NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER

4) FinkelsteinReactio (Alkyl halide preparation)

R X
-
+ Na -
I - R -
I + Nax [✗ = Cl , Bo ]

(this reaction can favoured in forward

be direction by precipitating Nax with dry acetone .

Acc .
to Le chattier 's Principle]

(2) Swartz Reaction :

R -
✗ + Metallic florid e - R F -
+
Agx
( ✗ Cl
=
,
Br )
( AgfSbfz
Hgzfz , ,
Cofz ,
)
Finkelstein and Swartz Rxh
Halogen exchange ox
"

(3) SandMayer 's Reaction :

Cl , Brand CN → can be easily introduced in the benzene .

ring of benzene diazonium

salt in [v11) ion
presence of .

Nice
ÉÉ + Na

"
ÉÉ + Ne

Benzene diazonium
chloride
+ N2
CUCNIKCN
:-)
*÷: ↑

K3B= : Diazotization Reaction :( How this Benzene diazonium chloride Ps formed )

Diazonium Gotts Need) is
prepared by treating ice cold solution of Aniline in excess

dilute HCl with ag Solh .

of NaN02 at low temperature .

4h2 HNOZ / HCl or Nice

ts
(0-52)
Aniline Benzene dizonium
chloride
141 Wurtz Reaction :
R -
X + 2N a + X -
R ¥É R -
R + ZNAX

Ñ
ey:-(Hz ( Hz Br + 2 Nat Bo [ Hz Ctb ( Hz cuz Ctlz CH } -12 Na Bo
- -
- - - -
-

: 2C Hz Na
ᵈ% (H }
Ig ✗ Ctb 2 Na ✗
-
-
+ 2 - +
(5) FPHPG 's Reaction :
2 g +
zµa→% +
2Na✗

(6) wuotz -

fitting 's Reaction :

+ 2Na+R-✗ &¥ + 2Na✗

ie
egfo CH } -
Cd +2 Nat &¥ + 2. Nacl

(7) Reaction with metal ( Grignard reagent )

:

R
R ✗ +
My - -

mg ✗
- -

1
Grignard reagent)
rÉmjÉr
i
+
my µ

(8) Friedel-Crafts Reactions :

%
Cd

↑
++AñA→
+
[Friedel rafts
,,
Alkylation] É
products ( major)
'

(minor

lit
-1+r-etA r
+
☒
ie
lfñedel crafts
Acylation] Auto Phenom
(mpno , ,
-
r
(
major)
(9) Saytzaff Rule :( zaitsev rule / B- elimination / dehydro halogenation)
Rule : More
alkyl group containing alkene is
major product .

- CHE CH CH 2- ( Hz -
Ctb
cl
-

B 9 B

CH3-CY-CHz-C.tk
: ( Hz
G- 1-
-

KOH
.
.
-
-
-

( Hz -

CH = CH -
C Hz -

CH}
.

Br
lmajorproduc.tl:2
-

alkyl group

Note : Now we'll use these Name reactions further in these notes by mentioning only
name of the reaction .
 PREPARATIONS
HALO ALKANES ?
\ \ \ \ \ \

(1) from Alcohols

Luca's test ( Luca's Anny Znllz)
reagent cone Hilt
→ =
. .

R -
OH + Hcd R - Ll + H2O

released
Darren 's test ( best process as 502 and HCl is as
gas)
→

R OH - + socdz → R Cd -
+502-1 till
Tnionyichloride
→ R OH
-
+ Nabs + Hzsoy → R Bo - + Natlsoy 1- H2O

→ 3R OH- + PX } - 3 R -
X 1- H3P0 }
/ Boric acid]

→ R -
OH É R
- ✗
✗2=882,12

→ R -
OH + Pcls - R Cl-

+ Poclzt HCl

(2) from Hydrocarbons :

→ From Alkanes :
% RH + ✗2 R -
✗ + HX

( d- CH z [ H2
%) CHICHI Cha ( Hz CH z C Hz CH} 1- ( Hz CH Cl Ctb
-
-
- -
- - - -

two
type of H
,
so 2

product will be there with Cl on diff position

.
.

