LOGICAL CONNECTIVES/OPERATORS (Page 258)

We can translate statements to symbols by using the guide above.

EXAMPLE 1:
p: I study.
q: I get good grades.

I do not study. ~𝑝
I study and I get good grades. 𝑝∧q
I study or I get good grades. 𝑝∨q
If I study, then I get good grades. 𝑝→𝑞
I study if and only if I get good grades. 𝑝↔𝑞

EXAMPLE 2:
s: Maria is the CEO.
b: John is the CEO.

Maria is not the CEO but John is. ~𝑠 ∧ b

Not both Maria and John are CEO. ~(𝑠 ∧ b)
Both Maria and John are not CEO. ~𝑠 ∧ ~b
Neither Maria nor John is the CEO. ~(𝑠 ∨ b)
Either Maria is not the CEO or John is not the CEO. ~𝑠 ∨ ~b

PERFORMANCE TASK #2
▪ Page 262 (Part II, letters A and B)
▪ You can encode your answers or can write your answers in a clean sheet of paper.
▪ Submit your answers on mCourser.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
TYPE LOGICAL OPERATOR SYMBOLIC FORM READ AS
Negation Not ~𝑝 Not p
Conjunction And 𝑝∧q P and Q
Disjunction Or 𝑝∨q P or Q
Conditional If. . .then 𝑝→𝑞 If P, then Q
Biconditional If and only if 𝑝↔𝑞 P if and only if Q

NEGATION
Just like what you might expect from a negation, this logical operator states the exact opposite of a
given statement.

Consider the simple proposition p: 𝜋 represents an irrational number. The following statements are
some of the different ways ~𝑝 may be expressed.
𝜋 does not represent an irrational number.
It is false that 𝜋 represents an irrational number.
It is not the case that 𝜋 represents an irrational number.

CONJUNCTION
Other words that can be used as connectives/operators besides and are but, also, moreover.

The following statements illustrate the different ways a conjunction can be expressed in sentence form.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining today.
Symbolic Form: 𝒑 ∧ 𝐪

Today is Friday and it is raining today.

Today is Friday, moreover, it is raining today.

DISJUNCTION
Unless is another operator used besides or.

The following statements illustrate the different ways a disjunction can be expressed in sentence form.

p: You can submit your outputs on mCourser.

q: You can submit your outputs on Messenger.

Symbolic Form: 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒
You can submit your outputs on mCourser or on Messenger.
You can submit your outputs either on mCourser or on Messenger.
CONDITIONAL/IMPLICATION
Other words that can be used in place of the connective “if . . . then” are “only if” and “implies”.

In 𝑝 → 𝑞, p is a sufficient condition for q, while q is a necessary condition for p.

The following statements illustrate the different ways a conditional proposition can be expressed in sentence
form.

p: I saved some money.

q: I will buy some things I need.

Symbolic Form: 𝒑 → 𝒒
If I saved some money, then I will buy some things I need.
I will buy some of the things I need only if I saved some money.

BICONDITIONAL
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is logically equivalent. That is, they will be true under exactly the same circumstances.

The following statement illustrates the way a biconditional can be expressed in sentence form.

p: The suspect is found guilty.

q: The suspect will be imprisoned.
Symbolic Form: 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒
The suspect will be imprisoned if and only if he will be found guilty.

References:

▪ General Mathematics Worktextbook on mCourser (starts on Page 257)

▪ http://gauss.math.luc.edu/greicius/Math201/Fall2012/Lectures/Math201Combined.pdf
▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective
▪ https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathematical_Proof_and_the_Principles_of_Mathematics/Logic/Logical_
connectives