The frictional, or skin, resistance of a pile may be written as

Qs 5 o p DL f (12.15)
where
p 5 perimeter of the pile section
DL 5 incremental pile length over which p and f are taken to be constant f 5 unit friction resistance at any depth z
The various methods for estimating Qp and Qs are discussed in the next several sections. It needs to be reemphasized
that, in the field, for full mobilization of the point resistance sQpd, the pile tip must go through a displacement of 10
to 25% of the pile width (or diameter).