THEORY

OF
HUMAN
BECOMIN
G
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE

ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE

Author, researcher, and nursing theorist Rosemarie Rizzo Parse is most known
for creating the Human Becoming Theory. Parse, who was born in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania in 1941, graduated from Duquesne University in nursing in 1963 before
pursuing a master's in nursing at the University of Pittsburgh in 1966. Later, in 1973,
she received her nursing doctorate from the University of Pittsburgh.
 Parse started her nursing career as a staff nurse before moving on to become an
educator and researcher. She has written several books and articles on nursing theory
and research and has won multiple accolades for her work, including the Sigma Theta
Tau International Research Award and the University of Pittsburgh's School of Nursing's
Distinguished Alumni Award.
Parse is perhaps best known for her development of the Human Becoming
Theory, which has had a significant impact on the field of nursing and healthcare. The
theory, which emphasizes the significance of comprehending people as they go about
their lives and undergoes change, has had a significant impact on modern nursing
practice. Being a prominent figure in the nursing industry today, Parse still teaches and
lectures about nursing philosophy and research.

THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING BY ROSEMARIE PARSE

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse created the nursing theory known as the Human
Becoming Theory. The approach emphasizes the value of comprehending people as
they go about their daily lives and go through changes, as opposed to treating or
studying them as inanimate things. According to Parse's thesis, people always change
and evolve and are co-creators of their own universe. The notion also highlights the
significance of nursing as a profession that goes beyond only treating physical ailments
to facilitate human becoming.
According to Parse, the human becoming thesis is based on three key ideas:
 Human becoming refers to the dynamic process of living and developing, and it
highlights the significance of personal responsibility and free will in determining
one's own course in life.
 Human-universe-health process: This idea acknowledges how intertwined
humans are with the world and their surroundings, and it proposes that health is
a dynamic process involving ongoing adaptation and transformation.
 Nursing practice: This concept emphasizes the importance of nursing as a
practice that facilitates human becoming by helping individuals to achieve their
own goals and aspirations, rather than simply treating their symptoms or
illnesses.

The Human Becoming Theory urges nurses to put their efforts in understanding the
unique needs and experiences of their patients and collaborating with them to meet
their objectives in practice. The idea also highlights the significance of constant contact
and interaction between nurses and patients, as well as the necessity of personalizing
nursing care to the particular requirements and situations of every person.

ORIGIN OF HUMAN BECOMING THEORY BY PARSE

 In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse created the Human
Becoming Theory. The idea for Parse's theory came from her critique of pre-existing
theories of nursing that, in her opinion, placed too much emphasis on the medical model
of care and fell short of accurately capturing the individual experiences of patients and
their families.
In response to her own experiences as a nurse and educator, as well as her
observations of the difficulties faced by healthcare professionals in providing patient-
centered care, Parse developed the idea.
The philosophical assumption of the notion of human becoming is that people
constantly co-create their reality with the surroundings in which they live. It asserts that
people are dynamic, evolving beings who change all the time. The theory emphasizes
the importance of understanding the human experience in relation to the environment
and the context in which it occurs.
Parse wanted to create a theory that stressed the value of comprehending
people as they went through change and development as opposed to just as things to
be studied or treated. She created a framework that was based on the concept of
human becoming by drawing from a variety of philosophical and theoretical viewpoints,
such as existentialism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics.
According to Parse, human becoming is a living and developing process that
emphasizes free will and personal choice. As people work to fulfill their own ambitions
and goals, it includes constant adaptation and transformation. The significance of
nursing as a profession that prioritizes aiding human being rather than merely treating
illness or disease is also emphasized by Parse's philosophy.
The Human Becoming Theory has a huge impact on the nursing and healthcare
fields and marks a substantial break from conventional nursing paradigms. It has
prompted nurses to embrace a more patient-centered philosophy of care and
emphasized the significance of appreciating the special circumstances and viewpoints
of patients and their families.

