h (t) (2.14)
ln =−kt+¿
h0

Where h 0 is the height of the meniscus at time t=0 and k, a, b are constants. By
fitting the second order polynomial curve (y=m x 2+nx+r) of log(h(t)/h 0) vs time
graph, the constants can be reached;

2
a =r
2
b =m 2 × ( a × b )−k=n

The corresponding form of Equation 2.9 then ;

 4

1 γ w −m 1 dm (2.15)
= = (1+ )
σ a (γ w ) τ w Bρ 4 m dt
2

Where ;

dln (h) (2.16)

m= =−k +2 b∗(a+bt )
dt

Figure 2.1 Structure of CMC.

 5

3.EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

Figure 3.1 Experimental set-up

 Beaker
 Funnel
 6

 String rods

Table 3.1. Tube dimensions

d= 0.8 mm

L=20 cm d= 1.2 mm

d= 1.7 mm

d= 0.8 mm

L=30 cm d= 1.2 mm

d= 1.7 mm

d=0.8 mm

L=39.6 cm d= 1.2 mm

d= 1.7 mm

3.2.CHEMICALS

 Water
 7

4.PROCEDURE

 10 g of CMC powder was added to the beaker and 1500 ml of water was
added. The beaker was placed in a magnetic stirrer and allowed to dissolve
the solution in water overnight.
 A 20 mm long, 0.8 mm diameter capillary was removed and attached to a 50
mL burette.
 The burette was filled with the pre-prepared solution and noted the height
of the solution, h (0).
 The valve of the burner was opened and the timer was started at the same
time.
 The duration of the solution was decreased for each 2 mL level.
 The above procedure was reported for capillaries having a diameter of 0.8
mm and length 30 and 39.6 cm and capillaries each of 1.2 mm and 1.7 mm
and each of 20, 30 and 39.6 cm.
 8

=0.0004 m and L=0.396:

1.4
1.2
f(x) = − 2.147555659E-08 x² − 0.000660773012 x
1 + 1.219570202725
ln(h(t)/h(0))

0.8 R² = 0.998731461084654

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Time (s)

Figure 5.1. ln(h(t)/h(0)) versus time graph.

−8 2
y=(−2 ×10 ) x −(0.0007) x+ 1.2196

Equaiton of graph was taken and a,b and k values were calculated by (....),(...),
(...),

a 2=1.2196

a=1.1044
 9

2 −8
b =2× 10

b=1.414 ×10−4

2 ×(a ×b)−k=n

−4
2 ×(1.1044 ×1.414 ×10 )−k =0.0007

k =3.877 ×10−4

m=−k +2 b × ( a+ bt )

m=−3.877 × 10−4 + 2(1.414 ×10−4 )× ( 1.1044+(1.414 ×10−4)t )

Since t=0

m=−3.877 × 10 + 2(1.414 ×10 )× ( 1.1044+(1.414 ×10 )0 )

−4 −4 −4

m=−7.54 ×10−5

dm
=2b 2
dt

dm
=2× ¿
dt

( )
γ w −m 1 dm
= 1+
τ w Bρ 4 m dt
2

−(−7.54 × 10 ) (5..)
( )
−5
γw 1 −8
= 1+ ×3.9988 × 10

( )(
τw −8

)
3
−9 m kg 2.27 ×10
2.49 ×10 2
× 1008.4 3
s m

γ w =295.922 s−1
 10

1
=82.84
ηa ( 295.922 s )
−1

−5
η a=4.0790 ×10

0.000045
0.00004
Apparent Viscosity (pa.s)

0.000035
0.00003
0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0
0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000
Time (s)

Figure 5.2. Apparent viscosity versus time graph.

0.000045
0.00004
Apparent viscosity (Pa.s)

0.000035
0.00003
0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Shear rate (1/s)

Figure 5.3. Apparent viscosity versus time graph.

 11

Appendix

Appendix A

Table A.1. For L=0.396 m and D=0.0017m

mL Time(s)

2 3

4 6

6 9

8 13

10 16

12 19

14 23

16 27

18 31

20 36

22 40

24 45

26 50

28 55

30 60

32 63.6

34 67.2

36 70.8

38 75

40 79.8
 12

42 84

44 88.8

46 94.2

48 124.2

50 131.4

h( t)=71.5 cm

ΔP=7073.068 Pa

R=0.00085

Shear stress was calculated with equaiton (..)

