G4 PR2 Final Manuscript

SAINT JEROME INTEGRATED SCHOOL OF CABUYAO
0021 Brgy. Mamatid, Cabuyao City, Laguna.
Media Sexism: Impact on Young Adults’ Views Toward Women
Political Candidates
A Study Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department of
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Barcelon, Annerose R.
Garcia, Iya Gwyneth M.
Himpisao, Kent Zeus B.
Javier, Kenneth M.
Manzanero, Michaelah Jlo F.
Pondevida, Kimberly S.
Tolentino, Yuri Andre L.
Villacarlos, Asha Jazsmien G.
DECEMBER 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we, researchers, would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to
the Almighty God for giving us strength, patience, guidance, and blessing throughout
our research.
We would also like to extend our sincere appreciation to our Practical Research 2
adviser, Mr. Perfecto Valencia, for his continuous support, patience, knowledge, and
guidance. We are grateful for your informative lessons that lead us to accomplish this
paper throughout the process.
Also, we would like to thank the respondents for participating in this the conducted
survey of this research. The chosen participants are a big part of this paper, and we
thank them for allotting time and effort to this study.
We would also like to thank our co-researchers for giving their best effort,
assistance, and patience throughout the research despite the endless tasks and duties.
Lastly, we thank our parents for supporting and giving us motivation and
inspiration during the completion of our research.

The Researchers
ABSTRACT
The researchers performed this study to determine the effect and impact of media
sexism toward women political candidates as perceived by the young adults from
Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna. The main objective of this research is to define the
significant relationship between the main variables, media sexism and views toward
women politicians, by conducting an online survey composed of 15 questions
answered by young adults from 18-24 years old. The registered voters, the study's
participants, provided a concrete answer whether they have sexist attitudes toward
women politicians or not.
The data gathered were from the online survey conducted by the researchers and
examined using a Four-point Likert Scale. This descriptive research collected
information from the registered young adults from the said vicinity.
After analyzing and interpreting the results, the research found out that media
sexism is present in young adults, and they tend to view women politicians as weak
leaders than men. Therefore, by the end of this research, the researchers concluded
that women receive lower support than men candidates, which is why they continue to
be underrepresented.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Conceptual Paradigm
Theoretical Framework
Statement of the Problem
Scope and Delimitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis
Chapter 3: Methodology
Research Design
Research Locale
Population and Sampling
Participants of the Study
Data Gathering Procedure
Instrumentation
Validation of the Instrument
Ethical Consideration
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and, Recommendations
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendices
Appendix A – Letter of Permit
Appendix B – Validation of the Instrument
Appendix C – Modified Research Instrument
Curriculum Vitae
List of Tables
Table 1. Table 1. Impact of media sexism on Young Adults’ views towards Women
candidates.
List of Figures
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm.
Figure 2. Research Design.

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
In the present generation, women's empowerment prevails with the help of alliance
formation of women, youth, and men, worldwide. Also, there is a slow advancement
in women's political participation because of the feminist movement. According to the
World Economic Forum, political gender parity increased scarcely over the past five
years and reached the highest percentage in 2022 (42.7%). The data shows that
women's political representation, over time, increases.
Nevertheless, despite the progress of women's political leadership, it is nonetheless
possible to see that the number of male politicians is more dominant than that of
females. Unlike men, women tend to encounter double standards in the political realm
because they have obligations as leaders and responsibilities as wives and mothers.
Furthermore, voters cast their votes based only on male politicians' political
achievements, parties, and characteristics. The under-representation cases of women
in politics, instead of decreasing, are still stagnant and not progressing, creating an
inverse relationship between women's empowerment and discrimination in states'
affairs. Therefore, it is prominent that most political leaders in the world, such as
presidents and prime ministers, are governed by men, and there are hardly any women
executives present. That perception, since time immemorial, became accustomed to
people, contributing to why many women are not fond of being part of political
institutions.