PARSE’S THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING CONCEPTUALIZATION OF HUMAN

Parse's theory of human becoming provides a unique conceptualization of

human beings as dynamic and constantly evolving beings, rather than static entities.
According to this theory, humans are co-creators of their own lives, continually moving
towards the realization of their unique potential and self-transcendence.
Parse's theory emphasizes the importance of the individual's subjective
experience of life and their relationship with the environment, as well as the role of
cultural and social context in shaping human experiences. Humans are seen as
complex beings, influenced by a range of internal and external factors, including their
biology, psychology, and social environment.
The theory acknowledges the importance of individuality and diversity,
recognizing that each person has their own unique potential and journey towards self-
transcendence. Humans are not seen as passive recipients of care, but as active
agents in the process of their own becoming.
Parse's theory also emphasizes the importance of the nurse-person partnership
in promoting human well-being. Nurses are seen as partners in the process of human
becoming, working collaboratively with the person to promote health and well-being.
The theory encourages nurses to be present with the person, to listen deeply to their
experiences, and to co-create a plan of care that reflects the person's goals, values, and
beliefs.
Overall, Parse's theory of human becoming offers a holistic and humanistic
perspective on human beings, emphasizing their unique potential and active role in their
own becoming. It recognizes the importance of individuality, diversity, and cultural
context in shaping human experiences, and encourages nurses to work collaboratively
with the person in promoting health and well-being.

PARSE’S THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING CONCEPTUALIZATION OF

ENVIRONMENT

Parse's theory of human becoming acknowledges the important role that

environment plays in shaping human experiences and promoting health and well-being.
According to this theory, environment is not only a physical space, but also includes the
cultural, social, and historical context in which the person exists.
The theory emphasizes that the environment is not something external to the
person, but rather is intimately connected to their experiences and well-being. The
environment is seen as a dynamic and evolving system that shapes and is shaped by
human experience.
Parse's theory recognizes the influence of cultural and social context on the
person's experiences and well-being. The theory encourages nurses to be aware of the
cultural and social context of the person's life, and to work collaboratively with the
person to promote health and well-being within their cultural and social context.
The theory also emphasizes the importance of the person's relationship with the
environment. The environment is seen as a source of support, as well as a potential
source of stress or conflict. The person's relationship with the environment is dynamic
and complex, and nurses are encouraged to support the person in their efforts to create
a harmonious relationship with their environment.
Overall, Parse's theory of human becoming offers a holistic perspective on
environment, recognizing its important role in shaping human experiences and
promoting health and well-being. It emphasizes the dynamic and evolving nature of the
environment, as well as its intimate connection to human experience. The theory
encourages nurses to work collaboratively with the person to create a harmonious
relationship with their environment, and to promote health and well-being within their
cultural and social context.

PARSE’S THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING CONCEPTUALIZATION OF HEALTH

The Parse's theory of human becoming is a nursing theory developed by Dr.

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, a nurse theorist and scholar. This theory provides a framework
for understanding the process of human becoming, which refers to the continuous
transformation of a person's being and becoming, rather than simply the achievement of
a predetermined state of health.
According to Parse, health is not a static state, but rather a dynamic process that
occurs within the context of the person's life experiences. Parse's theory conceptualizes
health as a constantly evolving process of moving towards the realization of one's
unique potential and self-transcendence, rather than just the absence of disease or
illness.
The theory emphasizes the importance of the individual's subjective experience
of health and well-being, and the role of the nurse in facilitating the person's journey
towards health. Nurses are seen as partners in the process of human becoming,
providing support and guidance to the person as they navigate through life's challenges
and opportunities.
Parse's theory also acknowledges the influence of the environment on the
individual's health and well-being, recognizing that health is not only an individual
phenomenon, but also a social and cultural one. The theory encourages nurses to be
aware of the cultural and social context of the person's life, and to work collaboratively
with the person to promote health and well-being.
Overall, Parse's theory of human becoming offers a unique conceptualization of
health that emphasizes the dynamic and subjective nature of the concept, as well as the
importance of the nurse-person partnership in promoting health and well-being.
PARSE’S THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING CONCEPTUALIZATION OF NURSING

Parse's theory of human becoming offers a unique perspective on the role of

nursing in promoting health and well-being. According to this theory, nursing is a
process of co-creating health with the person, rather than simply providing care for the
person's illness or disease.
Parse's theory conceptualizes nursing as a human science, focusing on the
relationship between the nurse and the person. The nurse is seen as a partner in the
person's journey towards health, providing support and guidance in the process of
human becoming.
 The theory emphasizes the importance of the person's subjective experience of
health and well-being, as well as their unique potential and self-transcendence. Nurses
are encouraged to be present with the person, to listen deeply to their experiences, and
to co-create a plan of care that reflects the person's goals, values, and beliefs.
Parse's theory also acknowledges the influence of the environment on the
person's health and well-being, recognizing that nursing is not only an individual
phenomenon, but also a social and cultural one. Nurses are encouraged to be aware of
the cultural and social context of the person's life, and to work collaboratively with the
person to promote health and well-being.
Overall, Parse's theory of human becoming offers a holistic and humanistic
perspective on nursing, emphasizing the importance of the nurse-person partnership in
promoting health and well-being. It encourages nurses to view the person as a unique
and complex being, and to provide care that reflects the person's individuality and self-
transcendence.

