i

A STUDY ON THE WORKABILITY OF WASTE COCONUT SHELLS

AS COARSE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE MIXTURE

A Thesis

Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering

Cebu Institute of Technology – University

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By

Buh M. Aler

Mithushelah May S. Bercero

Kyle Fate F. Bertis

Milenne Julia V. Granados

Nalla Jevic G. Grave

DECEMBER 2022
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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “A STUDY ON THE WORKABILITY OF WASTE

COCONUT SHELLS AS COARSE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE MIXTURE”,
prepared and submitted by Buh M. Aler, Mithushelah May S. Bercero, Kyle
Fate F. Bertis, Milenne Julia V. Granados, Nalla Jevic G. Grave in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering is hereby recommended for approval.

Engr. Rusty Q. Alegre

Adviser
Date: December 20, 2022

Engr. Marvin C. Ebora Engr. Charlene B. Ebora

Panelist Panelist
Date: December 16, 2022 Date: December 16, 2022

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Raul G. Lumarda Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña

Thesis Coordinator Chair, Civil Engineering Department
Date: January 9, 2023 Date:

Dr. Evangeline C. Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, all thanks and praise to God, the Almighty, for giving us
endless blessings and guidance throughout the process of this research study,
and for granting us the opportunity and capability to accomplish this study
successfully.

To our parents, Mr. and Mrs. Aler, Mr. and Mrs. Bercero, Mr. and Mrs. Bertis,
Mr. and Mrs. Granados, Mr. and Mrs. Grave, for providing us the unconditional
love and support in making this study. Also, for the constant encouragement and
sacrifices for educating and preparing us for our future.

To our thesis adviser, Engr. Rusty Q. Alegre, for lending his precious time
and guidance for us to successfully accomplish our study.

To our panelists, Engr. Marvin C. Ebora, Engr. Junelyn J. Wenceslao, and

Engr. Charlene B. Ebora, for their valuable inputs, suggestions, and corrections
to improve our study and achieve its purpose.

To our thesis coordinators from CE Project 1, Engr. Effe B. Laspiñas, from

CE Project 2, Engr. Raul G. Lumarda, for teaching us the rules and guidelines to
create a complete research paper. Also, for instructing and guiding us until we
achieve the completion of this study.

To the DPWH Cebu 1st District Engineering Office, for allowing us to use
their laboratory and equipment in conducting our study.

Lastly, we would like to thank ourselves for giving so much time and effort to
fulfill the objectives of this study, for the cooperation, and teamwork to make
everything possible.

We are extremely grateful and very much thankful for everything you have
invested for this study. All mentioned above has a big part of the study’s success.

The Researchers
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ABSTRACT

Structures designed and built by the construction industry are part of the
needs of every human being. With these structures, construction materials
needed are in high demand since the modernization of technical plans. Thus, it
would highly impact the environment because the demand for resources is
increasing through time. Since the Philippines is one of the tropical countries
around the world, it has the most coconut trees and produces most of the world’s
coconut oil. To make use and lessen the trash created by the coconut shells, the
researchers have come up to study the workability of waste coconut shells as
coarse aggregates for a concrete mixture, specifically replacing gravel by
percentage. This study aims to determine the percentage of waste coconut shells
that can best produce a workable mix with its concrete mix ratio used. The total
cost estimation of materials and quantity of raw materials of all samples will also
be calculated.

Depending on the class or mixture ratio employed, the different amounts of

waste coconut shells added to the mixture had varied results. Apart from class
samples B1, B2, and A2, all class samples with 20% and 40% coconut shells
resulted with a high degree of workability. Class sample A2 resulted with a
medium degree of workability. All samples with 60%, 80% and 100% coconut
shells, resulted with a very low degree of workability, along with the class samples
B1 and B2.

The researchers are only focusing on the concrete’s workability. The class
concrete mix ratio that can best produce a workable mix is Class AA (20% and
40%), Class C (20% and 40%) and Class A (20%) of waste coconut shells since
these class samples of Class AA, Class C and Class A resulted with a high degree
of workability. As the percentage of waste coconut shells increases, the degree of
workability decreases.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework 3
1.3 Statement of the Problem 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope and Limitation 5
1.6 Definition of Terms 6
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 7
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 12
3.2 Research Environment 12
3.3 Research Instruments 13
3.4 Research Procedure 14
3.5 Gathering of Data 15
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, 16
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 23
5.2 Conclusions 24
5.3 Recommendations 24
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
APPENDIX A TRANSMITTAL LETTER 29
APPENDIX B TIMETABLE ACTIVITIES 30
APPENDIX C RESEARCH BUDGET 33
APPENDIX D COMPUTATION OF VALUES 34
APPENDIX E DOCUMENTATION 37
APPENDIX F TURNITIN OUTPUT / SIMILARITY INDEX 38
APPENDIX G CURRICULUM VITAE 41
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Schematic Diagram of the Study 3

2 Slump Test Workability Result 11

3 Location of the Study 12

4 Location of the Study 13

5 Permission Letter for DPWH Cebu 1st District Office 29

6 Laboratory Performance for the Workability of Coconut Shells 37

as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mixture

7 Abstract Turnitin Originality Report 38

8 Chapter 1 Turnitin Originality Report 38

9 Chapter 2 Turnitin Originality Report 38

10 Chapter 3 Turnitin Originality Report 39

11 Chapter 4 Turnitin Originality Report 39

12 Chapter 5 Turnitin Originality Report 40

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Concrete Proportion and Concrete Mixture Ratio 10

2 Standard Slump Test Values in Relation to Workability 15

3 Mixture Ratio for each Mixture Class 16

4 Mixture Ratio for all Samples in Class AA 16

5 Mixture Ratio for all Samples in Class A 17

6 Mixture Ratio for all Samples in Class B 17

7 Mixture Ratio for all Samples in Class C 17

8 Results of Slump Test According to Grade or Concrete Mix Ratio 18

9 Proportions of Materials using Class C Concrete Mixture Ratio 20

10 Summary of Cost Estimation in Conventional Class C 22

and Class Sample C2 Concrete Mixture

11 Timetable Activities 30

12 Timetable Activities 30

13 Timetable Activities 31

14 Timetable Activities 31

15 Timetable Activities 31

16 Timetable Activities 32

17 Timetable Activities 32

18 Timetable Activities 32

19 Research Budget 33

20 Mixture Ratio Computation for each Concrete Mixture Class 34

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21 CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample AA 34

22 CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample A 35

23 CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample B 35

24 CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample C 36

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Wood, minerals, water, electricity, and other natural resources are all heavily
consumed by the construction sector. Additionally, once constructed, buildings
continue to be a direct source of pollution due to the emissions they emit or the
effects they have on the environment. Recycled trash from other industries,
including quarry debris from marble and slate manufacture, is used to make
building materials. The researchers also have trash produced by industrial
operations, such as the ashes or dirt that are used, or the solid wastes from cities.
Other innovative methods include producing cement from recycled tire rubber,
creating bricks from sewage plant muck, or using wood and cork remnants from
pruning. Sawmills, sanding dust, and especially vegetal fibers like bamboo and
coconut, when mixed with cement, also function as insulators.
The Philippines has the most coconut trees in the world and it produces the
majority of the world's coconut oil and copra meal. The three main byproducts of
coconut processing are coconut husks, coconut coir dust, and coconut shell. The
most commonly used material is coconut shell, but the reported utilization rate is
very low. Annually, an approximate of 500 million coconut trees produce enormous
amounts of biomass as husk, shell, and frond. It produces 4.1 million tons, 1.8
million tons, and 4.5 million tons, respectively (Zafar, 2021).
The husks, spate, petiole, and leaves of coconuts are typically burned or left
to rot in the field by coconut growers. However, a growing market for value-added
products made from farm wastes implies that farmers can earn money in addition
to environmental benefits. Agricultural and forest waste building materials are
appropriate for socialized or low-cost homes since they are typically less expensive
than conventional materials. For instance, coconut plantation leftovers such as
husks, fronds, and spate can be processed and converted into excellent stabilized
cement-bonded boards or wall panels and corrugated roofing sheets at a much
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lower production cost than the usual cement blocks, galvanized iron sheets,
asbestos panels, or plywood sheets.
Gravel is one of the major raw materials to be used in constructing a structure.
Construction industry collects gravel from the environment which may pollute the
environment. One way to mitigate the environmental pollution caused by the
construction industry is to make use of what we consider waste. Coconut shells
can be considered waste in society, especially in most tropical countries like the
Philippines. In order to make use of waste coconut shells this study evaluates the
workability of waste coconut shells as coarse aggregates in concrete mixture. This
study aims to offer a new perspective on concrete masonry that can be relied upon
in times of economic and environmental crisis. The outcome of this study will offer
and introduce a substitute building material that is cost efficient and
environmentally friendly. Although using waste coconut shells may lessen the
strength of a concrete, studying its workability could help better understand the
use of waste coconut shells in tiny structures or small decorative concrete.
To create a trustworthy and valid mixture, the student researchers will then
gather all the necessary materials, create different proportions or percentage of
the waste coconut shells to be added in the concrete mixture, and carefully follow
the prescribed methods. Tests will then be needed to gauge its workability.
Through these, the researchers will then evaluate and determine the ideal
proportion or percentage that will result in a mellower or less abrasive mixture.
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1.2 Conceptual Framework

Input
• Brainstorming potential ideas
• Inspect materials to be used
• Check if laboratory equipment is available

Process
1. Gather the samples to avoid lack of materials when
conducting the experiment
2. Design mixtures that involve a process of preparation to
identify the workability of the concrete mixture
3. Mixing of materials following the standard concrete
mixture ratio
4. Testing the concrete mixtures using Slump Test

Output
Different percentages of waste coconut shells as coarse
aggregates in concrete mixture and its degree of workability

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study.

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1.3 Statement of the Problem

There are already several studies that tried to use coconut shells and other
agricultural materials as a replacement to gravel being a coarse aggregate. An
early study according to Ganiron, (2013), found that addition of coconut shell as
partial aggregate replacement reduces the concrete’s workability.
With that, this study aims to determine the workability of concrete mixture using
coconut shells as coarse aggregates. Specifically, this study will attempt to answer
the following questions:
1. At what percentage of waste coconut shells can be used to produce a
workable concrete mixture?
2. What specific class concrete mixture can best produce a workable
concrete mix using waste coconut shells as coarse aggregates?
3. Based on the results, create a comparison between the cost of a
concrete mixture using the conventional coarse aggregates and the cost
of a concrete mixture using coconut shells as coarse aggregates with the
highest slump value.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The attainment of this study will significantly benefit the following:
Country. If this study will be conducted in the country, many people may easily
adopt this since it is cost effective and it is good for environment. Thus, it may help
reduce one of the country’s problems which is environment pollution.
Environment. Coconut shell as an alternative aggregate in concrete is not
only functional in low-cost and environmentally friendly, but it can also be used to
solve the scarcity problem of construction materials such as coarse aggregate. It
lessens the environment pollution caused by coconut shells and may have feasible
reduction of waste products in the environment.
Community. By appraising the said study, community can utilize coconut
shells as a substitute aggregate, and expenses of buying construction materials
such as coarse aggregate will lessen.
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Coconut Farmers. Utilizing coconut shells as an alternative coarse aggregate

can help not only in the environment, but also to the coconut farmers. They may
gain funds in exchange for the said agricultural waste.
Researchers. In conducting this study, it will help the researchers to gather
information and will additionally enhance over the succeeding time. This can also
be a good application for their future profession.
Future Researchers. With the help of this study, future researchers can use
this as their reference to obtain information and may apply it on their future
research that is related to the said study.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

This study is focused in finding the amount or percentage of waste coconut

shells as coarse aggregates in a concrete mixture by only testing its workability.
The type of workability test that will be used is Slump Test. The estimated time
range of the experiment from crushing the waste coconut shells to the final
concrete mixture ranges from a minimum of 3 weeks to a maximum of 6 weeks
depending on the availability of materials and laboratory equipment to be used in
this study. The estimated total cost will be based on calculating the summation of
the cost of materials used. The techniques involve executing the correct
procedures of the test that will be used for it to work according to its purpose and
to have better results.
This study does not include the testing of compressive strength of concrete or
any test about the concrete’s strength since according to the study of Ganiron
(2013), “the integration of too much coconut shells produces harsher mix which
causes difficulties to produce dense concrete thus disrupts the strength
performance.” The limitations of this study are those things or events that are not
mentioned in the scope of this study.
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1.5 Definition of Terms

The researchers define the following terminologies:

Aggregate - estimated by the combination of many separate units or items.
Coarse aggregates - are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range
between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter.
Concrete - a complex material levelheaded of fine and coarse aggregates
accumulate bonded together with a fluid cement supplementary.
Concrete Workability - how easily freshly mixed concrete can be placed,
consolidated, and finished with minimal loss of homogeneity.
Coconut Shell - primary part cover in coconut fruit.
Conventional Material - from natural resources like wood, metal, and plastic.
Slump Test - the most common test for workability of freshly mixed concrete which
can be performed either at the working site/field or in the laboratory.
Workability Tests - concrete slump test, flow test, compaction factor test and vee-
bee consistometer test.
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CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

In this chapter, the theoretical background of the study will be presented. The
researchers have examined more studies about the impact of coconut shells as
coarse aggregates in concrete mixture and other specifications of the materials
and tests that will be used in this study.
As the years pass by, construction materials have been increasing its prices
that tends to be a major factor that affects the construction of new houses or big
structures. There has been a huge demand for construction materials across the
world for infrastructure development (Reddy et al., 2014). One of primary civil
engineering construction material is Concrete. To produce strong concrete, a
strong concrete mixture must also be observed. The involvement of aggregates,
water, cement, and admixtures plays an important role in producing strong
concrete. Among all the ingredients of a strong concrete, aggregates have higher
quantity than other ingredients. Aggregates are inert granular materials such as
sand, gravel, or crushed stone that are used in concrete along with water and
Portland cement. Aggregates, which make up 60 to 75 percent of the total volume
of concrete, are classified into two types: fine and coarse. Fine aggregates are
typically made up of natural sand or crushed stone, with the majority of particles
passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles larger than
0.19 inch in diameter, but most commonly range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in
diameter. The majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete is gravel, with
crushed stone accounting for the majority of the remainder (Portland Cement
Association, 2019).
According to Statista Research Department, there were roughly 29.2 million
cubic meters of sand and gravel produced in the Philippines in 2018. Over the
previous five years, more sand and gravel had been generated in the nation
overall. With the increasing rate of using and producing natural aggregate, it tends
the people to question the preservation of the main source of producing natural
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aggregates. Furthermore, the process of producing and extracting aggregate is the

leading cause of environmental problems and concerns. Moreover, in the modern
civil engineering construction industry, economically and environmentally friendly
approach of producing concrete is being studied, replacing natural aggregate with
coconut shells is one of the approaches towards sustainable construction (Reddy
et al., 2014).
Concrete production has become increasingly more expensive. As a result,
there is a progressively growing demand for using agricultural waste as a partial
substitute or admixture in concrete. Numerous academic researchers are studying
agricultural waste, including rice husk, palm oil, corn cobs, and coconut shells.
Using agricultural waste in cement, concrete, and other building materials has
many indirect advantages, including lower costs for landfill space, energy savings,
and environmental protection against pollution (Saad Chishti et. al., 2020).
The coconut plant is renowned for having several uses and for having
components that can be utilized for different purposes. The premise behind the
usage of this agricultural waste is that it may replace the current material in
commercial items, thereby lowering costs or improving the mechanical properties
of the composite material. Industrialists in most countries that produce coconuts
applaud the financial, environmental, and technological advantages of using
coconut farm garbage. Agricultural residues can be a source of additional revenue
for farmers. A growing market for value-added products made from farm wastes
implies that farmers can earn money in addition to environmental benefits.
According to studies, burning agricultural wastes results in soil erosion, air
pollution, and even a decline in soil biological activity, which can ultimately result
in a reduction in soil fertility. On the other hand, leaving farm waste to decompose
in the field may increase soil productivity, but because decomposition happens so
slowly, piles of agricultural waste can build up and endanger the health of coconut
plantations because decomposing waste makes the perfect habitat for pests that
attack coconuts, like beetles (Ganiron, 2013).
Coconut Shell Concrete (CSC) as an alternative to traditional aggregates
studied by R. Robert Singh et. al. (2017), showed that it can be utilized in rural
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areas and other locations where coconuts are plentiful. Additionally, a certain
amount of steel fiber can be added to concrete to boost strength while also
improving crack resistance, ductility, energy absorption, and impact resistance
properties. An effort has been undertaken to determine if it would be appropriate
to partially replace 10%, 20%, and 30% of the coarse aggregate in concrete of
grade M20 with coconut shell, as well as to add steel fiber to the concrete to a
specific extent. The outcomes were comparable to those of a traditional blend.
A study from Gudlavalleru Engineering College authored by Rao et al. (2015),
stated that the characteristics of coconut shells has a high strength and abrasion
properties, it is appropriate for long-established use. Using coconut shell as
aggregate resulted to an acceptable strength required for concrete and achieves
the minimum requirement for concrete. The mixture of coconut shells and cement
is accordant and there is no need for a pre-treatment. Coconut shell’s resisting
impact in concrete is higher than the conventional or normal concrete. On the other
hand, a huge amount of cement may be used if coconut shells are in place as
aggregate in the production of concrete compared to the conventional or normal
concrete.
Research entitled, A Review on Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse
Aggregate in Mass Concrete, assert that concrete that is produced with coconut
shell aggregates satisfies all legal standards. Coconut shell aggregates produce
concrete with the necessary strength needed for structural concrete. The
construction industry may be able to use coconut shell as a coarse aggregate and
prospective building material, which would concurrently address the environmental
issue of lowering the production of solid waste. There is no need for pre-treatment
because the coconut shell-cement composite is suitable. When Coconut Shells
are utilized as an aggregate in the manufacturing of concrete as opposed to typical
aggregate concrete, the amount of cement content may be higher. Concrete's
settings are unaffected by the presence of sugar in the coconut shell if the sugar
is not in a free sugar form. It has been discovered that once wood-based
components are bound in a concrete matrix, because they are tough, they won't
contaminate to form harmful compounds (Kaur and Kaur, 2012).
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In a study of Reddy, Jyothy and Shaik (2014), the biological decay of coconut
shell was not perceptible as the coconut shell aggregate concrete mixture obtained
strength even after 365 days. The repeated growth in strength specifies that the
coconut shell aggregate does not deteriorate once coconut shell compacted into
concrete. The durability properties of coconut shell aggregate concrete are
proportionate to other common lightweight concretes.
The most popular and practical way for mixing concrete to get the necessary
strength is the volume method. Sand, gravel, and cement are the main
components of concrete. The proportioning by volume method has been used for
a long time and has been shown to be successful. This technique was utilized by
most of the building sectors to prepare the concrete mixture. Mixing the elements
proportionately is essential for producing concrete that is both strong and long-
lasting. Typically, a concrete mixture should contain a cement percentage of 10-
15%, aggregates and pebbles of 60-75%, water of 15-20%, and entrapped air of
5-8% (Ramirez, 2017).

