SITI KUSMARDIYANI

SCHOOL OF PHARMACY ITB

 FA 2205
GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY
SEMESTER II – 2010 / 2011 Monday, 15.00 – 16.40

Topic # Date
Introduction 2x 24/1, 31/1
Carbohydrates 2x 7/2, 14/2
Lipids 2x 21/2, 28/2
Resins & Tannins 1x 7/3
Mid-Term Examination 1x 14/3
Volatile Oils 2x 21/3, 28/3
Alkaloids 2x 4/4, 11/4
Other Topics and Group Presentations 2x 18/4, 25/4
Final Examination 1x 2/5
Reevaluation 1x ……
16 x
 - Syllabus -

A study of natural resources used in medicine:

introduction, preparation of crude drugs, knowledge of
crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins,
volatile oils, alkaloids, and other natural product
compounds, and their uses as medicinal substances.
THE STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS:

 ALPHABETICAL Crude drug monographs in national pharmaco-

poeias of many countries

Based on an accepted system of botanical

 TAXONOMIC
classification.

 MORPHOLOGICAL Groups of plant parts: leaves, flowers fruits,

seeds, …

 PHARMACOLOGICAL or THERAPEUTIC
Pharmacological action of the most important
constituent or therapeutic use.

 CHEMICAL or BIOGENETIC FA2205

Important constituents or
their biosynthetic pathway.
Trease, 5-6 OR
1. Tyler, V.E., L.R. Brady, and J.E.
Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed.,
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.

2. Trease, G.E. and W.C. Evans,

Pharmacognosy, 12th ed., Bailliere
Tindal, Oxford, 2006.

3. Bruneton, J., Pharmacognosy,

Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants,
Intercept Ltd., Hampshire, 1995.

4. Wade, A. and P.J. Weller (Eds.,),

Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Excipients, 2nd ed., Am. Pharm. Assoc.,
1994.

5. Others related to topics

 Varro Tyler, 1926-2001
LAFAYETTE, IND.—Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., an internationally
renowned expert in the field of pharmacognosy and
botanical medicine, died Aug. 22. He was 74.
Tyler was the author of more than 30 books and 350
scientific and educational articles. He had a 30-year career at
Purdue University, located here, serving as the dean of the
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences and as the Lilly
Distinguished Professor of Pharmacognosy. He retired in
1996.
Tyler, affectionately known to his friends as Tip, was an
expert on the safety and therapeutic efficacy of herbal
products and was a popular speaker on the topic.
"Tip had a magical ability to explain something scientific
in a way that made it understandable to those outside
the field," says Marilyn Barrett, Ph.D., of Pharmacognosy
Consulting Services in Redwood City, Calif.
"He was committed to herbal medicine —if the herbs had
been shown through a rational scientific process to have
safety and efficacy according to known scientific principles,"
says Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director of the
American Botanical Council in Austin, Texas.

From The October 2001 Issue of Nutrition Science News

http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/Oct_01/news.cfm
 DEFINITION

TERMINOLOGY

PHARMACOGNOSY
Greek : pharmakon = drug
gnosis = knowledge

A KNOWLEDGE OF DRUGS OR PHARMACEUTICALS

C.A. Seydler, a medical student, Germany, 1815.

J.A. Smith, professor in Vienna, Lehrbuch der Materia Medica,1811.
PHARMACOGNOSY
DEFINITION

“the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines

with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point
of view.” Flukiger, 1988.

“an applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical,

and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents”
Tyler et al., 1988.

“the study of starting materials and substances intended for

therapeutics, and of biological origin, in other words obtained
from plants, animals, or by fermentation from micro-organisms”
J. Bruneton, 1995.
 . History
. Distribution
. Cultivation
. Collection
. Selection
. Preparation
. Commerce
. Identification
. Evaluation
. Preservation
. Utilization
drugs and economic substances
that affect the health of humans
and animals
 INFORMATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

PHARMACOGNOSY Sources
Constituents

PHARMACOLOGY Activities
Effects
TYPES OF DRUGS
DERIVED FROM PLANTS

Herbal drugs, herbal medicinal products,

herbal remedies, phytomedicines.

Compounds isolated from medicinal plants

Nutraceuticals, “functional foods”

 Jamu / TM

Standardized
Herbal
Medicine
Standardized
Wild Extract Phyto-
pharmaca

Herbal Cosmetic,
Natural Standardized Pharm’l
Cultivated Product Crude Drug Food,
Product Pesticide,
etc.