SUBCONCEPTS

The Human Becoming Theory by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse includes several

subconcepts that help to define and explain the theory. These subconcepts include:
 Meaning: This subconcept refers to the idea that human beings create their own
reality through the meanings they assign to their experiences. Meaning is
subjective and unique to each individual, and is shaped by cultural, social, and
historical factors.
 Co-transcendence: This subconcept emphasizes the idea that humans are not
limited by their past experiences or current circumstances, and have the ability to
transcend their present reality and transform theirselves.
 Rhythmicity: This subconcept refers to the idea that humans exist within a rhythm
of living that includes natural, biological, and social rhythms. Rhythmicity is
central to human becoming, as it helps individuals to adapt to change and
maintain a sense of balance and stability.
 Transcendence: This subconcept emphasizes the importance of connectedness
and community in human becoming. It suggests that individuals exist within a
larger network of relationships and are constantly co-creating their reality with
others.
 Unfolding: This subconcept refers to the idea that human becoming is an ongoing
process of unfolding and becoming, rather than a fixed or static state. It
emphasizes the importance of ongoing adaptation and transformation in
response to new experiences and circumstances.
Overall, these subconcepts help to flesh out the Human Becoming Theory and
provide a framework for understanding the complex and dynamic process of human
becoming. They highlight the importance of individual choice and free will, as well as the
interconnectedness of individuals with their environment and with others.

STRENGTHS

Parse's theory of human becoming offers several strengths that make it a

valuable framework for nursing practice and research. Some of these strengths include:
 Holistic Perspective: Parse's theory of human becoming offers a holistic
perspective on health and well-being, emphasizing the importance of the
person's subjective experience and the dynamic relationship between the person
and their environment. The theory recognizes the interconnectedness of
physical, psychological, social, and cultural factors in shaping human
experiences and promoting health.
 Person-Centered Care: Parse's theory emphasizes the importance of person-
centered care, encouraging nurses to co-create a plan of care that reflects the
person's goals, values, and beliefs. The theory acknowledges the person's
unique potential and journey towards self-transcendence, and encourages
nurses to be present with the person and to listen deeply to their experiences.
 Cultural Sensitivity: Parse's theory recognizes the influence of cultural and social
context on human experience and encourages nurses to be aware of the cultural
and social context of the person's life. The theory encourages nurses to work
collaboratively with the person to promote health and well-being within their
cultural and social context.
 Humanistic Approach: Parse's theory of human becoming takes a humanistic
approach to nursing, emphasizing the importance of the nurse-person
partnership in promoting health and well-being. The theory encourages nurses to
view the person as a unique and complex being, and to provide care that reflects
the person's individuality and self-transcendence
 Relevant to Diverse Populations: The theory acknowledges diversity among
individuals and encourages nurses to provide care that is sensitive to each
person's individual needs and preferences. This makes the theory relevant and
applicable to diverse populations.
 Emphasis on individual experience: The Human Becoming Theory emphasizes
the importance of understanding individuals as they experience change and
growth, rather than simply treating illness or disease. This patient-centered
approach to care helps to promote better outcomes and improve patient
satisfaction.
 Focus on choice and free will: The theory emphasizes the importance of
individual choice and free will in shaping one's own reality. This perspective
empowers individuals to take an active role in their own care and to work
 collaboratively with healthcare providers to achieve their own goals and
aspirations.
 Inclusion of diverse perspectives: The theory incorporates a range of
philosophical and theoretical perspectives, including existentialism,
phenomenology, and hermeneutics. This interdisciplinary approach helps to
promote a more holistic understanding of individuals and their experiences.
 Flexibility and adaptability: The Human Becoming Theory is designed to be
flexible and adaptable to different cultural, social, and historical contexts. This
allows healthcare providers to apply the theory in a wide range of settings and
situations, and to tailor their care to meet the unique needs of each individual
patient.
 Promotion of ongoing growth and development: The theory emphasizes the
importance of ongoing growth and development, and encourages individuals to
strive for personal and professional excellence. This perspective helps to
promote lifelong learning and continuous improvement in healthcare practice.
Overall, these strengths have contributed to the Human Becoming Theory's
significance in the field of nursing and healthcare, and have helped to shape the way
healthcare providers understand and approach patient care.