Further, the United Nations Entity Dedicated to Gender Equality and the
Empowerment of Women, also known as UN Women, stated that data still indicates
that political parity is still far from succeeding, despite its essence in achieving
Sustainable Development Goals in 2030. Around the globe, compromising 49.58% of
females in the past year (Statistics Times, 2021), making them half of the world's
population, is not yet enough to conclude that they have exact equal rights with men
to enter the world of politics.
Concerning politics, different factors cause the underrepresentation of women,
including discrimination against women politicians (FROGEE Brief, 2021), also
known as sexism. Sexism is present when there is discrimination or prejudice towards
a particular gender, typically women. It is an action based on a set of views of an
individual that some genders, especially women, are less capable of doing "man
duties" — constructing a concept and notion that women are inferior to men.
Furthermore, according to Cambridge English Dictionary, it is a treatment to women
that they cannot perpetrate a job or career, only suitable for men.
For instance, one of the most evident factors why sexism is always present is
because of the media. Media is the medium people use to connect ideas that influence
their political perspectives toward women candidates. Also, the media's vastness and
availability enable candidates and political parties to disseminate political platforms
and interact with the locals. According to Wood (2013), media is the most pervasive
element that constructs ideological, stereotypical, and restraining perceptions of a
person's view on gender. Therefore, the media's vicinity has an immense authority in
possessing one's thoughts toward women politicians.

Different forms of media are all over societies, nations, and the world, which is a
prominent contributing factor to why most women representatives face gender
discrimination (International IDEA, 2022). Forms of media, such as published
articles, radio news, television reports, and social media, could effortlessly distort
reality, including the circulation of misinformation, disinformation, and
malinformation that negatively impacts political candidates and the voters' views
towards them. Some examples are satirical posts, fabricated content, rumors, and the
leakage of personal or private information that is shared deliberately to manipulate
and harm someone. It affects women candidates in politics and may result in diverse
inequality conditions like sexism.
Still, women are not the only ones affected by media sexism. It also affects the
voters' views toward women candidates. An article in Free Network, written by
FROGEE Brief (2021), states that when women don't want to run for political office
or when the voters and parties discriminate against them, there is a higher under-
representation of women in politics. In summary, gender bias is one of the factors
why voters don't choose women candidates, which leads to a lesser number of women
in politics.
At this level, the immenseness of media sexism in politics does not exempt the
Philippines. According to the Global Gender Gap by the World Economic Forum
(2022), the Philippines ranked 19th among 146 countries globally. The order shows
that the higher the rank, the farther the country resolves the gender gap. Also, the
statistics published by COMELEC in 2019 showed that only 19% of elected women
were in the House of Representatives, implying that positions have present barriers in
women's political campaigns, including traditional norms (Encinas-Franco, 2022).

In light of this evidence, the World Values Survey's statistics in the Philippines
(2019) conducted a survey entitled "Men make better political leaders than women
do." The results showed that 49.8% of Filipinos agreed that men are more suitable
leaders, while 50.2% opposed it. Evidently, despite the disagree replies surpassing the
agree responses, it is still indisputable that there is only a small interval between the
two which, anytime, the preceding ones may exceed. Moreover, the same year, the
World Values Survey conducted another survey about "Jobs scarce: Men should have
more right to a job than women." The results showed that 73.4% believe men have
more rights to a job than women, while only 26.6% disagreed. On this occasion,
sexism is present in the Philippines since more than many Filipinos agree that women
must be behind men since men are much better, especially in employment and
politics.
An article by Wong (2022) highlighted that gender stereotyping in the Philippines
was rampant, especially when Former Vice President Robredo faced biases in her
campaign as President, such as spreading fake news about her and receiving sexist
comments from her opponents' supporters. The situation experienced by the former
vice president shows that despite the credentials and accomplishments a woman had
shown, as long as sexism conquers, there is a low odds of winning in politics, and
people's views towards the candidate may be affected negatively. Not only had the
former Vice President experienced sexism from politicians and citizens, but also
Former Senator Leila de Lima. According to Passion (2016), the former senator
experienced many sexist remarks from the former President by violating her privacy
to take her down, causing the former senator to encounter death threats since the
public spread her private information. In the current year, the former senator, still
detained, accepted her defeat after running as the senatorial candidate (Galvez, 2022).
