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    Functional Groups

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    Functional groups are bonded groups of atoms that determine a molecule's properties regardless of the overall molecule. Examples of important functional groups include alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles. Functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids are found in many natural and synthetic compounds where they influence reactivity and physical properties.

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    Functional Groups

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    rache1505
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    Functional groups are bonded groups of atoms that determine a molecule's properties regardless of the overall molecule. Examples of important functional groups include alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles. Functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids are found in many natural and synthetic compounds where they influence reactivity and physical properties.

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    Functional groups are bonded groups of atoms that determine a molecule's properties regardless of the overall molecule. Examples of important functional groups include alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles. Functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids are found in many natural and synthetic compounds where they influence reactivity and physical properties.

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    Functional Groups

    Uploaded by

    rache1505
    Functional groups are bonded groups of atoms that determine a molecule's properties regardless of the overall molecule. Examples of important functional groups include alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and nitriles. Functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids are found in many natural and synthetic compounds where they influence reactivity and physical properties.

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    Some Important Functional Groups

    Functional group: A characteristically bonded group of atoms that determines molecular properties (reactivity, physical properties, etc.) regardless of what molecule it is in. C-H and C-C bonds are not considered to be functional groups by themselves. The carbonyl group (C=O) is not a considered functional group by itself. R = Unspecified carbon group: Alkyl, benzene ring, alkene, etc. R H Functional Group Alkene
    C C

    Example Ethylene Tomato ripening hormone

    Structure
    H C H C H H

    Alkyne
    C C

    Acetylene Welding gas Toluene Solvent


    C

    Benzene ring
    C C C C C

    CH3

    Alkyl halide (haloalkane) X = F, Cl, Br, I


    C X

    Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon-12; a CFC


    Cl

    F C Cl F

    Alcohol
    C OH

    Ethanol Yeast fermentation product

    H CH3 C H OH

    Phenol
    C C C C C C OH

    Vanillin Natural flavoring agent


    H

    OCH3 OH O

    Ether
    C O C

    Ethyl ether Solvent, anesthetic

    CH3CH2

    CH2CH3

    Lecture Supplement: Some Important Functional Groups

    Epoxide
    O C C

    Epichlorohydrin Epoxy resin component

    O CH2Cl

    Thiol
    C SH

    3-Methyl-1-butanethiol Present in skunk musk


    SH

    Sulfide
    C S C

    Bis (2-chloroethyl)sulfide WWI poison gas


    ClCH2 CH2 SCH2 CH2 Cl

    Disulfide
    S S

    Protein structural unit


    peptide

    Amine
    C N

    Putrescine Present in rotting meat


    H2N

    Ketone
    O C C C

    Acetone Solvent

    Aldehyde
    O C C H

    Benzaldehye Artificial flavor

    Carboxylic acid (carboxyl group; CO2H)


    O C C OH

    Acetic acid Present in vinegar

    O OH

    Ester
    O C C O C

    Methyl methacrylate Polymerized to form plexiglass

    O OCH3

    Lecture Supplement: Some Important Functional Groups

    peptide

    NH2

    O H

    Amide
    O C C N

    Peptide linkage Joins amino acids in proteins


    R

    O N H

    H N O R

    Acid chloride
    O C C Cl

    Adipoyl chloride Used in nylon synthesis


    Cl

    O Cl O

    Acid anhydride
    O C C O O C C

    Acetic anhydride Used in aspirin synthesis

    O O

    Imine
    C N

    Rhodopsin Essential for vision

    retinal N H opsin

    Nitrile
    C N

    Acetonitrile Solvent 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Explosive


    O2N

    CH3

    N
    NO2 CH3 NO2

    Nitro
    O N O

    Lecture Supplement: Some Important Functional Groups

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