ASSUMPTIONS

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's Human Becoming Theory is based on a number of

presumptions that direct its creation and use. These presumptions consist of:
 The Human Being Hypothesis makes the assumption that people are active
builders of their own world rather than passive objects of external circumstances.
People have the ability to control their own lives and actively participate in the
process of becoming.
 The idea makes the supposition that people construct their own reality by giving
their experiences the meanings they choose. Each person's subjective
interpretation of meaning, which is influenced by cultural, social, and historical
factors, is unique.
 The theory makes the assumption that humans live in a rhythm of life that
consists of natural, biological, and social rhythms. Since it enables people to
adjust to change and keep their feeling of equilibrium and stability, rhythmicity is
essential to the development of the human being.
 The theory makes the assumption that people are not constrained by their
present circumstances or past experiences and have the power to transcend
them in order to change them.
 The theory makes the assumption that people are continually co-creating their
reality with others and exist within a broader network of relationships. Community
and connection are crucial to human development.
  The theory makes the assumption that human becoming is not a fixed or static
condition, but rather an ongoing process of unfolding and becoming. It highlights
the significance of constant transformation and adaptation in response to fresh
experiences and situations.
These presumptions collectively highlight the Human Becoming Theory's focus on
human autonomy, free will, and the significance of comprehending people as they
undergo change and development. According to the philosophy, nurses should take a
patient-centered care approach and collaborate with people to help them realize their
own ambitions.

WEAKNESSES

Like any theoretical framework, the Human Becoming Theory by Rosemarie

Rizzo Parse also has some potential weaknesses that may limit its application or
effectiveness in certain situations. These weaknesses include:
 Lack of empirical evidence: Although the Human Becoming Theory is widely
recognized as a significant nursing theory, there is a limited amount of empirical
evidence to support its effectiveness in improving patient outcomes. This may
limit the ability of healthcare providers to fully embrace and apply the theory in
their practice.
 Complexity: The theory can be complex and difficult to apply in practice,
especially for healthcare providers who are new to the theory or who have limited
training in its application. This may make it challenging for healthcare providers
to incorporate the theory into their everyday practice.
 Limited focus on illness and disease: The theory's focus on individual experience
and personal growth may make it less applicable to situations where the primary
concern is illness or disease. This may limit the theory's usefulness in some
healthcare contexts.
 Limited focus on social determinants of health: While the theory emphasizes the
importance of cultural and social factors in shaping individual experiences, it may
not provide a robust framework for addressing the social determinants of health
that contribute to health disparities and inequities.
 Potential for individualism: The emphasis on individual experience and personal
growth may inadvertently promote a more individualistic approach to care, which
may not fully account for the social, cultural, and structural factors that contribute
to health and wellbeing.
Overall, these weaknesses highlight the need for ongoing critical evaluation and
refinement of the Human Becoming Theory to ensure its ongoing relevance and
effectiveness in the changing healthcare landscape.

SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN BECOMING THEORY IN PRACTICE

 Rosemarie Rizzo Rosa, a nursing theorist, founded the Human Becoming Theory,
which emphasizes the significance of comprehending the distinctive experiences and
viewpoints of every people in healthcare. Significant implications of this idea for nursing
practice include the following:
 Patient-centered care: According to the Human Becoming Theory, every patient
is different and possesses a unique set of beliefs, values, and experiences.
Using this theory as a guide, nurses work to develop individualized care plans for
each patient by focusing on comprehending and respecting their unique
viewpoints and requirements.
 Empowerment: The philosophy places a strong emphasis on patient
empowerment, encouraging them to actively participate in their own care. Using
this philosophy, nurses collaborate with patients to determine their preferences
and goals and then assist them in accomplishing these objectives.
 Holistic care: The Human Being Hypothesis adopts a holistic approach to
healthcare, acknowledging the interdependence of a person's physical, mental,
and spiritual dimensions. When giving care, nurses who apply this theory to their
practice take all of these factors into account and work to foster an atmosphere
that encourages recovery and wellbeing.
 Adaptability: The Human Becoming Theory emphasizes that nurses must be
adaptable and open to change in order to offer the best care possible. Healthcare
is an industry that is always growing. Nursing professionals that apply this notion
to their work are open to trying new things and are continually learning and
growing.
Overall, because it emphasizes the value of patient-centered care, empowerment,
holistic care, and adaptability, the Human Becoming Theory is significant in nursing
practice. Nurses can improve the supportiveness and efficiency of the healthcare
environment that supports patients' healing and well-being by applying this principle to
their daily work.

SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN BECOMING THEORY IN RESEARCH

Significant implications for nursing research can also be seen in Rosemarie Rizzo
Parse's Human Becoming Theory. This hypothesis provides an original viewpoint on
healthcare that can help researchers in their pursuit of better patient outcomes.
The Human Being Hypothesis is crucial in nursing research in a number of important
aspects, including:
 Promoting patient-centered research: The Human Becoming Theory stresses the
significance of appreciating and comprehending each patient's unique viewpoint
and requirements. In terms of research, this entails emphasizing patient-centered
outcomes and including patients in the investigation. Researchers can then
 develop interventions that are more effective by having a deeper understanding
of the experiences and needs of patients.
 Considering the complexity of healthcare: According to the Human Becoming
Theory, the physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of an individual all have
an impact on healthcare. This means that while planning experiments and
interpreting the data, researchers must take into account all of these elements.
By doing this, researchers can develop a more thorough understanding of the
healthcare industry and discover fresh ideas for enhancing patient outcomes.
 Using a holistic approach: The Human Becoming Theory adopts a holistic
approach to healthcare, acknowledging the interdependence of a person's
physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. This refers to the idea in study that
instead of concentrating only on one area of healthcare, the full individual and
their surroundings should be taken into account.
 Guiding intervention development: The Human Becoming Theory can direct the
creation of interventions that are specifically suited to the individual requirements
and viewpoints of patients. Researchers can design interventions that are more
successful and more likely to be accepted and used by patients by applying this
theory to guide the design process.
The Human Becoming Theory, in general, is crucial in nursing research because
it provides a distinctive viewpoint on healthcare that can drive research
investigations, educate research efforts to enhance patient outcomes, and
eventually result in better healthcare practices and interventions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN BECOMING THEORY IN COMMUNITY

Communities stand to benefit greatly from Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's Human

Becoming Theory, which she created as a nursing theorist. This approach, which
emphasizes the significance of appreciating and comprehending each person's
particular viewpoint and requirements, can be used in a variety of social contexts to
advance health and wellbeing.
The Human Becoming Hypothesis is influential on society in the following ways:
 Supporting a patient-centered strategy: The Human Becoming Theory
emphasizes the significance of comprehending each person's particular
viewpoint and requirements. This entails encouraging a patient-centered
approach to care in situations where people are given the freedom to actively
participate in their own health and wellbeing.
 Fostering collaboration: The Human Becoming Theory encourages cooperation
and partnerships between patients and healthcare professionals. This can entail
collaborating with community people to identify health needs and create
interventions that are suited to their particular requirements and viewpoints in
community settings.
  Addressing social determinants of health: The Human Becoming Theory
acknowledges that social determinants of health, such as work, education, and
access to healthcare, have a considerable impact on a person's health and well-
being. This entails tackling these socioeconomic determinants of health in
communal settings to advance general health and wellbeing.
 Encouraging holistic care: The Human Becoming Theory adopts a holistic
approach to healthcare, acknowledging the interdependence of a person's
physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. This entails advocating for programs
and interventions in community settings that target the whole person and their
surroundings rather than merely concentrating on one component of health.
The Human Becoming Theory is important in communities because it emphasizes
the value of comprehending each person's particular viewpoint and needs. It can also
be used in a variety of community settings to promote health and well-being by
addressing social determinants of health, encouraging collaboration, and promoting
holistic care.

SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN BECOMING THEORY IN ACADEME

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, a nursing theorist, established the Human Becoming

Theory, which has important ramifications for the academe, or sphere of academics or
higher learning. This theory provides a distinctive viewpoint on healthcare that can
inform nursing research and education, as well as help educators in their attempts to
prepare students for careers as nurses.
The Human Becoming Theory is important in academia in the following ways:
 Promoting patient-centered education: The Human Becoming Theory places a
strong emphasis on the value of appreciating and comprehending each patient's
unique viewpoint and needs. This entails emphasizing patient-centered teaching
in nursing programs and giving students the tools they need to deliver
personalized care.
 Promoting critical thought: The Human Becoming Theory encourages
contemplation and critical thinking in nursing practice. In the context of nursing
education, this entails encouraging students to reflect on their personal
experiences as they get ready to enter the nursing profession as well as to think
critically about healthcare procedures and policies.
 Encouraging holistic care: The Human Becoming Theory adopts a holistic
approach to healthcare, acknowledging the interdependence of a person's
physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. When training students for the nursing
profession, this involves fostering a holistic approach to care that takes into
account all of these factors.
 Guiding research: Nursing research that emphasizes patient-centered outcomes
and takes into account the whole person as well as their surroundings might be
 guided by the Human Becoming Theory. This refers to giving students the
knowledge and abilities necessary to do research that is guided by the Human
Becoming Theory in nursing education.
The Human Becoming Theory is important in academia because it provides a
distinctive viewpoint on healthcare that can inform nursing education and research and
direct educators in their efforts to train students to become nurses by encouraging
patient-centered education, critical thinking, holistic care, and directing research.