That is just a glimpse demonstrating how rugged sexism is in the Philippines and how
it affects the reputation of women politicians.
In the same way, the showcase of sexism made by politicians, especially former
President Duterte and citizens, alarmed the public in other parts of the country. Thus,
to further understand how media sexism impacts one's views on women candidates,
this study focused on the young adults residing in Mamatid, Cabuyao Laguna. The
subject, young adults in Mamatid, will help the study determine how barangays in the
Philippines are involved in media sexism and how media sexism influences the voters'
views on women politicians.
Therefore, the main objective of this research is to determine the effect of media
sexism and its impact on the voters' views toward women candidates running for
elections. Before achieving the study's goal, this study aims to prove if media sexism
is related to one's views on women candidates.
Conceptual Paradigm
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm
The conceptual paradigm, Figure 1, describes the main variables of this study. One
of the major variables of the study is media sexism causes an impact on one's views
toward women political candidates, making it the independent variable. The variable
being affected is the dependent variable, which is the views of young adults toward
women candidates. The figure also represents the present correlation of the variables
in this study. Furthermore, the later part of the study will state and justify whether the
independent variable impacts the dependent variable.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework part of this study discusses all the possible ideologies
that will help anchor and support this research. The succeeding theories below are
related to this study.
The Social Identity Theory by Tajfel & Turner (1979) derives from the social
identity concept of Tafjel's unaccompanied work in 1979 (Vinney, 2019). It states that
a social factor influencing a person's self-identity is social groups such as religion,
gender, ethnic groups, occupation, nationalities, etc. Furthermore, the division of
groups resulted in the arousing of stereotypes between "in-groups" and "out-groups"
categories. The "in-group" happens when people in a specific group find similar
characteristics towards each other. On the other hand, an "out-group" is the
differentiation of one group from another. Also, the three stages used to assess the
said group, arranged thoroughly, are Social Categorization, Social Identification, and
Social Comparison (McLeod, 2019).
Its relation to this study is that it illustrates how people, especially the voters, are
affected and influenced by their groups. Those social groups may possess prejudices
towards female political candidates, which is a huge factor in one's voting behavior.
The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) states that three
common factors affect one's intention in making actions. Those three elements are
beliefs, norms, and attitudes. According to Sheppard et al. (1998), many studies have
determined the relationship between attitudes and standards to a person's reasoned or

purposeful behavior. In short, this Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) proposes to
explain how a person's belief executes through intentional control of their behavior.
Parallel with the TRA is the Knowledge Gap Theory (Tichenor, 1970), which
suggests that out of the two divisions of populations, there is one that can access mass
media faster than the other. The divided segments of the public are separated based on
socioeconomic status — high and low economic class. In this case, when one has
more accessibility to mass media than the other, it may give rise to a knowledge gap
or the unequal allocation of media information between societies (Birch, 2013).
For instance, a person with low economic status experiences a knowledge gap
which affects the person's intended action. In the same way, a person with a high
economic class, without experiencing a knowledge gap, is also influenced by factors
to which that person acts. Thus, when one has the adequate and proper knowledge,
that person must hold more reasonable action than the other who lacks understanding.
The TRA may help this study explain how the voters' action when electing a
candidate is affected by their beliefs, norms, and attitudes. It must clarify if the voters
intentionally chose a woman candidate based on what the TRA suggests.
The Knowledge Gap Theory, on the other hand, supports this study by explaining
how the knowledge gap affects societies. In connection to this study, voters who have
different socioeconomic statuses may receive different amounts of information from
candidates, which may cause them to have limited knowledge as to what their vote is
worth.
Statement of the Problem
The general intent of this study is to determine how media sexism impacts the
political views of young adults on their desired women candidates running for high
positions during elections. This study will be conducted after the latest 2022 election
in the Philippines. After gathering results and findings, this research tends to provide
factual information that will help in lessening the gender inequality present in politics.