R ΔP
τ w=
2L

(0.00085 m) ×(7073.068 Pa)

τ w=
2(0.396 m)

τ w =7.5910 Pa

4
πR g
B=
8 LA

π ×(0.00085 m)4 ×( 9.81m/ s2 )

B=
8( 0.396 m)× ( 10−4 m)

−8 3 2
B=5.078 ×10 m / s
 13

1.4
1.2
f(x) = 0.00001185630015 x² − 0.0107482162778 x
1 + 1.260488248469
ln(h(t)/h(0))

R² = 0.984072457552789
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (s)

Figure A.1 ln(h(t)/h(0)) versus time (s) graph.

y=(1 ×10−5 ) x 2−(0.0107)x +1.2605

Equaiton of graph was taken and a,b and k values were calculated by (....),(...),
(...),

2
a =1.2605

a=1.1227

b 2=1× 10−5
−3
b=3.1623 ×10

2 ×(a ×b)−k=n

2 ×(1.1227× 3.1623× 10−3 )−k =0.0107

−3
k =−3.6 ×10

m was calculated by equation (..)

 14

m=−k +2 b × ( a+ bt )

m=3.6 × 10 +2(3.1623 ×10 ) × ( 1.1227+(3.1623 ×10 ) t )

−3 −3 −3

Since t=0

m=3.6 × 10−3 +2(3.1623 ×10−3) × ( 1.1227+(3.1623 ×10−3 ) 0 )

m=0.0107

dm 2
=2b
dt

dm
=2× ¿
dt

( )
γ w −m 1 dm
= 1+ 2
τ w Bρ 4 m dt

( )
γw −( 0.0107 ) 1 −5 (5..)
= 1+ × 2× 10

( )(
τw −5

)
3
−8 m kg 4.9× 10
5.078 ×10 2
× 1008.4 3
s m

γ w =1664.07 s−1

1
=219.216
ηa ( 1664.07 s )
−1

−5
η a=2.7413 ×10
 15

0.000003

0.0000025

Apparent Viscosity(Pa.s) 0.000002

0.0000015

0.000001

0.0000005

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (s)

Figure A.2. Apparent viscosity versus time (s) graph.

0.000003

0.0000025
Apparent viscosity (Pa.s)

0.000002

0.0000015

0.000001

0.0000005

0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Shear rate (1/s)

Figure A.3. Apparent viscosity versus shear rate (s-1) graph.

 16

Table A.2. For L=0.2 m D=0.0017

mL Time (s)

2 2

4 5

6 7

8 10

10 13

12 16

14 20

16 23

18 26

20 30

22 34

24 38

26 42

28 46

30 50

32 55

34 60

36 63.6

38 66.6

40 70.2

42 74.4

44 78.6
 17

46 83.4

48 89.4

50 95.4

Shear stress was calculated with equaiton(..)

RΔP
τ w=
2L

(0.00085 m) ×(7073.068 Pa)

τ w=
2(0.20 m)

τ w =15.0302 Pa

4
πR g
B=
8 LA
4 2
π ×(0.00085 m) ×( 9.81m/ s )
B=
8( 0.20 m)× ( 10 m )
−4

B=1.005 ×10−7 m3 / s2
 18

1.4

1.2
f(x) = − 3.93940807622481E-05 x² − 0.00796811858915598 x + 1.20061149705912
R² = 0.998559103733232
1
ln(h(t)/h(0))
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (s)

Figure A.4. ln(h(t)/h(0)) versus time (s) graph.

−5 2
y=(−4 ×10 ) x −(0.008) x+1.2006

Equaiton of graph was taken and a,b and k values were calculated by (....),(...),
(...),

a 2=1.2006

m=0.01675+ 2(6.324 ×10 ) × ( 1.9572+(6.324 ×10 )t )

−3 −3

m=0.0415

dm 2
=2b
dt

dm
=2× ¿
dt

( )
γ w −m 1 dm
= 1+
τ w Bρ 4 m 2 dt
 19

( )
γw − ( 0.0415 ) 1 −5 (5..)
= 1+ ×8 ×10

( s ) (
τw −3

m )
−7 m
3
kg 6.89 ×10
1.005× 10 2
× 1008.4 3

−1
γ w =6250.41 s

1
=415.857
ηa ( 6250.41 s )
−1

−7
η a=3.8472× 10

0.00000045
0.0000004
0.00000035
Apparent Viscosity

0.0000003
0.00000025
0.0000002
0.00000015
0.0000001
0.00000005
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (s)

Figure A.5. Apparent Viscosity(Pa.s) versus time (s)

0.00000045
0.0000004
0.00000035
Apparent Viscosity

0.0000003
0.00000025
0.0000002
0.00000015
0.0000001
0.00000005
0
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600
Shear rate
 20

Figure A.6. Apparent Viscosity(Pa.s) versus shear rate(s-1)

