1.

1 History of Electricity

600 BCE – Thales / documented Static Electricity /

1600 – William Gilbert / coined ‘Electricity’ /
/ (Latin) Electricus [produce from amber friction] - (Greek) Elektor [Beaming Sun] /
1660 – Otto von Guericke / first electric generating machine /
1746 – Ewald Georg von Kleist & Peter van Musschenbroek / an electrical storage device /
1747 – Benjamin Franklin / suggested the two electrical forces (Attractive and Repulsive) /
1752 – Benjamin Franklin / prove that electricity = lightning /
1786 – Luigi Galvani / made dead frog’s leg twitch /
- Alessandro Volta / built a battery /
1820 – H.C. Oersted / discovered magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire /
1822 – Andrea Marie Ampere / observed coil of wire acts as a magnet /
- D.F. Arago / invented the electromagnet /
- Joseph Henry / demonstrated an electromagnetic device that can lift over a thousand pounds /
1831 – Michael Faraday / developed a crude electric motor /
- Henry and Faraday / invented an electric generator that power the motor /
- Samuel Morse / Morse Code /
- Charles de Coulomb / first person to measure electricity and magnetism /
- J. P. Joule, G.R. Kirchoff, and J.C. Maxwell / developed mathematical relationships –
electrical circuiting /
- G.S. Ohm / formulated a law between volts, amps and resistance /
Late 1800’s - / The ideal use of electricity was electric lightning /
1860 - / The invention of arc lights /
1879 – Thomas Edison & Joseph Swan / incandescent lamp /
End of 1880 - / Small electric stations spread in U.S. cities / DC system could not sustain long
distance /
1882 – General Electric / demonstrated streetlights and lamps in London and New York City /
1883 – Nikola Tesla / experimenting on generators /
- L. Caulard and J.D Gibbs / first transformer was announced /
1885 – George Westinghouse / brought Tesla’s AC system /
- / Commercialization of electric power /
1886 – / Operation of first alternating power station /
1888 - / AC was introduced and became common /
1930 - / US large cities had electricity – 10% in rural areas /
1935 - / Rural areas have electricity due to Rural Electric Administration (REA) /
1944 - / California deregulate electric power business /
1965, 1977, 2003 - / Power failure in northeast U. S. and Canada /
2001 - / Bankruptcy and Californians suffered from electricity shortage /
1.2 Electrical Theory

Classical Theory: Flow of Electrons – Electrical current flow is the result of electron/s (negative
charge) in lower orbitals (valence shell) with weaker attraction to its atom’s proton (positively
charge) to either get shared or taken from another atom.
Modern Theory: Flow of Charged Particles – Considering electromagnetic force between two
charged subatomic particles is greater than the gravitational force, then a flow of electricity occurs.
This flow of electricity is the movements of subatomic particles from one particle to the other.
Electrical Current – the rate of flow (the speed) of negatively charged particles on the conductor.
Electricity – the movement of subatomic particles.
- Movement of particles is about ½ inch per second
- Chain reaction flows at about the speed of light (300,000,000 m/s)
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Conductor – it carries an electrical current (flow of charged subatomic particles) without much
resistance.
- Silver (105 % - Percentage of Conductivity)
- Copper (100 %)
- Gold (70 %)
- Aluminum (61 %)
Semiconductor – materials that are neither good conductor nor insulator.
- It becomes a good conductor when subjected to high temperature.
- It becomes a good insulator when subjected to low temperature.
- Ex. Diode, Integrated Circuit, and Transistor
Insulator – the opposite of conductor.
Two most common materials used in the production of electrical components are…
- Silicon & Germanium
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Current - Is the rate of charge flow.
Electric charge – its either positive or negative
Producing Current Flow:
1. Static Electricity – through rubbing two objects together
2. Thermoelectricity – through heat
3. Piezoelectricity – through pressure
4. Electrochemistry – through chemical reaction (Ex. Battery or Galvanic Cell)
5. Photoelectricity – through light or sunlight (Ex. Solar Panels or Solar Cells)
6. Magnetoelectricity – through magnetism
1.3 Units of Electricity

Voltage (E) – driving force of current flow, from the result of the difference in charges (unit: V).
Amperage (I) – rate of current flow (unit: ampere [A, amp]).
Resistance (R) – the ability to resist current flow (unit: ohms [Ω]).
Power (P) – the rate of work done (unit: watt [W]).
- 1 horse power (hp) = 746 watts (W)
- 1 watt (W) = 3.413 btu/hr.
- 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1 000 watts (W)
- 1 megawatt (MW) = 1 000 000 watts (W)
Ohm’s Law - Eq. [E = I * R] (Volage is directly proportional to the product of Resistance and
Amperage).
DC Power Equation or Joule’s Law – Eq. [P = E * I] (Power is directly proportional to the product of
Voltage and Amperage).
Electrical Energy (E) – caused by moving electrical charges. Eq. [E or q = P * t] (unit: watt-hours
[Joules (J)]).
1.4 Electrical Circuits

Basic Electrical circuit – a continuous path that allows electrical current to flow
- It has a source (ex. Battery), conductors (Ex. Wire), load (ex. Light Bulb), electrical
components and optional devices [protection device (ex. Fuse) and control device (ex.
Switch)].
Closed Circuit – path of current flow is uninterrupted.
Open Circuit – path of current flow is interrupted.
Short Circuit – permits current flow through unintentional path.
Series Circuit – if one bulb fails all the other bulbs is out.
Parallel Circuit – if one bulb fails the other bulbs wouldn’t.
Gustav Kirchhoff – German physicist who established Kirchhoff’s Laws.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law – the sum of the voltage of a complete circuit is zero (V AB + VBC + VCD + VDA = 0).
Kirchhoff’s Current Law – when a charge enters a junction it has no place to go but to leave (I 1 + 12 +
13 + 14 = 0).
Series Circuit Principles
R = V/I
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn
Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 = … = In
Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn
Parallel Circuit Principles
R = V/I
Rtotal = 1/ [(1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) + … + (1/Rn)]
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + … + In
Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 = … = Vn

1.5 The Relationship Between Magnetism and Electrical Current

Magnetism – A force of attraction between ferromagnetic materials and a force of repulsion
between diamagnetic materials.
William Gilbert – He made the first actual magnet and known as the father of magnetism.
Types of Magnetism
1. Ferrimagnetism – magnetic field of individual atoms align themselves, some parallel, or in
the same direction, and others generally anti-parallel.
2. Ferromagnetism – electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others.
3. Anti-ferromagnetism – magnetic moments of neighboring electrons point in the opposite
direction.
4. Paramagnetism – materials weakly attracted by a strong magnet.
5. Diamagnetism – materials that line-up at right angle to a non-uniform magnetic field.
Electricity – flow of current through a conductor.
Benjamin Franklin – discovered electricity
Alessandro Volta – invented the first electric cell.
Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism – the force of a magnetic field can produce
electrical current and vice versa.
Michael Faraday – English physicist and chemist whose works contributed greatly to the
understanding of electromagnetism.
- Electric motor
- Discovery of Benzene
- Electromagnetic induction
- Electromagnetic generator
- Electrolysis
- Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism – the interaction between magnetism and electricity.
Electromagnetic induction – generating electricity through magnetic field.
Magnetic field – is formed whenever a electrical charge is in motion.
Accelerating Charge – electric and magnetic fields travelling at a speed of light.