IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

ACID BASE
Strong Weak Strong Weak
HCLO3 H2CO2 Group 1 hydroxide
(except Li-OH) All other bases like
HClO4 HCLO2 HNO2
NaOH NH4OH
HCLO H2SO3
HI KOH Zn(OH)2
H3PO4 HCN RbOH
HBr Al(OH)3
H3PO3 H3BO3 Group 2 hydroxide
Fe(OH)3
H2SO4 (except Be(OH)2
H3PO2 HF etc.
HCl and Mg(OH)2 )
H2S
HNO2 Almost all organic acid
** Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
 ACID BASE THEORIES

ACID: Which produce H+ BASE: Which produce OH-

ion in aqueous ion in aqueous
solution. solution.
eg: HCL, H2SO4, HCLO4 etc.
ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
eg: NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
but, H3BO3 is not a etc.
defined only in
arrhenius acid Major limitation:
water solvent

Which gives H+ in any To find conjugate base of

ACID:
solvent any acid -> Remove one H+
BRONSTED- LOWERY To find conjugate acid of
BASE: Which accepts H+ in
any base ->add one H+
any solvent CONCEPT
water is amphirotric
solvent
 MAJOR
does not explain acidic bhevaiour of aprotic acids eg: SO2, SO3, CO2, AlCl3
LIMITATION

ACID BASE
TYPE OF LEWIS BASE
TYPE OF LEWIS ACID 1. Neutral molecule having lone pair:
1. Having incomplete octet: BF3, BCl3, ** ** **
AlCl3 etc. NH3 + R-NH2 + R2-NH+
2. Having vacant d-orbitals: SF4, SF6, LEWIS ** **
H-O-H + R-O-R etc.
SnCl2 etc. THEORY ** **
3. Having multiple bonds between 2. Anions: O2-, Cl-, Br-, I- etc.
atoms of different EN: CO, SO2 etc. All the Lewis bases are bronsted
4. Cations: Ag+, Li+, Mg2+. bases but all the lewis acid are not
false cations (which cannot act as bronsted acid.
lewis acid): NH4+, H3O+, PH4+ etc. All arrenhius acids are bronsted
Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor acid but it is not so for bases.
Lewis base is an electron pair donar
 OSTWALD'S DILUTION LAW FOR PURE WATER
(Only for weak electrolytes)
1. [H+] = [OH-]
is directly prop. to sq root of 2. pH = pOH
dilution if dillution inc. inc. 3. PH(pure water)= PKw / 2
explanation of water OSTWALD'S pH of an acidic solution is
H2O H+ + OH- DILUTION LAW always less than pH of pure
Kw = Ionic product of water water
pKw = pH + pOH pH of basic solution is
K = dissociation constant of water always greater than pH of
Kw = [H+][OH-]
pure water.

AT 25 C AT 90 C
1. Kw = 10^-14 1. Kw = 10^-12
2. (pH) pure water = (pOH) pure DIFFERENT VALUES 2. (pH) pure water = (pOH) pure
AT DIFFERENT
water = 7 water = 6
TEMPERATURE
3. pH + pOH = 14 3. pH + pOH = 12
 pH of different type of
solutions
case 1- strong acid case 2- strong base
[H+] = N(acid) + 10^-7
[OH-] = N(acid) + 10^-7
(from water)
(from water)
pH = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-]
We neglect smaller values [in
N(acid) + 10^-7] We neglect smaller values if it is
if it is atleast 100 times smaller atleast 100 times smaller than
than other other
Type-1 single substance
case 3- weak acid case 4- weak base
(for monobasic acid) (for monoacidic base)

[H+] = [OH-] =
Ka = dissociation constant of Kb = dissociation constant of
acid base
C: Initial concentration of acid C: Initial concentration of acid

case 5- (SA)1 + (SA)1
Initial same beaker (if
individual volumes are not
given) [H+] = N1 + N2
Initial in different beaker
(individual volumes are given)
[H+] = N1V1 + N2V2 / V1 +V2
Type-3 more than one
substance (reacting)
Type-2 more than one
substance (non-reacting)
case 6- (SB)1 + (SB)1 case 7- SA + WA or SB +
Same beaker initially [OH-] =
WB
N1 + N2
We can ignore [H+]/[OH-]
Different beaker initially coming from weak part as
[OH-] = N1V1 + N2V2 / V1 compared to strong part due
+V2 to common ion effect.
case 8- SA + SB -> SALT OF SASB + H2O
N1V1 N2V2
case a- if N1V1 = N2V2
Then salt of SASB is left in
beaker after reaction.
SALT OF SASB:
Does not hydrolyse
Solution remain neutral
pH = 7 at 25 degree
case b- N1V1 > N2V2
Then SA + salt of SASB is left
in solution among which only
SA is the contributing
substance towards pH.
[H+] = N1V1-N2V2/ V1+V2
case c- N1V1 < N2V2
Then SB + salt of SASB is left
in solution among which only
SB is the contributing
substance towards pH.
[OH-] = N2V2-N1V1/ V1+V2

case 9- WA + SB -> SALT OF WASB + H2O

N1V1 N2V2

case a- if N1V1 = N2V2 case b- N1V1 > N2V2

left :- salt of WASB left :- WA + salt of WASB
Acidic buffer
SALT OF SASB: anionic
hydrolysis pH = pKa log[salt/acid]
Kh = Kw/Ka ;
([C] in normality)
pH= 7+1/2[pKa + logC]
(pH>7)
 CONDITION FOR
FORMS OF
GROUP

RADICALS

PRECIPITATION

(GROUP

REAGENT) PRECIPITATION
1-2 Drops
of -
Zero

Na+ , K+, NH4+

CH3COOH

By mixing
of dilute Chloride AgCl, HgCl2,
First

Pb(2+), Ag+

HCl PbCl2

Pb(2+), Hg(2+), H2S gas passed in the Sulphide PbS, HgS,

Second

Cu(2+), Cd(2+), As(3+) presence of acidic medium

CuS, CdS, SnS, As2S3

Third NH4OH mixed

in the Hydroxide
Al(OH)3,

Al(3+), Cr(3+), Fe(3+)

presence of NH4Cl Fe(OH)3, Cr(OH)3

Fourth

Zn(2+), Ni(2+),

Mn(2+) H2S gas passed

in the Sulphide MnS,

CoS,
presence of basic medium NiS, ZnS

(NH4)2OH mixed in the Carbonate BaCO3,

Fifith

Ba(2+), Sr(2+), Ca(2+)

presence of NH4Cl

SrCO3, CaCO3
By mixing of Hydrogen phosphate
Sixth

Mg(2+)
Na2HPO4

(MgHPO4)
 Name

of COLOUR IN

COLOUR
IN WORKING pH

RANGE OF
indicator ACIDIC MEDIUM BASIC MEDIUM INDICATORS

Methyl orange 3.1-4.5

Pinkish red

Yellow

(MeOH)
Methyl

red Red

Yellow
4.2-6.2

Phenol
red Yellow
Red
6.2-8.2

Phenolphthalein

(HPh) Colourless

Pink
8.2-10.2

 Type of
pH RANGE

OF Suitable

titration TITRATION indicators

SA/SB
3-11
All indicators

SA/WB
3-7
Methyl
orange

WA/SB
7-11
Phenolphthalein

(HPh)

WA/WB
6.5-7.5

Phenol
red

No. of moles of H+/OH- added per liter

Key points: Buffer capacity:
change in pH of buffer solution

maximum buffer action when [salt] = [acid]

pKa1 + pKa2
pH of Amphiprotic species: (NaH2PO4, NaHCO3) which can donate as well pH =
as accept H+ 2