CONCLUSION OF HUMAN BECOMING THEORY

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse created the Human Becoming Theory as an alternative

to conventional nursing ideas that concentrated on disease and illness. This idea
emphasizes the value of comprehending each person's own viewpoint and life
experience rather than putting them into pre-established categories or diagnoses.
The Human Being Hypothesis contends that people constantly co-create their
reality with the environment around them. People actively participate in their own lives
rather than being passive beneficiaries of influences from outside sources. The theory
also emphasizes the significance of free will and decision-making, arguing that people
have the power to choose their own destinies and are not bound by their history or
surroundings.
The process of living and becoming is referred to as health in the Human
Becoming Theory. It is a dynamic process that is always changing rather than a static
state. According to this view, the purpose of nursing is to help people as they go
through their own processes of becoming and to advance their wellbeing.
The Human Becoming Theory offers a comprehensive, patient-centered nursing
approach that honors the distinctive experiences and viewpoints of each individual. In
order to guarantee that treatment is customized to the patient's requirements and goals,
it highlights the significance of continual communication and collaboration between the
nurse and the patient.

REFERENCES AND CITATIONS RELATED TO THE HUMAN BECOMING THEORY

BY PARSE

 McEwen, M., & Wills, E.M. (2019). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (5th ed.).
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
 Parker, M.E., & Smith, M.C. (2010). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (3rd
ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
 Parse, R.R. (1992). Human becoming: Parse's theory of nursing. Nursing
Science Quarterly, 5(1), 35-42.
 Parse, R.R. (1998). The Human Becoming School of Thought: A Perspective for
Nurses and Other Health Professionals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
 Parse, R.R. (1999). Understanding the human becoming theory: Interpretation
and analysis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12(3), 225-230.
 Parse, R.R. (2003). Achieving congruence between nursing values and nursing
practice: A nursing human science perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly,
16(4), 293-298.
 Parse, R.R. (2016). The Human Becoming Theory: A Guide to Understanding.
Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.
 Reed, P.G., & Shearer, N.B. (2015). Perspectives on Nursing Theory (6th ed.).
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
 Tourville, C., & Ingalls, K. (2003). The Living Tree of Nursing Theories: Nursing
Models for Practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
 Tutton, E. (2011). Human Becoming Theory. In J. Alligood, & A. Tomey (Eds.),
Nursing Theorists and Their Work (7th ed.) (pp. 347-366). St. Louis, MO: Mosby
Elsevier.

ONLINE REFERENCES ABOUT THE PARSE HUMAN BECOMING THEORY

 "Parse's Human Becoming Theory" by Nursing Theory: This article provides a

brief overview of the Parse Human Becoming Theory and its significance in
nursing practice. Available at:
https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/parse-human-becoming-
theory.php
 "Parse's Human Becoming Theory: Application in Nursing Practice" by
Nurseslabs: This article provides a detailed explanation of the Parse Human
Becoming Theory and its application in nursing practice. Available at:
https://nurseslabs.com/parse-human-becoming-theory-application-nursing-
practice/
 "Parse's Human Becoming Theory: Understanding the Theory" by
RegisteredNursing.org: This article provides an overview of the Parse Human
Becoming Theory and its key concepts. Available at:
https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/parse-human-becoming-theory/
 "The Human Becoming Theory" by Alligood, M.R. (2014). Nursing theorists and
their work (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby: This book chapter provides an in-
depth discussion of the Parse Human Becoming Theory and its evolution over
time. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=04fUAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA374&dq=parse+human+becoming
+theory&ots=_nZTxxukp-
 &sig=kFnTJPR9X7F_GKzUbhbmiaVq3kM#v=onepage&q=parse%20human
%20becoming%20theory&f=false
 "The Human Becoming Theory: A Middle-Range Theory for Nursing" by Journal
of Advanced Nursing: This article provides a detailed discussion of the Parse
Human Becoming Theory and its application in nursing practice. Available at:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1996.19621.x