Thus, this research aims to seek findings and solutions based on the following
questions:
1. How does media sexism affect the views of young adults toward women
political candidates as perceived by the young adults themselves?
2. What are the implications of media sexism towards women political
candidates?
3. Based on the results of the study, what conclusions could be derived?
Scope and Delimitations
This study mainly highlights two significant variables: media sexism and views of
young adults on women politicians.
The sub-variables under media sexism include gender stereotyping, sexual
assaults, threats, and discrimination and violence against women politicians. In the
views of young adults toward women politicians, components such as experience with
female leadership, voting knowledge, socio-political ideologies, perceived values, and
expectations towards women leaders include. Furthermore, as one of the sub-
variables, socio-political ideology restrained by the voters considers femininity and
masculinity. Lastly, the sub-variable of perceived values contains behavior, attitudes,
and sexual beliefs.
The study limits the participants to a particular setting, barangay Mamatid,
Cabuyao, Laguna. Moreover, excluding specific ages modified the targeted

respondents, which ranged from 18 to 24 years old. Thus, 18 years old and below and
25 years old and above were excluded as respondents. Those participants must be
registered voters residing in Mamatid, Cabuyao Laguna. Additionally, using an online
survey, this study will acquire adequate data and information regarding the study.
Significance of the Study
This research conducted will be beneficial for the following:
Young Adult Voters. This research ought to change their mindset about
women, which enables young adult voters to be more open-minded. It can be a wake-
up call to anyone who looks down on women's capabilities as future leaders.
Moreover, this research will provide several qualities they should see women and men
equally.
Women Political Candidates. It benefits women political candidates since
this study will focus on a quantitative analysis of why citizens, especially young
adults, base their voting decision on the media's perspectives. With the data gathered,
women political candidates can change their actions for voters to like or accept them.
Future Researchers. This research will be able to open more knowledge for
future research. It will help them to conduct more meaningful and informative
research in the future.
Definition of Terms
Media. Access or Chanel to information. It is where people can interact
through the internet.
Sexism. It is discrimination based on one’s sex or gender. It can affect
anyone, but generally affects women.

Women Political Candidates. People, specifically women, were selected by
political parties to run for a specific position in government.
Politics. Activities that are associated with the governance of a country.
Gender Stereotype. It is the expectation of society for different genders. It
can be both positive and negative.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This chapter provides justifications and pieces of evidence from journals, articles,
news, reports, books, and other studies related to this research. The gathered proofs
from different sources enabled the researchers to synthesize the concepts and develop
much better insights concerning the main variables.
This part includes foreign and local literature and studies, as well as the synthesis
of the study.
Related Literature
The media sees male and female politicians differently, according to Barry (2017).
He claimed that because of the formation of a double standard by the broader public,
there is a significant discrepancy between male and female nominees in politics.
Support for male and female candidates differs, per the literature. Furthermore, Harp
(2019) claimed that even while sexism is successful, some female politicians find it
difficult to gain the public's trust. The public disapproves of female politicians and
believes that men are inherently superior to women due to their appearance, dress, and
gender.
The literature on this topic contains examples of how media are well-versed in
communication processes. The amount of media that women consume affects how
other people view them. Another illustration of how some media are sexist and biased
is when they focus on the physical characteristics of female politicians rather than
their political achievements. As a result, the media may attempt to influence the
general public's perception of female politicians.
According to Trimble (2018), women politicians are questioned by people when
they choose to lead in politics instead of fulfilling their role as women, which is to
bear children. However, if they choose to be a mother and leaders simultaneously,
they are still judged by people. The situation shows that women have no political
rights, despite their willingness to join. Also, the media displays that even the voters
detain their sexist attitudes toward women political candidates. To support this
literature, according to Harp (2019), unlike women, who are only assessed based on
their appearance, men are covered by the public media based on their political
accomplishments and authority. It relates to how news outlets approach female
politicians differently from their male colleagues.