Genetically Extract Active

eng. (Pure)
Pharm’l
Compound
Product /
Novel
Inert Compound
(Pure)
Compound
-Excipients-
 Pharmacognosy Organic Chemistry
Phytochemistry Physicochemistry Phytotherapy
Pharmaceutical Botany Pharm’l Chemistry
Pharmacognosy Natural Product Tech. Ethnopharmacol.
Organic Chemistry Pharmacology Pharmacology
Pharmacogeografi Immunology
Marine Pharmacognosy Pharm’l Chemistry Toxicology
Toxicology
Ethnopharmacognosy
Ethnopharmacology Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry Jamu / TM
Natural Product Tech.
Pharmacognosy Pharm’l Chemistry Stand.
Phytochemistry Herbal
Medicine
Stand.
Wild type Extract Phyto-
pharmaca
Clinical
Nat. Stand. Pharm’l Pharm. Cosmetic,
Cultivated
Prod. Crude Drug Herbal Food,
Product Pesticide,
etc.
Genetically
Eng. Extract
Active (Pure)
Compound Pharm’l
Phytochemistry Product /
Natural Product Tech. Novel
Separation Method Inert Compound
Pharm’l Botany (Pure)
Pharmacognosy Biosynthesis Pharmacognosy Compound Dosage Form Prep.
Tissue Culture Phytotherapy Pharm’l Chemistry
-Excipient-
Biochemistry Physicochemistry Pharmacology
Biotechnology Pharm’l Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry
Tropical Rain Forest Distribution
Tropical rain forests are located near the equator where the temperature hovers around 27° C
(80° F) year-round. Although they cover less than 10 percent of the Earth’s surface, tropical
rain forests provide habitat for 50 to 90 percent of the world’s plant and animal species.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005.

 CRUDE DRUGS
Vegetable or animal drugs
that consist of natural substances
that have undergone only the processes
of collection and drying.

Sennae folium Caryophylli flos Sappan lignum Chinae cortex

Melaleucae folium Psidii folium Alstoniae cortex Andrographidis herba

 ©SK

©SK

FOLIUM
FLOS
FRUCTUS
SEMEN
CORTEX
LIGNUM
RADIX
RHIZOMA
© KUSMARDIYANI
HERBA
©SK

©SK

©SK
Bahan atau ramuan bahan yang berupa bahan tumbuhan,
bahan hewan, bahan mineral, sediaan galenik atau
campuran dari bahan-bahan tersebut, yang secara
turun temurun telah digunakan untuk obat berdasarkan
pengalaman.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia, Ditjen POM, Depkes RI,
2000.
Bahan atau ramuan bahan berkhasiat obat yang memiliki
komposisi sepenuhnya atau lebih dari 75% bobotnya terdiri
dari bahan tumbuhan, bahan hewan, bahan mineral atau
sediaan (sarian) galenik yang berasal dari alam Indonesia.

PP No. 17 Tahun 1986 tentang Kewenangan Peraturan, Pembinaan dan

Pengembangan Industri
Konsep Pengembangan Obat asli Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan
Obat dan makanan, 2000.
 OBAT BAHAN ALAM INDONESIA
Obat bahan alam yang diproduksi di Indonesia

Berdasarkan cara pembuatan, jenis klaim penggunaan,

dan tingkat pembuktian khasiat :

JAMU

OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR

FITOFARMAKA
17 Mei 2004
Alstoniae cortex

Ca oxalate crystal
Jamu adalah
Obat Tradisional Indonesia.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia,
Ditjen POM, DepKes RI, 2000.

Kompas, 8 January 2005

to be discussed
in class.

-Get information about the crude drugs -

………to be discussed in class.
WHERE CAN YOU FIND THESE ITEMS?
 Explain the differences!

©SK

©SK

Kumis kucing, Orthosiphon stamineus Tekelan, Epatorium reptans

 Get scientific information about these plants!

©SK

©SK
Phyllanthus niruri

Orthosiphon stamineus
©SK

Tinospora tuberculata (Lamk.) Beaumae ex Heyne

 Wedelia calendulaceae Less.
Asteraceae
seruni.

Khasiat : untuk obat luka : 15 gram daun dicuci,

©SK
ditumbuk halus, ditempelkan pada bagian yang
luka dan dibalut kain bersih.
Kandungan kimia: saponin, flavonoida, tanin.

- to be discussed -
INVENTARIS TANAMAN OBAT INDONESIA IV, 1997.
 (NATURAL) MEDICINE
Explain!
SAFETY
QUALITY
EFFICACY
 Information that is organized
in personally meaningful ways
is more likely to be remembered,
learned, and used.
General Research-Based Principles for Improving Higher Learning

© KUSMARDIYANI INTRODUCTION PART I

GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY