Public Opinion Poll:

Residents of Mongolia
March 11 - April 20, 2021
DETAILED METHODOLOGY

• The survey was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute’s

Center for Insights in Survey Research by the Independent Research Institute of
Mongolia (IRIM).
• Data collection was conducted between March 11 - April 20, 2021 through
computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) from IRIM’s call center.
• The sample consisted of n=2,520 residents of Mongolia aged 18 and over.
• A multi-stage probability sampling method was used to design a nationally
representative sample. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the data collection was
conducted based on a CATI. The contact information list of the households was
compiled from the IRIM's internal database. The sample was stratified by region and
by urban/rural residency. Households were selected by simple random sampling,
and respondents were selected by the last birthday method.
• The data was weighted by gender and age groups based on the NSO data for
population of Mongolia.
• The response rate was 27 percent.
• The margin of error for the full sample is ± 1.92 percentage points.
• Charts and graphs may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding.

2
Frequently Cited Disaggregate Bases

Disaggregate Category Base

Youth (18-35) n = 1,160

Age Brackets Adult (36-55) n = 945

Senior (56+) n = 415

Male n = 1,208
Gender
Female n = 1,312

Primary or less n = 76

Educational Attainment Secondary n = 1,359

Vocational or university n = 1,084

Urban n = 1,704
Area
Rural n = 816

Western Region n = 308

Khangai Region n = 444

Regions of Mongolia Central Region n = 414

Ulaanbaatar n = 1,165

n = 190
Eastern Region

⚠️ Cited bases are weighted. Margin of error will vary with sample size n.
3
 Previous Polls

Poll Fieldwork Dates Total Sample Size

National Survey of Mongolian Youth May 14 - June 15, 2020 n = 2,494

Pre-Presidential Election National Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion April 24 – May 4, 2017 n = 3,000

Mongolian Public Opinion: Parliament After 100 Days January 23 – February 5, 2017 n = 5,000

Post-Election National Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion August 16 – August 26, 2016 n = 5,000

National Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion March 1 – March 15, 2016 n = 5,000

Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion October 12 – November 12, 2011 n = 2,413

Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion August 10 – September 3, 2010 n = 2,250

About the Center for Insights In Survey Research (CISR)

Research and qualitative and quantitative public opinion data is a cornerstone of IRI’s approach to
programming. Our data ensures citizens’ needs are at the center of the political debate and guide
our projects’ goals. To date, IRI has conducted more than 900 polls in over 100 countries,
surveying more than 1.5 million people and measuring community attitudes on a wide range of
issues.

IRI’s research approach integrates CISR’s methodological polling best practices protocol and field
partner in-depth knowledge of the local research environment. This close collaboration begins at
project design, with carefully calibrated sampling and instrument development, and continues
throughout the entire fieldwork cycle to ensure in the collection of reliable qualitative and
quantitative data.
4
For more of IRI’s public opinion research, see CISR’s content.
Geographical Key: Regions of Mongolia

Western Region

Khangai Region

Central Region

Ulaanbaatar

Eastern Region

5
Perspectives on
Issues Facing
Mongolia

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

In general, would you say that our country is heading in the right direction or
in the wrong direction?

All respondents 44% 48% 8%

Gender

Male 43% 50% 7%

Female 45% 47% 8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

In the right direction In the wrong direction Don't know/Refused to answer

7
How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the way democracy is developing in
our country?

All respondents 8% 34% 34% 23% 1%

Gender

Male 8% 32% 33% 27% 1%

Female 8% 37% 34% 20% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Don't know/Refused to answer
8
Speaking personally, over the past 6 months, how has your overall quality of
life changed?

All respondents 2% 18% 42% 29% 10% <1%

Gender

Male 2% 16% 42% 30% 10% <1%

Female 1% 20% 41% 29% 9%

Age

18-35 2% 25% 36% 29% 7% <1%

36-55 1% 11% 43% 31% 13%

56 older 1% 12% 52% 26% 8% <1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Improved a lot Improved somewhat Stayed the same
Worsened somewhat Worsened a lot Don't know/Refused to answer 9
 What is the most important problem facing our country today?
(Spontaneous response, up to three responses permitted)

Top ten responses displayed

Healthcare – COVID-19 25% 6% 4% 35%

Economy—unemployment 17% 12% 6% 35%

Economy—other/general 10% 11% 7% 28%

Politicization 7% 8% 8% 23%
First response
Education 4% 7% 8% 19%
Second response
Poverty 4% 5% 4% Third response
13%
Corruption 4% 4% 2% 10%

Economy—cost of living, high prices 2% 4% 3% 9%

Other 6% 3% 5% 14%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

10
How would you describe the current economic situation of your household?

All respondents 3% 40% 42% 14% <1%

Gender

Male 3% 45% 38% 14% <1%

Female 3% 36% 46% 14% <1%

Area

Urban 2% 40% 42% 16% <1%

Rural 4% 42% 43% 11% <1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer 11
Elections—System

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This Photo by Freepik License is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Do you feel that the upcoming elections will be free and fair or not?

All respondents 9% 41% 27% 21% 2%

Gender

Male 9% 39% 25% 25% 1%

Female 10% 42% 29% 18% 2%

Age

18-35 9% 43% 30% 17% 1%

35-55 10% 39% 24% 25% 2%

56 or older 10% 39% 25% 24% 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Definitely free and fair Probably free and fair Probably not free and fair
Definitely not free and fair Don't know/Refused to answer 13
 Through what activities can ordinary people influence decisions made in our
country?
(Among those who believe that ordinary people are very likely/somewhat likely to influence decisions made in
Mongolia, n=676; spontaneous responses, multiple responses permitted)

Raise concerns on social media 29%

How likely or unlikely are
ordinary people able to Protest 23%
influence decisions made in
our country? Vote 11%
1%
Engage in CSOs* 8%
27%
Talk to officials 8%

Petition 6%
72%
Run for office 3%

Donate 2%
Very/somewhat likely
Join a political party 2%
Very/somewhat unlikely

Don't know/Refused to Other 16%

answer
0% 10% 20% 30%

*CSOs are local, national or international groups of people who organize to support a particular interest, group or issue.
14
 Through what activities can ordinary people influence decisions made in our
country?
(Among those who believe ordinary people are very likely/somewhat likely to influence decisions made
in Mongolia; spontaneous response; multiple responses permitted)

18-35 (n= 384) 36-55 (n= 203) 56 or older (n= 89)

Raise concerns Raise concerns on

32% social media
29% Talk to officials 17%
on social media
Protest 30% Protest 17% Raise concerns
on social media
13%
Vote 11% Vote 11% Vote 13%
Engage in CSOs* 9% Talk to officials 7% Engage in CSOs* 12%
Petition 7% Engage in a CSOs* 4% Petition 10%

Talk to officials 6% Run for office 4% Protest 7%

Run for office 3% Petition 2% Run for office 5%

Join a political Join a political
Donate 2% party
2% 4%
party
Join a political
party
1% Donate 1% Donate 4%

Other 14% Other 16% Other 24%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

*CSOs are local, national or international groups of people who organize to support a particular interest, group or issue. 15
How concerned, if at all, are you about COVID-19 affecting the integrity of the
upcoming presidential election in 2021?

All respondents 34% 24% 22% 20% <1%

Age

18-35 26% 26% 24% 24% <1%

36-55 38% 21% 21% 20% <1%

56 older 45% 24% 20% 12% 1%

Area

Urban 31% 23% 22% 23% <1%

Rural 39% 25% 21% 15% <1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very concerned Somewhat concerned Little concerned Not concerned at all Don’t know/Refused to answer
16
 Do you know of any instances where voters were offered cash, gifts or favors in
exchange for votes during the 2020 elections? If yes, what was offered?
(Among those who know of any instances where voters were offered cash, gifts or favors in exchange for
votes during the 2020 elections, n=628; spontaneous response, multiple responses permitted)

Do you know of any

instances where voters
were offered cash, gifts or Cash 93%
favors in exchange for
votes during the 2020
elections? Food, rice or groceries 10%

9% 25% Non-monetary help/favor 8%

Alcohol 5%

66% Gift 4%

Yes
Other 4%
No
Don’t know/Refused to answer 1%
Don't know/Refused to
answer
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

17
Ratings of Parties,
Government,
Personalities, and
Institutions

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Do you agree or disagree that political parties are doing enough to address the
needs of voters like you?

All respondents 4% 30% 34% 31% 1%

Gender
Male 4% 29% 33% 35% <1%

Female 4% 31% 36% 28% 1%

Age
18-35 3% 33% 33% 31%

36-55 4% 28% 33% 34% <1%

56 or older 6% 29% 39% 25% 2%

Area
Urban 3% 29% 34% 34% <1%

Rural 6% 32% 35% 26% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Don't know/Refused to answer
19
What is your opinion of each of the following institutions?

Media 25% 44% 22% 6% 2%

State Emergency Commission 22% 41% 23% 13% 2%
Police 20% 41% 25% 12% 2%
CSOs and NGOs 11% 49% 24% 7% 9%
Local government 14% 45% 26% 12% 4%
Army 24% 32% 21% 17% 5%
Cabinet 9% 42% 31% 14% 3%
Religious institutions 13% 35% 25% 18% 10%
President’s Office 9% 35% 25% 9% 22%
State Great Hural 6% 38% 37% 19% 1%
General Electoral Commission 6% 31% 33% 22% 8%
Independent Authority Against Corruption 8% 25% 29% 30% 9%
Political parties 3% 27% 40% 24% 6%
Courts 5% 18% 30% 42% 6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Very positive Somewhat positive Somewhat negative Very negative Don't know/Refused to answer

20
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?

Mitigating air pollution 19% 43% 21% 15% 3%

Managing the COVID-19 pandemic 20% 38% 23% 18% 1%

Providing education 12% 43% 28% 16% 2%

Providing healthcare 16% 38% 29% 17% 1%

Maintaining infrastructure 8% 34% 31% 24% 3%

Providing economic opportunity 7% 33% 32% 24% 5%

Preventing domestic violence 11% 29% 29% 28% 4%

Creating jobs 7% 33% 33% 27% 1%

Fighting corruption 5% 22% 31% 35% 7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer

21
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Managing the COVID-19 pandemic

All respondents 20% 38% 23% 18% 1%

Age

18-35 15% 38% 27% 20% <1%

36-55 21% 38% 21% 19% 1%

56 or older 31% 37% 18% 12% 1%

Area

Urban 17% 37% 25% 20% 1%

Rural 25% 41% 19% 15% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
22
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Mitigating air pollution

All respondents 19% 43% 21% 14% 3%

Age

18-35 14% 42% 26% 16% 1%

36-55 20% 44% 18% 14% 4%

56 or older 27% 44% 12% 10% 7%

Area

Urban 18% 43% 23% 15% 2%

Rural 21% 42% 17% 14% 6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
23
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Providing healthcare

All respondents 16% 38% 29% 17% 1%

Age

18-35 12% 38% 31% 18% <1%

36-55 16% 35% 28% 20% 1%

56 or older 23% 43% 23% 9% 2%

Area

Urban 14% 35% 30% 20% <1%

Rural 19% 44% 25% 12% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
24
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Providing education

All respondents 12% 43% 28% 16% 2%

Age

18-35 10% 44% 31% 15% <1%

36-55 14% 41% 26% 16% 3%

56 or older 13% 44% 22% 15% 5%

Area

Urban 10% 41% 30% 18% 2%

Rural 15% 47% 24% 11% 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
25
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Preventing domestic violence

All respondents 10% 29% 29% 28% 4%

Age
18-35 8% 26% 30% 34% 1%

36-55 13% 32% 28% 23% 4%

56 or older 10% 30% 27% 25% 8%

Gender
Male 13% 32% 26% 25% 3%

Female 8% 26% 31% 31% 4%

Area
Urban 10% 28% 29% 30% 3%

Rural 12% 32% 27% 24% 5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
26
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Maintaining infrastructure

All respondents 8% 34% 31% 24% 3%

Age

18-35 6% 32% 33% 27% 1%

36-55 9% 33% 30% 23% 4%

56 or older 12% 39% 27% 16% 6%

Area

Urban 8% 33% 31% 27% 2%

Rural 9% 36% 31% 19% 5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
27
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Providing economic opportunity

All respondents 7% 32% 32% 24% 5%

Age

18-35 4% 32% 35% 27% 2%

36-55 8% 31% 33% 23% 6%

56 or older 12% 37% 25% 16% 10%

Area

Urban 6% 30% 33% 26% 4%

Rural 9% 37% 30% 18% 7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
28
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Creating jobs

All respondents 7% 33% 33% 27% 1%

Age

18-35 5% 31% 35% 28% 1%

36-55 7% 33% 33% 27% 1%

56 or older 12% 38% 25% 22% 3%

Area

Urban 6% 30% 34% 29% 1%

Rural 8% 38% 31% 22% 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
29
For the following issues, is the national government doing a very good,
somewhat good, somewhat bad or very bad job?
Fighting corruption

All respondents 5% 22% 31% 35% 7%

Age

18-35 4% 22% 34% 36% 4%

36-55 5% 20% 29% 36% 9%

56 or older 7% 27% 26% 27% 13%

Area

Urban 4% 20% 32% 38% 6%

Rural 6% 27% 29% 28% 9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very good Somewhat good Somewhat bad Very bad Don't know/Refused to answer
30
Inclusion and Civic
Engagement

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 How important or unimportant is it that all members of our country’s adult
population are included in political decision making? How important is it that
[…] are included?

People with disabilities 50% 39% 6% 3% 2%

Women 53% 39% 4% 3% <1%

1%
Young adults 73% 24% 2% <1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very important Somewhat important Somewhat unimportant Very unimportant Don't know/Refused to answer

32
Values, Ideology and
freedom

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Do you believe that democracy is the best possible form of government for our
country or not?

All respondents 8% 64% 11% 15% 1%

Age
18-35 7% 69% 10% 14% 1%
36-55 9% 60% 12% 17% 2%
56 older 11% 61% 13% 13% 2%

Party membership
Yes (n=433) 7% 66% 11% 15% 1%
No (n=2,078) 14% 57% 10% 16% 2%

Region
Western region 13% 65% 10% 11% 1%
Khangai region 8% 64% 9% 16% 3%
Central region 8% 60% 13% 17% 2%
Eastern region 11% 62% 12% 14% 2%
Ulaanbaatar 7% 66% 12% 15% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yes, it is the best possible form of government for our country
Yes, it is the best possible form of government for our country but needs further advancement and improvement
No, there are other forms of government that could be equally good for our country
No, there are other forms of government that are better than democracy
34
Don't know/Refused to answer
Are the media in our country free to independently cover any issue or not?

All respondents 19% 51% 25% 4% 1%

Education
Primary or less 32% 43% 12% 4% 9%

Secondary 19% 53% 24% 3% 1%

University 17% 50% 28% 4% 1%

Region
Western region 19% 53% 23% 4% 2%

Khangai region 19% 55% 23% 2% 2%

Central region 20% 49% 24% 4% 2%

Eastern region 26% 46% 20% 1% 6%

Ulaanbaatar 17% 51% 28% 4% <1%

Very free Somewhat free Somewhat not free Very not free Don't know/Refused to answer

35
Corruption

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Now I would like to discuss corruption with you. Do you believe that corruption
in our country is a serious problem or not?

All respondents 65% 30% 3%2% 1%

Gender

Male 72% 24% 2%1%1%

Female 58% 35% 3% 2% 2%

Area

Urban 68% 28% 3%1% 1%

Rural 58% 34% 3%2% 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very serious Somewhat serious Somewhat not serious Not at all serious Don't know/Refused to answer

37
 To what extent, if any, has corruption had a negative impact on you?

All respondents 16% 29% 20% 34% 1%

Age
18-35 16% 34% 23% 26% 1%

36-55 15% 28% 19% 37% 1%

56 older 15% 17% 18% 49% 1%

Gender
Male 20% 29% 18% 31% 1%

Female 11% 29% 22% 36% 1%

Education
Primary or less 14% 20% 18% 44% 3%

Secondary 15% 26% 20% 37%

Vocational or university 16% 33% 21% 29% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
It has had a lot of negative impact It has had some negative impact It has had little negative impact
It has not had any negative impact Don't know/Refused to answer

38
In the past 12 months, how often, if at all, have you had to do a favor, give a
gift or pay a bribe?

Daily <1%

Weekly 1%

Monthly 3%

Less frequently 21%

Not at all 75%

Don't know/Refused to answer <1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

39
In the past 12 months, how often, if at all, have you had to do a favor, give a
gift or pay a bribe?

<1%
Daily <1%
<1%

1%
Weekly 1%
<1%

3%
Monthly 2%
<1% 18-35
25% 36-55
Less frequently 20% 56 or older
8%

70%
Not at all 76%
90%

<1%
Don't know/Refused to answer <1%
1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

40
In the past 12 months, how often, if at all, have you had to do a favor, give a
gift or pay a bribe?

<1%
Daily
<1%

1%
Weekly
1%

3%
Monthly
2%
Urban
23% Rural
Less frequently
15%

72%
Not at all
82%

<1%
Don't know/Refused to answer
1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

41
In the past 12 months, how often, if at all, have you had to do a favor, give a
gift or pay a bribe?

2%
Daily 1%
<1%

Weekly 1%
1%

3%
Monthly 2%
3% Primary or less
9% Secondary
Less frequently 18% Vocational or university
25%

86%
Not at all 79%
71%

Don't know/Refused to answer <1%

<1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

42
Sources of
Information

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Which media platform do you use most frequently to gain political news and
information?
(Up to three responses permitted)

Television 59% 23% 7% 89%

Social Media 26% 32% 9% 67%

Online news 13% 16% 14% 43%

First response
Print Media 1% 4% 6% 11%
Second response
Third response
Radio and FM 4% 3% 7%

Other 1% 3%
4%

Don’t know/Refused to answer 1% 1% 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

44
Which media platform do you use most frequently to gain political news and
information?
(Up to three responses permitted)
79%
Television 94%
98%
78%
Social Media 63%
34%
55%
Online news 31%
17%
7%
18-35
Print Media 11%
17% 36-55
5% 56 or older
Radio and FM 7%
12%
4%
Other 2%
3%
1%
Don’t know/Refused to answer 2%
5%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

45
Which media platform do you use most frequently to gain political news and
information?
(Up to three responses permitted)

85%
Television
92%

69%
Social Media
58%

43%
Online news
33%

9%
Print Media Urban
13%
Rural
6%
Radio and FM
9%

3%
Other
3%

2%
Don’t know/Refused to answer
2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

46
How frequently do you encounter information in the media, including social
media, that you believe is misleading or false?

All respondents 24% 18% 12% 9% 22% 14% 2%

Age
18-35 31% 24% 13% 8% 18% 6% <1%

36-55 21% 14% 11% 10% 25% 16% 3%

56 or older 11% 8% 9% 10% 24% 33% 4%

Gender
Male 27% 19% 13% 9% 19% 11% 2%

Female 21% 16% 11% 9% 24% 17% 2%

Area
Urban 27% 20% 12% 9% 20% 11% 1%

Rural 18% 14% 11% 9% 24% 21% 3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Daily or almost daily Several times a week Weekly
Monthly Less often Never
Don’t know/Refused to answer
47
To what extent is misleading or false information in the media problematic for
our country?

All respondents 40% 50% 4% 5% 1%

Age
18-35 38% 55% 4% 3%<1%

36-55 40% 48% 4% 5% 2%

56 or older 45% 42% 3% 7% 3%

Area
Urban 41% 50% 4% 4% 1%

Rural 38% 50% 4% 6% 3%

Education
Primary or less 38% 37% 5% 13% 5%

Secondary 39% 50% 4% 6% 2%

Vocational or university 42% 51% 3%3% 1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Very problematic Somewhat problematic Somewhat unproblematic

Not problematic Don't know/Refused to answer
48
Which of the following do you think is the main force behind such misleading or
false information?

People in our country who are misinformed 51%

People in our country who seek to cause divisions 31%

People from other countries who seek to cause

7%
divisions

People from other countries who are misinformed 5%

Other 2%

Don’t know/Refused to answer 4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

49
Which of the following do you think is the main force behind such misleading or
false information?

56%
People in our country who are misinformed 48%
41%

31%
People in our country who seek to cause divisions 32%
34%

6%
People from other countries who seek to cause
7%
divisions
11% 18-35
4% 36-55
People from other countries who are misinformed 7% 56 or older
4%

1%
Other 2%
2%

2%
Don’t know/Refused to answer 4%
8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

50
Demographics

ThisThis Photo
Photo by by ikon.mn
Sane is licensed
Sodbayar under
is licensed CC BY-SA-NC
under CC BY-SA
 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Male

48%

Gender
Female

52%
18-35

46%
Demographics

36-55

Age
38%

56 or older
16%
Urban
68%

Area
Rural
32%

Khalkh
81%

3%

Kazakh
4%

Durvud
2%

Bayad

Ethnicity
1%

Buryad
8%

Other

Don't know/Refused to answer

Ulaanbaatar
46%

Khangai region
18%

Central region
16%

Region

Western region
12%

52
8%

Eastern region
 10%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%

0%
5%
15%
No formal education

<1%
3%
Primary school

8%
Lower secondary

Upper secondary
46%
Demographics

1%
Technical and vocational
6%
Special vocational

Diploma and bachelor

33%

Educational attainment
3%

Master's degree

Doctoral degree
<1%

Don’t know/Refused to answer

<1%

Employed in a paid job full-time

36%

1%

Employed in a paid job part-time

Self-employed full-time
12%
6%

Self-employed part-time
1%

Homemaker

Retired
14%
7%

Unemployed, looking for a job

Occupation
7%

Unemployed, not looking for a job

9%

Student/pupil
5%

Herder
2%

Other
53

Don't know/Refused to answer

<1%
 10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%

0%
Ulaanbaatar
46%
Demographics

Khangai region

18%

Central region
16%

Region
Western region
12%
8%

Eastern region

I have trouble feeding myself and my

family and even buying the most
20%

essential things for survival

I have enough means for survival but I

54%

do not have neough for extra things

I am able to afford things like new

clothes and eating at restaurants - but
19%

not often

I am able to afford things like new

clothes and eating out and also support
6%

Self-described economic status

other members of my family who are

not able to do these things
54

Don't know/Refused to answer

<1%
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