Appendix B

Table B.1 for l=0.396 m, D= 0.0008 m

h(t) ∆P τw h(t ) m γw γw ηa
ln ( ) ( )
h (0) τw

0.715 7073.069 3.572257 1.201645 0.00070004 284.4862 1016.185 3.45912E-06

0.695 6875.221 3.472334 1.173274 0.000702975 285.6314 1020.275 3.43144E-06

0.675 6677.373 3.37241 1.144075 0.000704967 286.4085 1023.051 3.41285E-06

0.655 6479.525 3.272487 1.113997 0.000705999 286.8111 1024.489 3.40327E-06

0.635 6281.677 3.172564 1.082987 0.000708062 287.6164 1027.366 3.38424E-06

0.615 6083.828 3.072641 1.050984 0.000710149 288.4312 1030.276 3.36515E-06

 21

0.595 5885.98 2.972717 1.017923 0.000712285 289.2648 1033.254 3.34578E-06

0.575 5688.132 2.872794 0.983732 0.000714468 290.1173 1036.299 3.32615E-06

0.555 5490.284 2.772871 0.94833 0.000715716 290.6045 1038.039 3.315E-06

0.553 5470.499 2.762878 0.94472 0.000718043 291.5133 1041.286 3.29437E-06

0.515 5094.588 2.573024 0.873529 0.00072037 292.4223 1044.532 3.27392E-06

0.495 4896.74 2.473101 0.83392 0.000722793 293.3688 1047.913 3.25282E-06

0.475 4698.892 2.373178 0.792677 0.000725289 294.3436 1051.395 3.23131E-06

0.455 4501.044 2.273254 0.749659 0.000727832 295.3373 1054.945 3.20961E-06

0.435 4303.196 2.173331 0.704708 0.000731455 296.7531 1060.002 3.17905E-06

0.415 4105.348 2.073408 0.65764 0.000734214 297.8315 1063.854 3.15607E-06

0.395 3907.5 1.973485 0.608248 0.000737045 298.9382 1067.807 3.13275E-06

0.375 3709.652 1.873561 0.556288 0.000739013 299.7074 1070.555 3.11669E-06

0.355 3511.803 1.773638 0.50148 0.000740956 300.4672 1073.269 3.10095E-06

0.335 3313.955 1.673715 0.443493 0.000744003 301.6588 1077.525 3.0765E-06

0.315 3116.107 1.573792 0.381935 0.000748106 303.2634 1083.257 3.04403E-06

0.295 2918.259 1.473868 0.316337 0.000751441 304.568 1087.917 3.01801E-06

0.275 2720.411 1.373945 0.246133 0.000755879 306.3046 1094.12 2.98388E-06

0.255 2522.563 1.274022 0.170626 0.00076051 308.1167 1100.593 2.94889E-06

0.235 2324.715 1.174098 0.088947 0.000765477 310.0607 1107.537 2.91202E-06

0.215 2126.867 1.074175 1.201645 0.000770659 312.0897 1114.784 2.87428E-06

Table B.1 for l=0.396 m, D= 0.0017 m

h( t) ∆P τw h(t) m γw γw ηa
ln ( ) ( )
h (0) τw

0.715 7073.069 7.591046 1.201645 0.010760629 219.216 1664.07 2.7413E-06

0.695 6875.221 7.378709 1.173274 0.01082063 220.337 1672.58 2.71347E-06

0.675 6677.373 7.166372 1.144075 0.010880631 221.459 1681.1 2.68605E-06

0.655 6479.525 6.954035 1.113997 0.010960632 222.956 1692.46 2.6501E-06

0.635 6281.677 6.741698 1.082987 0.011020633 224.079 1700.99 2.6236E-06

 22

0.615 6083.828 6.529361 1.050984 0.011080634 225.203 1709.52 2.59748E-06

0.595 5885.98 6.317024 1.017923 0.011160635 226.702 1720.9 2.56324E-06

0.575 5688.132 6.104687 0.983732 0.011240636 228.202 1732.28 2.52965E-06

0.555 5490.284 5.89235 0.94833 0.011320637 229.703 1743.68 2.4967E-06

0.553 5470.499 5.871117 0.94472 0.011420639 231.581 1757.93 2.45639E-06

0.515 5094.588 5.467677 0.873529 0.01150064 233.083 1769.34 2.42481E-06

0.495 4896.74 5.25534 0.83392 0.011600641 234.963 1783.61 2.38617E-06

0.475 4698.892 5.043003 0.792677 0.011700643 236.844 1797.88 2.34842E-06

0.455 4501.044 4.830666 0.749659 0.011800644 238.726 1812.17 2.31154E-06

0.435 4303.196 4.618329 0.704708 0.011900645 240.61 1826.47 2.27549E-06

0.415 4105.348 4.405992 0.65764 0.011972646 241.966 1836.77 2.25004E-06

0.395 3907.5 4.193655 0.608248 0.012044647 243.324 1847.07 2.22501E-06

0.375 3709.652 3.981318 0.556288 0.012116648 244.682 1857.38 2.20038E-06

0.355 3511.803 3.768981 0.50148 0.01220065 246.267 1869.41 2.17215E-06