→ from Alkenes :
f) Add Of
"
Hydrogen Halide :(only Brill , 1)

> c=c( + tix _ > c- CC

'
H ×

( Hz ( H=CHz
elf ! +
HCl CH } CH ( H2
-

-
- -
-

de it
E) Add of Halogens
"
:

" H
/
→
-

c=c + Boz Boz -

CH, -
CHZ -
Bo
/ \
H H

add " of Bo Pnccdy to alkene give reddish boom fumes help in detach of =/ bonds -

131 from Halogen Exchange :

By Finkelstein and Swartz reaction (mentioned earliest
 HALOARENES
'

\ \ \ \ \
I

(1) from hydrocarbons

by electrophilic substitution :

""

Feo
✗

☒ * ×,
dark
+

-
halo toluene £
(2) From amines p halo toluene
by sand
Meyer 's Reaction
: -

NÉX
_

NHZ

☒ -H✗
273 -278k
Benzene diazonium
halide
( ✗ =ce,Br)
Ni"
×
+ Nz

Halide
Aryl
Iii If Iodine ,
then no
cuoeguired :

[
Nik
-

[ # + Nz
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
HALO ALKANES ?
\ \ \ \

"
substitution
Nucleophilic → Ni

-
nu
-

+
=,ÉÉ -
¥ -

nu +
✗
-

→ other gins in table 10-4 but main I ,

É RCN (Nitriles

R ✗
/A RCN ( Pso nitrite)

-1¥
-

R ONO
-

/ Alkyl nitrite)
1¥02 R -

N0z(Nitro alkene )

SN
'
reaction mechanism :
attack fromsides R
→

Rig #
both
%
,
RI ,
s
f-
R2 +
/ Rs
Rz sp2 R ! NU
R, R / NV

(carbocation)
( Racemic mixture) 352° > I
→ SNZ reaction mechanism :
↑
↑
↑
c- ✗
փ /
no c- ×

) ni
-
- -
-
-

- -

HI µ
/
µ
/

i > 2° > 3° Walden inversion

Transition state

(2) Elimination Reaction:

↑
¥C(
I
c- B H ×
g-
- - + -
+
'

B
B- / ×

B- Base
,
✗ =

leaving group
in
e-f-IHzc-CHz-ctl-CH-CH3-tlzc-C.tk -

Ctb -
CH -
CH , Hzc-
Ctb -
Cha -

CHE CH

( 81% ) ↓ ( 19%1

(3) Reaction with metals :

→
Grignard Reagent
/ both mentioned
]
→ Wurtz Reaction earlier
 HALO ARE NES
'

\ \ \ \ \
I
(d) Nucleophilic substitution :
→ Chlorobenzene - Phenol ( Dow's Process)
4 %
¥;¥"Em
[ This process alternatively add at ten temp
very costly
Ps ,
so we IN Oz) so

it is affordable .

↓ and
Cl
And , if we add more No,
gaps
→
temp am
easily occurs .

ie .

Éy ÉT
N°2
402
add more
Noz
:
ÉN°2Na÷¥ N°2

Hoz ↓ 02
↑ NO2
add more N°2 ,
N°2
No

¥-0m
;
N°2

↓oz Hoa

Electrophilic Substitution Ran : major)

'

12 ]
'

Call Para products →

Halogenation :
→

ÉÉ + ce . ¥¥s ÉI . ÉI '
"

te
Nitration :

4¥
→

ce
el

¥ÉÉI
""
+

N°2

Sul phonation :

sH ÉI
-

ie
!
+

friedel ( mentioned earlier)

£03M
→
crafts Rxn

③ Reaction with metals :

→ Wurtz
fiHPg / mentioned earlier)
-

Fitting
 PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL
% They are colourless
%) Polar but insoluble in creates
%) Soluble in org .
solvents
F) Polarity
] R -
f > R - Cd > R Br
-

> R -
I

Molecular wt
✓]
Boiling point ✗ -

2. R f < R ce CR Br CR
-
- -
-
I

vis
melting Point ( seen by symmetry)

II. •
< < ¥
[
de