Table 1. Concrete Proportion and Concrete Mixture Ratio

MIXTURE CLASS PROPORTION CEMENT in BAG SAND GRAVEL

40 kg 50 kg cu. m cu. m
CLASS AA 1 :1 ½ : 3 12 9.5 0.5 1.0
CLASS A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 0.5 1.0
CLASS B 1:2½:5 7.0 6.0 0.5 1.0
CLASS C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 0.5 1.0

According to American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard 116R-90,

"workability of concrete is the attribute of freshly mixed concrete that defines the
ease and uniformity with which it can be mixed, put, consolidated, and finished"
(ACI 1990b). It is "that quality defining the effort necessary to handle a freshly
mixed quantity of concrete with the least amount of homogeneity loss," according
to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Numerous aspects that are
discussed in concrete's workability factors determine how workable concrete is.
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On workability, water cement ratio plays a significant role. Water cement ratio
directly relates to workability. The workability of concrete increases as the water-
cement ratio rises.
Slump Test is a metric that identifies a concrete sample's consistency and
predicts how fluid the finished product will be. It can help forecast strength and
give you a notion of workability by letting you know how simple or difficult it will be
to place something. When the slump cone is raised and the concrete is no longer
held in place, the concrete's downward sinking is measured. Because smaller
stones have a larger surface area and more surfaces for cement and water to
adhere to, more water will need to be added the smaller the stones or gravel in the
batch. The slump grows as the concrete's air content rises (Clason, 2018).

300 mm

FULL INVERTED 100% OF 50% OF < 50% OF

CUP OF CONCRETE ORIGINAL HEIGHT ORIGINAL HEIGHT ORIGINAL HEIGHT
UNWORKABLE WORKABLE WORKABLE
Low – Medium High

Figure 2. Slump Test Workability Results.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

An experimental type of research is used in this study. The focus being
measured in a quantitative method after researching and understanding the
different properties that is needed to allow the researchers to distinguish what
percentage or ratio of concrete mixture for coconut shells as partial coarse
aggregates is workable. Relevant information and other essential data or samples
are obtained for this study. In which the collected samples are discussed and
analyzed to find the most feasible solution to the problem.

3.2 Research Environment

The study is conducted at DPWH Cebu 1st District Engineering Office. This
company is one of the three departments of the government enterprising major
infrastructure projects. This office is situated in NMES, Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu,
Philippines. It was chosen by the researchers because it has the apparatuses and
testing machines that this study is utilizing. The waste coconut shells that is used
in conducting this study are collected in Medellin, Cebu, Philippines.

Figure 3. Location of the Study: Medellin, Cebu, Philippines (Source: Google Earth)
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Figure 4. Location of the Study: DPWH Cebu 1 st District Engineering Office; NMES,
Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu, Philippines (Source: Google Earth)

3.3 Research Instruments

The consistency and workability of fresh concrete, as well as indirectly the
water to cement ratio of the concrete mix, are measured using concrete slump test
equipment. The researchers use slump test to determine the concrete’s
workability. Slump test equipment include the following:
Slump Cones. Made of durable plated steel or high-density plastic. Rust-
resistant droop cones made of steel or plastic are offered in inch or metric sizes.
They can be held in place by using the built-in foot tabs or, for more stability, by
clamping them into the base of the slump test.
Tamping Rods. 15.9x610mm, 9.5x305mm, or 15.9x457mm in diameter,
0.626x24in, 0.374x12in, or 0.374x18in, respectively. The XL sizes are made of
solid stainless steel and are corrosion-proof. Both ends feature hemispherical tips
for measuring slump and air content.
Slump Test Bases. Come in variants made of cast aluminum or EZ-Clean
high-density polyethylene, include a carrying handle, and provide a firm and
smooth working surface for both plastic and steel slump cones.
Steel Tape Measures. Serve a variety of other uses in addition to being the
most precise and effective tool to measure slumps.
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The tools and equipment used in mixing concrete include the following –
construction shovel; pail and buckets; gloves; boots; coarse aggregate
crusher; and round stainless-steel sieve.

3.4 Research Procedure

Workability is covered by the experimental program test such as Slump
Test. This research employs coconut shells that are collected in the Province of
Medellin, Cebu. Coconut shells are crushed, and a 3/4 size of crushed coconut
shells is used since this size is commonly used in concrete mixtures. The coconut
shells undergo a sieving process using a sieve with an opening size of 4 mm or
0.16 inch to retain the sizes which are greater than or equal to 19.05 mm or 0.75
inch. Then another sieving process is made using a sieve with an opening size of
19.05 mm or 0.75-inch, coconut shells that pass-through sieve no. ¾ is used during
the experimentation. When the experimentation begins, the necessary sand,
coconut shell, gravel, water, and Portland cement content is measured. Different
percentages of coconut shells are made. Specifically, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and
100% of coconut shells are mixed in the concrete mixture. The concrete mixture
ratio are classes AA, A, B, and C. The researchers name the first sample, AA1,
following the concrete mixture of class AA with the amount of 20% coconut shells
and 80% gravel as coarse aggregates. The second sample, AA2, follows the
concrete mixture of class AA with the amount of 40% coconut shells and 60%
gravel as coarse aggregates. The third sample, AA3, follows the concrete mixture
of class AA with the amount of 60% coconut shells and 40% gravel as coarse
aggregates. The fourth sample, AA4, follows the concrete mixture of class AA with
the amount of 80% coconut shells and 20% gravel as coarse aggregates. The fifth
and last sample for class AA, AA5, with the amount of 100% coconut shells as
coarse aggregates. These steps continued until the last class, class C. A total of
20 samples throughout this study. After mixing all the samples, a Slump Test is
conducted to test all the concrete mixture’s workability. The gathered data are
studied and interpreted. The student researchers conclude based on the data
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gathered on what is/are the most suitable percentage/s and ratio of the concrete’s
workability.

3.5 Gathering of Data

In this study, the researchers gather data through following the research
procedure and testing its concrete’s workability using Slump Test.
Shown in Table 2 is the standard slump test values in relation to workability
that is used by the researchers to the obtained data using waste coconut shells as
coarse aggregates in concrete mixture.

Table 2. Standard Slump Test Values in Relation to Workability

WORKABILITY SLUMP (mm)

Low 25 – 50

Medium 50 – 100

High >100

According to Matthew L. Deloney (2022), the water-cement ratio range that is

normally used is 0.4 - 0.6. In this study, 0.5 water-cement ratio is being used to
compute the amount of water.
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CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter comprises the presentation, tabulation, calculations of data

and the results of the experiment being conducted.

Table 3: Mixture Ratio for each Mixture Class

CLASS AA CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C
(1:1 1/2:3) (1:2:4) (1:2 1/2:5) (1:3:6)
Cement 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg
Water 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg
Washed Sand 3.75 kg 5 kg 6.25 kg 7.5 kg
Coarse Aggregate 7.5 kg 10 kg 12.5 kg 15 kg

Below is the computation of the required amount of water if 2.5 kg of cement

is being used.

1 mixture cement = 2.5kg Water = 0.5 x 2.5 kg = 1 ¼ kg

The required amount of water remains constant throughout the
experimentation of all mixture class samples since the required amount of water
depends on the amount of cement that is 2.5 kg which has the ratio of 1(one) in all
mixture class samples.

4.1 Tabulation of data

Table 4: Mixture Ratio for all samples in Class AA

AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5
Class AA (20% (40% (60% (80% (100%
CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS)
Cement 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg
Water 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg
Washed Sand 3.75 kg 3.75 kg 3.75 kg 3.75 kg 3.75 kg
Coconut Shell (CCS) 1.5 kg 3 kg 4.5 kg 6 kg 7.5 kg
Gravel 6 kg 4.5 kg 3 kg 1.5 kg 0
 17

Table 5: Mixture Ratio for all samples in Class A

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Class A (20% (40% (60% (80% (100%
CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS)
Cement 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg
Water 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg
Washed Sand 5 kg 5 kg 5 kg 5 kg 5 kg
Coconut Shell (CCS) 2 kg 4 kg 6 kg 8 kg 10 kg
Gravel 8 kg 6 kg 4 kg 2 kg 0

Table 6: Mixture Ratio for all samples in Class B

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
Class B (20% (40% (60% (80% (100%
CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS)
Cement 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg
Water 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg
Washed Sand 6.25 kg 6.25 kg 6.25 kg 6.25 kg 6.25 kg
Coconut Shell (CCS) 2.5 kg 5 kg 7.5 kg 10 kg 12.5 kg
Gravel 10 kg 7.5 kg 5 kg 2.5 kg 0

Table 7: Mixture Ratio for all samples in Class C

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Class C (20% (40% (60% (80% (100%
CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS) CCS)
Cement 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg 2.5 kg
Water 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg 1 ¼ kg
Washed Sand 7.5 kg 7.5 kg 7.5 kg 7.5 kg 7.5 kg
Coconut Shell (CCS) 3 kg 6 kg 9 kg 12 kg 15 kg
Gravel 12 kg 9 kg 6 kg 3 kg 0
 18

4.2 Concrete Mix Ratio Using Waste Coconut Shells and their Workability

According to the Standard Slump Test Values in Relation to Workability

(Table 2), the workability of the waste coconut shell varies from low to high.

As shown in Table 8, the workability of concrete mixture varies depending

on the percentage of coconut shells. Class C yields the highest workability of
139.7mm and 152.4mm for 20% and 40% respectively. Whereas in the 60%, 80%,
and 100% of coconut shells, all classes yield 0 mm. Furthermore, Class B showed
unworkable in all coconut shell percentages depicting 0 mm slump.

Table 8: Results of Slump Test According to Grade or Concrete Mix Ratio

CLASS WORKABILITY

Slump Degree

1 111.76 mm High

2 101.6 mm High

AA
3 0 mm -
1:1.5:3

4 0 mm -

5 0 mm -

1 114.3 mm High

2 88.9 mm Medium

A
1:2:4 3 0 mm -
 19

4 0 mm -

5 0 mm -

1 0 mm -

2 0 mm -

B
1:2.5:5 3 0 mm -

4 0 mm -

5 0 mm -

1 139.7 mm High

2 152.4 mm High

C
1:3:6 3 0 mm -

4 0 mm -

5 0 mm -
 20

4.3 Comparison of Material Cost

As shown in the table 8, the percentage of coconut shells with the highest
slump value is 40% in Class C, which is the Class Sample C2 with 152.4mm slump.
The material cost of Class Sample C2 and the material cost of a Conventional
Class C Concrete Mixture will be compared.

Table 9: Proportions of materials using Class C concrete mixture ratio.

CLASS C (1 : 3 : 6)

CONVENTIONAL
MATERIALS CLASS SAMPLE C2
CLASS C CONCRETE
MIXTURE

CEMENT 5 bags 5 bags

WATER 125 liters 125 liters

WASHED SAND 0.5 cu.m 0.5 cu.m

GRAVEL 1.0 cu.m 0.6 cu.m

COCONUT SHELL 0 0.4 cu.m

These are the market price of each materials used:

• 1 sack of cement (50 kg) = ₱ 230.00

• 1 cubic meter of sand = ₱ 1700.00
• 1 cubic meter of gravel = ₱ 1700.00
• 1 cubic meter of Coconut Shells (CCS) = ₱ 90.00
• 1 cubic meter of water = ₱ 16.80
 21

The quantity of cement, water and sand used in both conventional class C
concrete mixture and class sample C2 with 40% coconut shells is the same. The
computations of each material cost are presented below.

No. of bags of cement • Market price per bag of cement = Total cost for cement
5 bags of cement • ₱ 230.00 = ₱ 1,150.00
Liters will be converted to cubic meters to get the total cost of water since
the market price for water is in cubic meters. The equivalent of 1 liter is 0.001 m3.
The total cost of water is the product of the total amount used of water in cubic
meters and the market price of water per cubic meter.

1 liter = 0.001 m3

0.001 m3 • 125 liters = 0.125 m3

0.125 m3 • ₱ 16.80 = ₱ 2.10

Volume of washed sand • Market price of sand per cubic meter = Total cost of sand
0.5 m3 • ₱ 1,700.00 = ₱ 850.00
Volume of gravel • Market price of gravel per cubic meter = Total cost of gravel

1.0 m3 • ₱ 1,700.00 = ₱ 1,700.00

In class sample C2, the total amount of gravel used is 0.6 cubic meters and
the total amount of coconut shells used is 0.4 cubic meters. The computation of
the total cost of gravel and coconut shells in class sample C2 is presented below.

Volume of gravel • Market price of gravel per cubic meter = Total cost of gravel

0.6 m3 • ₱ 1,700.00 = ₱ 1,020.00

Total amount of coconut shells used • Market price of coconut shells per kilogram
= Total cost of coconut shells

0.4 m3 • ₱ 90.00 = ₱ 36.00

 22

Table 10: Summary of Cost Estimation in Conventional Class C and Class Sample C2
Concrete Mixture

COST

DESCRIPTION
CONVENTIONAL CLASS C
CLASS SAMPLE C2
CONCRETE MIXTURE

Cement ₱ 1,150.00 ₱ 1,150.00

Water ₱ 2.10 ₱ 2.10

Sand ₱ 850.00 ₱ 850.00

Gravel ₱ 1,700.00 ₱ 1,020.00

Coconut Shells - ₱ 36.00

TOTAL: ₱ 3,702.10 ₱ 3,058.10

As summarized in Table 10, the total cost estimation of the conventional

Class C concrete mixture is ₱ 3,702.10 and the total cost estimation of the Class
Sample C2 is ₱ 3,058.10.
 23

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter comprises the summary of findings that the researchers have
examined, reported conclusions, and the recommendations that will help further to
straighten out the scarcity problem of traditional material used in concrete mixture.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The following findings based on the experimentation accomplished during

the gathering of data for the study on the workability of waste coconut shells as
coarse aggregates for concrete mixture are as listed as follows:

1. The 20% and 40% quantity of waste coconut shells in a concrete mixture
resulted in a higher workability than the other percentage (60%, 80%, and
100%) of quantity of waste coconut shells.
2. Five class mixture samples (Class AA1, AA2, A1, C1 & C2) resulted with a
high degree of workability. Class Sample A2 is the only class mixture
sample with a medium degree of workability. The rest of the class mixture
samples resulted with a low degree of workability.
3. The total material cost for concrete mixture using conventional coarse
aggregates is ₱ 3,702.10 while in the concrete mixture using coconut shells
as coarse aggregates is ₱ 3,058.10.
 24

5.2 Conclusions

The aim of this research is to interpret and study the workability of each
concrete mixture sample with its corresponding percentage of coconut shells as
coarse aggregates. Based on the experimental investigation concerning the use
of coconut shells as coarse aggregates and the workability of the concrete mixture,
the following conclusions are extracted:

1. Workable class concrete mix ratio are classes: AA1 (20%), AA2 (40%), A1
(20%), A2 (40%), C1 (20%), and C2 (40%). Class concrete mix ratio that
resulted 0 mm slump are not workable.
2. The class concrete mix ratio that can best produce a workable mixture are
Class AA1 (20%), Class AA2 (40%), Class A1 (20%), Class C1 (20%), and
Class C2 (40%) since these resulted with a high degree of workability.
3. When the coconut shells’ percentage increases, the degree of workability
decreases. This is because the replacement off coarse aggregates with
coconut shells produced the concrete lightweight since the density of the
coconut shell is lower than the density of the conventional coarse
aggregates.
4. Based on the computed material cost, utilizing coconut shells minimizes
cost construction by diminishing the cost of coarse aggregates in concrete
mixture – since the said agricultural aggregate is a low-cost compared to
the conventional coarse aggregates.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the summary of findings and conclusions of the study, there are
some recommendations that need to be appraised. These recommendations are
from Lyons, Arthur (2007), “Materials for Architects and Builders” since the
researchers are only focusing on the concrete’s workability. Thus, the concrete’s
compressive strength is intractable from the said study.
 25

Classes AA3 (60%), AA4 (80%), AA5 (100%), A3 (60%), A4 (80%), A5

(100%), B1 (20%), B2 (40%), B3 (60%), B4 (80%), B5 (100%), C3 (60%), C4
(80%), and C5 (100%), that has 0 mm slump, are typically used in concrete
pavements or roads. Medium workability of concrete mixtures (50 – 100 mm),
which is the class A2 (40%), are typically used for normal reinforced concrete
placed with vibration. High workability concrete mixtures (greater than 100 mm),
which are AA1 (20%), AA2 (40%), A1 (40%), C1 (20%), and C2 (40%), are typically
used where reinforcing has tight spacing, and the concrete must flow a great
distance.

Furthermore, the said concrete mixture samples that has high degree of
workability produced the best workable mix. Thus, it is the most recommendable
concrete mixture among all the samples experimented from this study.
 26

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Published Thesis
Apeksha Kanojia and Sarvesh K. Jain, “Performance of coconut shell as coarse
aggregate in concrete” Madhav Institute of technology and Science,
Gwalior 474005, India; February 14,2017
Basri, H. B, M.A.Mannan, and M.F.M.Zain, “Concrete using waste oil palm shells
as aggregates”, Cement and Concrete Research 29, pp. 619-622, 1999.
Ganiron Jr, T. U. (2013). Sustainable Management of Waste Coconut Shells as
Aggregates in Concrete Mixture. Journal of Engineering Science &
Technology Review, 6(5).
George, J.M., et al (2016). Coconut shell as a substitute for coarse aggregate in
concrete. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and
Science. 01(04), 100-103.
Janani, S., et al (2022) “Study of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in light
weight concrete- a review,” May 27,2022 Dr. B. Rajeevan and Shamjith K
M, “A Study on the Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in
Concrete” A Study on the Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse
Aggregate in Concrete
Kambli, P.S., and Mathapati, S.R., (2014). Compressive Strength of Concrete by
Using Coconut Shell. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN). 04(04),
01-07.
Kaur, M., & Kaur, M. (2012). A review on utilization of coconut shell as coarse
aggregate in mass concrete. International journal of applied engineering
research, 7(11), 05-08.
Ramachandrudu, A.Y. (2012). Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shells as
Aggregate Replacement. International Journal of Engineering Inventions.
01(06), 21-31.
Saad C., and Anuj K., (2020). A Review on Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse
Aggregate in Concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering
(IRJET). 07(05).
Singh, R.R., et al (2017). Experimental Investigation of Coconut Shell as Partial
 27

Replacement of Coarse Aggregate and adding Steel Fibre in Concrete.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET).
08(08), 807–819.
Sitiaminahbt T., and Sabarudin, M.B., (2009). Investigation of the combination of
coconut shell and grained palm kernel to replace aggregate in concrete. A
technical Review. National Conference on Postgraduate Research (NCON
PGR)-2009; pp: 49-57.
Lyons, Arthur (2007). Materials for architects and builders. Butterworth-
Heinemann. ISBN 9780750669405. Retrieved 2010-12-11.

Internet Sources
Clason, L. (2018). ASTM Standard Test Method C143: Slump of Hydraulic Cement
Concrete. Owlcation.
Retrieved July 28, 2022, from https://owlcation.com/humanities/ASTM-
C143-The-Concrete-Slump-Test
Islam, M.S., & Nath, S.R. (2013). “Feasibility study of sand and gravel
Extraction from the Sari River, Syleth, Bangladesh”
Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278023634_Feasibility_study_of
_sand_and_gravel_extraction_from_the_Sari_River_Sylhet_Bangladesh
Mishra, G. (2018). Workability of concrete - types and effects on concrete strength.
The Constructor.
Retrieved July 28, 2022, from
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/workability-of-concrete-types-
strength/11739/
Portland Cement Association. (2019). Aggregates.
Retrieved August 6, 2022, from
https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/concrete-materials/aggregates
Ramirez, M. G. (2017). Concrete proportion and concrete mixture ratio.
Academia.edu.
 28

Retrieved July 28, 2022, from

https://www.academia.edu/31119365/Concrete_Proportion_and_Concret
e_Mixture_Ratio
Rao, K.V., et al (2015). Study on Strength Properties of Coconut Shell Concrete.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 6(3), 42-61.
https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJCIET/VOLUME_6_ISS
UE_3/IJCIET_06_03_005.pdf
Reddy, B. D., Jyothy, S. A., &amp; Shaik, F. (2014). Experimental analysis of the
use of coconut shell as coarse aggregate. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering, 10(6), 06-13. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-
jmce/papers/vol10-issue6/B01060613.pdf
The Shelly Company (2014). “What is sand, and gravel used for?”.
ACRHCompany.
Retrieved from: https://www.shellyco.com/2014/01/10/sand-gravel-used/
Zafar, S. (2021, November 12). Agricultural Wastes in the Philippines. BioEnergy
Consult.
Retrieved August 6, 2022, from
https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/agricultural-resources-in-
philippines/#:~:text=Approximately%20500%20million%20coconut%20tree
s,(4.5%20million%20tonnes%20annually).
 29

APPENDIX A
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

Figure 5. Permission Letter for DPWH Cebu 1 st District Office

 30

APPENDIX B
TIMETABLE ACTIVITIES

Table 11: Timetable Activities

JULY, 2022
ACTIVITIES
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

VIRTUAL MEETING W/
GROUPMATES

BRAINGSTORMING
FOR POSSIBLE
RESEARCH TOPIC

PARTIAL RESEARCH
TOPIC

Table 12: Timetable Activities

JULY, 2022 AUG, 2022

ACTIVITIES
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3
FINDING
OF THESIS
ADVISER
FINAL
RESEARCH
TOPIC

MAKING OF
CHAPTER 1

MAKING OF
CHAPTER 2

MAKING OF
CHAPTER 3
 31

Table 13: Timetable Activities

AUG, 2022 SEPT, 2022

ACTIVITIES
11 13 26 27 28 29 30

TITLE PROPOSAL HEARING

APPROVAL OF TITLE
DEFENSE
ASK PERMISSION TO
CONDUCT THE STUDY IN
DPWH CEBU 1ST DEO

CONDUCT SLUMP TEST

Table 14: Timetable Activities

OCT, 2022
ACTIVITIES 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 0 1

CONDUCT
SLUMP TEST

ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATIO
N OF DATA

Table 15: Timetable Activities

NOVEMBER, 2022
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
 32

Table 16: Timetable Activities

NOVEMBER, 2022
ACTIVITIES
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30
CONSULTATION WITH
ADVISER FOR FINAL
MANUSCRIPT
FIRST REVISION OF
MANUSCRIPT
SECOND REVISION
OF MANUSCRIPT

APPROVAL OF
MANUSCRIPT &
ENDORSEMENT FOR
FINAL DEFENSE

FINAL ORAL DEFENSE

Table 17: Timetable Activities

DECEMBER, 2022
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 16 20

REVISIONS OF MANUSCRIPT

APPROVAL FROM PANELISTS

APPROVAL FROM ADVISER

Table 18: Timetable Activities

JAN, 2023
ACTIVITIES
9

APPROVAL AND SIGNED BY THESIS COORDINATOR

SIGNED BY THE CHAIR OF THE CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SIGNED BY THE DEAN OF CEA

 33

APPENDIX C
RESEARCH BUDGET

Table 19: Research Budget

DESCRIPTION AMOUNT

Transportation Fare ₱ 1,980.00

Room Rental ₱ 4,200.00

Food Allowance ₱ 6,300.00

Fuel ₱ 3,500.00

Coconut Shells (CCS) ₱ 405.00

Cement ₱ 230.00

Sand ₱ 111.86

Gravel ₱ 100.64

Gloves ₱ 200.00

Boots ₱ 500.00

Print ₱ 50.00

TOTAL: ₱ 17,577.5
 34

APPENDIX D
COMPUTATION OF VALUES

Table 20: Mixture Ratio Computation for each Concrete Mixture Class

CLASS AA (1 : 1 ½ : 3) CLASS A (1 : 2 : 4)

1 Cement= 1 x 2.5 = 2.5 kg 1 Cement = 1x2.5 = 2.5 kg

1 ½ Sand= 1.5 x 2.5 = 3.75 kg 2 Sand = 2x2.5 = 5 kg
3 Coarse Aggregate = 3 x 2.5 = 7.5 kg 4 Coarse Aggregate = 4 x 2.5 = 10 kg

CLASS B (1 : 1 ½ : 5) CLASS C (1 : 3 : 6)

1 Cement = 1 x 2.5 = 2.5 kg 1 Cement = 1 x 2.5 = 2.5 kg

2 ½ Sand = 2.5 x 2.5 = 6.25 kg 3 Sand = 3 x 2.5 = 7.25 kg
5 Coarse Aggregate = 5x2.5 = 12.5 kg 6 Coarse Aggregate = 6 x 2.5 = 15 kg