0.335 3313.955 3.556644 0.443493 0.012296651 248.079 1883.17 2.14053E-06

0.315 3116.107 3.344307 0.381935 0.012380652 249.665 1895.21 2.11341E-06

0.295 2918.259 3.13197 0.316337 0.012476654 251.48 1908.98 2.08303E-06

0.275 2720.411 2.919633 0.246133 0.012584655 253.522 1924.48 2.04961E-06

0.255 2522.563 2.707296 0.170626 0.013184664 264.886 2010.75 1.87752E-06

0.235 2324.715 2.494959 0.088947 0.013328666 267.618 2031.49 1.83937E-06

0.215 2126.867 2.282622 1.201645 0.010700628 218.095 1655.56 2.76955E-06

Table B.2 for l=0.2 m, D= 0.0017 m

h( t) ∆P τw h(t ) m γw γw ηa
ln ( ) ( )
h (0) τw

0.715 7073069 15.03027 1.201645 0.041664638 415.8567 6250.409 384723E-07

0.695 687.221 14.60984 1.173274 0.041904595 418.1973 6285.589 3.80428E-07

0.675 6677.373 14.18942 1.144075 0.042064567 419.7579 6309.045 3.77605E-07

0.655 6479.525 13.76899 1.113997 0.042304525 422.099 6344.233 3.73428E-07

 23

0.635 6281.677 13.34856 1.082987 0.042544483 424.4405 6379.425 3.69319E-07

0.615 6083.828 12.92814 1.050984 0.042784441 426.7822 6414.622 3.65277E-07

0.595 588.98 12.50771 1.017923 0.043104385 429.905 6461.558 3.5999E-07

0.575 568.132 12.08728 0.983732 0.043344342 432.2474 6496.764 3.56099E-07

0.555 5490.284 11.66685 0.94833 0.0435843 434.5901 6531.975 3.5227E-07

0.553 5470.499 11.62481 0.94472 0.043904244 437.7141 6578.93 3.4726E-07

0.515 5094.588 10.826 0.873529 0.044224188 440.8385 6625.891 3.42355E-07

0.495 4896.74 10.40557 0.83392 0.044544132 443.9635 6672.86 3.37552E-07

0.475 4698.892 9.985145 0.792677 0.044864076 447.0889 6719.836 3.32849E-07

0.455 4501.044 9.564718 0.749659 0.045184019 450.2148 6766.818 3.28243E-07

0.435 4303.196 9.144291 0.704708 0.045503963 453.341 6813.807 3.23732E-07

0.415 4105.348 8.723864 0.65764 0.045903893 457.2495 6872.552 3.18221E-07

0.395 3907.5 8.303437 0.608248 0.046303823 461.1586 6931.306 3.12849E-07

0.375 3709.652 7.883009 0.556288 0.046591772 463.9736 6973.616 3.09064E-07

0.355 3511.803 7.462582 0.50148 0.04683173 466.3196 7008.877 3.05962E-07

0.335 3313.955 7.042155 0.443493 0.047119679 469.1352 7051.196 3.02301E-07

0.315 3116.107 6.621728 0.381935 0.04745562 472.4204 7100.573 2.98111E-07

0.295 2918.259 6.201301 0.316337 0.047791561 475.706 7149.957 2.94007E-07

0.275 2720.411 5.780874 0.246133 0.048175494 479.4615 7206.402 2.89419E-07

0.255 2522.563 5.360446 0.170626 0.04865541 484.1566 7276.971 2.83833E-07

0.235 2324.715 4.940019 0.088947 0.049135325 488.8525 7347.551 2.78407E-07

0.215 2126.867 4.519592 1.201645 0.041504666 414.2964 6226.958 3.87626E-07

 24

REFERENCES

 http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_12_15796_137.pdf
 http://www.wikizero.biz/index.php?
q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ2FyYm94eW1ldGh5bF9jZ
WxsdWxvc2U
 http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~compflu/Lect-notes/chhabra.pdf
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-shear-stress-formula
 25

 https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1NDCM_trTR786TR786&biw=1536&bih=706&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Z8a9XM
6qIeWBk74PmYy20A4&q=shear+stress+graph&oq=shear+stress+g&gs_l=img.1.
0.0i19l3j0i5i30i19l4j0i8i30i19l3.1602951.1608162..1608927...2.0..0.179.2269
.0j16......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0j0i67j0i30.m2XZo3GeR-
0#imgrc=MWDVD1DdHjmriM:
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structural-unit-of-carboxymethyl-
cellulose-CMC_fig1_265467174

NOMENCLATURE
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