Concerning the study, the literature explains the array of issues that influence
women candidates, one of which comprises voters' sexism towards women. Related to
this is how descriptive literature shows how the media judges women based on their
nature. It demonstrates how significant male candidates' accomplishments and traits
are at the same time compared to female candidates. That is why the said about the
candidates in the public media will undertake to have a substantial impact on voters.
Holding disparate perceptions of the candidates affects how voters vote based on their
preferences.
According to Fish (2017), modern sexism succeeds traditional sexism in these
times. In the past generation, traditional sexism is prevalent, whereas women should
only take jobs that are for women. Despite traditional sexism not being accepted by
many people today, it still imprints modern sexism. Modern sexism is the same as
benevolent sexism, wherein understated comments about women, coming from both
genders, are present. Thus, sexism is not only present because of men but also in
women, and sexism is not the only cause of why women politicians lose during
elections. Furthermore, according to Forson (2016), people believe that women have
jobs just for them and don't want them to hold on to high positions, especially in
government. Also, both articles emphasized how it is difficult for politicians,
particularly women candidates, to enter politics due to gender discrimination because
of people's views on their gender.
Concerning this study, this literature presents that even though sexism was present
long ago, it still has traces to show how women politicians are affected by it. Also, it
explains that modern sexism is concealed but still impacts people's views toward
women candidates. Furthermore, People believe that women should not participate in
politics and should only work in positions designated for women. People confuse
women's abilities to serve as government officials, which is one of the reasons why it
is challenging for women to enter politics. Gender-based discrimination in how
people are viewed affects women's number of voters, but many other factors influence
one's views toward female politicians.
According to Ross (2017), the lengthy history of sexist media discourages women
from seeking leadership posts. Linda Trimble, a political scientist, examined 2,500
newspaper stories from the past 37 years. In contrast to female candidates, she
discovered that male opponents of male aspirants for leadership positions in major
Canadian political parties came under unfair scrutiny because of their appearance or
because they adhered to pre-existing gender stereotypes. In support of this literature,

Labrador (2017) said that false internet defamation of female politicians frequently
occurs as a result of social media abuse. Because of the rise in online harassment and
abuse of women, especially those who work in politics, politicians are under pressure.
The literature discusses how social media harms female politicians' connection to
this topic. Since people's opinions of politicians are solely dependent on their physical
and sexual appeal, online harassment affects female politicians in particular. Because
it views female politicians differently than male politicians, the biased media presents
sexism. Due to discrimination, women face numerous obstacles while attempting
entry politics, which deters them from running for public office.
Conforming to an article published by Franco (2021), she discussed sexism in the
2022 Philippine Election by mentioning the experiences of Sara Duterte and Leni
Robredo, as they are having multiple issues with how they are perceived and
represented in online stereotyping. Based on their past doings and personal roles in
their lives Sara Duterte is viewed as having a male aspect while Leni Robredo is
always overwhelmed due to her “Nanay” role that is also used as a subject to
depreciate her capability as a country’s leader. To support this, a publication by
Grounds and Koff ( 2022) viewed social media as a tool used by Filipino politicians
for circulating disinformation; the combination of trolling, bots, social media
postings, and fans often target high-profile women candidates. It is relevant to the
article of Franco (2021) in the part where Sara Duterte and Leni Robredo are
repeatedly attacked in the last election on their roles in society and inside their own
lives.
The experiences of Sara Duterte and Leni Robredo on the online issues against
them are a strong example of media sexism inside the Philippines. Franco's article
opened a new understanding that sexism can lead to various damages in a woman's
personal life and behavior. Even in today's social media, despite the triumphant of
Vice President Sara Duterte, she is always a subject of meme postings about
emotional posts, etc., which is a troubling case of media sexism. This type of social
media posting is still not verified if it came from trolls, bots, and dummy accounts to
damage her image publicly. Among all of this, there is one particular matter where
young voters identified where it affects them to unveil media sexism.