7.5 kg Coarse Aggregate

Table 21: CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample AA

CLASS AA (1 : 1 ½ : 3)

CLASS AA1 CLASS AA2

20% CCS = 0.20 X 7.5 = 1.5 kg 40% CCS = 0.40 x 7.5 = 3 kg

80% Gravel = 0.80 x 7.5 = 6 kg 60% Gravel = 0.60 x 7.5 = 4.5 kg

CLASS AA3 CLASS AA4

60% CCS = 0.60 x 7.5 = 4.5 kg 80% CCS = 0.80 x 7.5 = 6 kg

40% Gravel = 0.40 x 7.5 = 3 kg 20% Gravel = 0.20 x 7.5 = 1.5 kg

CLASS AA5

100% CCS = 1.0 x 7.5 = 7.5 kg

Gravel = 0
 35

10 kg Coarse Aggregate

Table 22: CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample A

CLASS A (1: 2 : 6)

CLASS A1 CLASS A2

20% CCS = 0.20 x 10 = 2 kg 40% CCS = 0.40 x 10 = 4 kg

80% Gravel = 0.80 x 10 = 8 kg 60% Gravel = 0.60 x 10 = 6 kg

CLASS A3 CLASS A4

60% CCS = 0.40 x 10 = 6 kg 80% CCS = 0.60 x 10 =8 kg

40% Gravel = 0.40 x 10 =4 kg 20% Gravel = 0.20 x 10 =2 kg

CLASS A5

100% CCS = 1.0 x 10 = 10 kg

Gravel = 0

12.5 kg Coarse Aggregate

Table 23: CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample B

CLASS B (1 : 2 ½ : 5)

CLASS B1 CLASS B2

20% CCS = 0.20 x 12.5 =2.5 kg 40% CCS = 0.40 x 12.5 = 5 kg

80% gravel = 0.80 x 12.5 =10 kg 60% gravel = 0.60 x 12.5 = 7.5 kg

CLASS B3 CLASS B4

60% CCS = 0.60 x 12.5 = 7.5 kg 80% CCS = 0.80 x 12.5 = 10 kg

40% gravel = 0.60 x 12.5 = 5 kg 20% gravel = 0.20 x 12.5 = 2.5 kg

CLASS B5

100% CCS = 1.0 x 12.5 = 12.5 kg

Gravel = 0
 36

15kg Coarse Aggregate

Table 24: CCS and gravel computation for all Class Sample C

CLASS C (1 : 3 : 6)

CLASS C1 CLASS C2

20% CCS = 0.20 x 15 = 3 kg 40% CCS = 0.40 x 15 = 6 kg

80% gravel = 0.80 x 15 = 12 kg 60% gravel = 0.60 x 15= 9 kg

CLASS C3 CLASS C4

60% CCS = 0.60 x 15 = 9 kg 80% CCS = 0.80 x 15 = 12 kg

40% gravel = 0.40 x 15 = 6 kg 20% gravel = 0.20 x15 = 3 kg

CLASS C5

100% CCS = 1.0 x 15 = 15 kg

Gravel = 0
 37

APPENDIX E
DOCUMENTATION

Figure 6. Laboratory Performance for the Workability of Coconut Shells as Coarse

Aggregate in Concrete Mixture
 38

APPENDIX F
TURNITIN OUTPUT / SIMILARITY INDEX

Figure 7. Abstract Turnitin Originality Report

Figure 8. CHAPTER 1 Turnitin Originality Report

Figure 9. CHAPTER 2 Turnitin Originality Report

 39

Figure 10. CHAPTER 3 Turnitin Originality Report

Figure 11. CHAPTER 4 Turnitin Originality Report

 40

Figure 12. CHAPTER 5 Turnitin Originality Report

 41

APPENDIX G
CURRICULUM VITAE

BUH M. ALER
San Policarpio, Calbayog City Samar
alerbuh49@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : San Policarpio, Calbayog City Samar
Present Address : San Policarpio, Calbayog City Samar
Date of Birth : May 28, 2000
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2018 – present)
Senior High School : Christ the King College
Calbayog City
(2016 – 2018)
High School : Christ the King College
Calbayog City
(2012 – 2016)
Elementary : San Policarpio Elementary School
San Policarpio, Calbayog City
(2006 – 2012)
 42

MITHUSHELAH MAY S. BERCERO

Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu
myatbercero101@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu
Present Address : Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu
Date of Birth : March 30, 1999
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Baptist

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2018 – present)
Senior High School : Medellin National Science and Technology
School
Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu
(2016 – 2018)
High School : Medellin National Science and Technology
School
Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu
(2012 – 2016)
Elementary : Medellin National Science and Technology
School (Elementary Department)
Poblacion, Medellin, Cebu
(2006 – 2012)
 43

KYLE FATE F. BERTIS

Drilling, Tubod, Toledo City
kylefatebertis@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Drilling, Tubod, Toledo City
Present Address : Drilling, Tubod, Toledo City
Date of Birth : October 7, 1999
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2018 – present)
Senior High School : University of San Jose - Recoletos
Arpili, Balamban, Cebu
(2016 – 2018)
High School : Luray II National High School
Luray II, Toledo City
(2012 – 2016)
Elementary : Lower Tubod Elementary School
Tubod, Toledo City
(2006 – 2012)
 44

MILENNE JULIA V. GRANADOS

Brgy. Toctoc, Leyte, Leyte
milennejulia.granados@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Brgy. Toctoc, Leyte, Leyte
Present Address : Zomer Homes, Escario Extension, Cebu City
Date of Birth : February 22, 2000
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019 – present)
Senior High School : University of San Carlos
Gov. M. Cuenco Ave., Talamban, Cebu City
(2017 – 2019)
High School : Saint Theresa’s College - Cebu
Juana Osmeña St., Cebu City
(2013 – 2017)
Elementary : Sacred Heart School
T. Claudio Street, Tacloban City, Leyte
(2007 – 2013)
 45

NALLA JEVIC G. GRAVE

Velpal 2, Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu
nalla.grave13@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Velpal 2, Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu
Present Address : Velpal 2, Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu
Date of Birth : June 9, 1999
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2018 – present)
Senior High School : St. Scholastica’s Academy - Tabunok
Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu
(2016 – 2018)
High School : St. Scholastica’s Academy - Tabunok
Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu
(2012 – 2016)
Elementary : Leaton School Inc.
Belmont Village, Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu
(2006 – 2012)