According to Looby (2021), female and male politicians aren't equally treated the
same because of their gender. Most citizens discriminate against women politicians in
terms of their physical appearance, while men politicians are not. The situation
happens because tradition sets the standards that men are the only ones deserving to
be leaders. The increasing sexism in the Australian media highlights men's
accomplishments while women politicians focus on their political narratives. As a
result of the media's bias against female politicians, women have fewer opportunities
to demonstrate their ability in politics. Furthermore, according to Taylor (2018), male
politicians have dominated the parliament of the United Kingdom, compared to the
4000 male government servants, there are only 491 females. Women face difficulties
entering politics since female politicians are being harassed online, and this gives
women a barrier to entering politics because people prefer to vote for male politicians
over female ones.
In correlation to this study, the literature explains how the influence of the media
on public opinion of political candidates has expanded. Furthermore, politicians use
the media to promote themselves, showcase their achievements, and run campaigns
but the media also plays a big part in sexism, especially regarding the rights of female
candidates. People compare women and men the way they serve in politics when they
are treated differently in politics. Additionally, it has skewed the media that supports
men, which gives women a bad reputation because people are prejudiced against
women, which causes sexism. Additionally, slanted media that favors males gives
women a bad reputation.
According to Krook (2020), political harassment of women in Congress is sexist
and harmful to the nation's democracy. In politics, psychological abuse—
cyberbullying and death threats—is the most frequent kind of violence. Even though
more American women than ever are running for and winning public office,
misogyny, death threats, and rape threats—some of which have come from the US
president—have been leveled at their expanding political influence. Another assertion
by Bowry (2021) was that before she rose to become one of the most powerful
women in politics, Merkel was an East German lady who was continuously mistreated
and undervalued by the West German political class. Additionally, both emphasize
how difficult it is for politicians—especially women—to get into the public sector due
to discrimination and gender sexism.
The literature on this subject shows that sexism still exists and affects female
politicians. It also demonstrates how subliminal sexism still impacts how people view
female candidates today. People also believe that women shouldn't participate in
politics and should work in positions designated for them. People's misconceptions
about women's eligibility for public office are one of the factors contributing to the
difficulty women face entering politics. Gender-based discrimination impacts the
proportion of women voters, but numerous other factors influence people's
perceptions of female politicians.

According to an article by Elemia et al. (2021), social media platforms such as
Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Youtube are the primary source of misinformation in
the Philippines. Regarding the political campaigning of Filipino politicians, these top-
used apps did not have any sanction or policy against those who used them as a
weapon to threaten the integrity of their political rivals. Concerning this, an article by
Quitzon (2021) compared social media misinformation to a virus especially
continuing to destroy the reliability of the Philippines. These also imply that the lack
of policy on social media platforms is further as dirty politicking that keeps damaging
the liability of information regarding a particular politician and the country involved.
In the present day, when young voters use social media platforms as a tool for
information, they get knowledge from a variety of posts online. Some people do not
have the media literacy to distinguish accurate information from fake news. It is more
likely that the voting preferences of adolescents are affected by this kind of detail
which makes them prone to media sexism if those platforms do not have any policy
regarding the spread of misinformation. The article by Elemia et al. (2021) proves that
most of those “reliable” social platforms are also the leading source of fake news. The
Twitter and Tiktok statement were both on the list of most used social media
platforms domestically and said that both of their platforms have nothing to do with
this kind of matter. Young adults are outed to it through online threads and personal
information from trolls and dummy accounts used by some politicians as an act of
improper campaigning.
According to Pistorius (2021), sexist attacks against women politicians in France.
A male politician in France insulted a female politician during an interview, and
women politicians are also subjected to sexual harassment. Women's ability to
participate in politics received objections for the past decades and continued viewing
that women are bound to fail in political leadership. Also, Lee (2016) stated that
women politicians have experienced discrimination because of their gender, and many
don’t want them to occupy high positions because people believe that women are less
suited to serving the public. Also, both highlight that because of discrimination and
gender sexism, it is difficult for politicians, especially women politicians, to enter the
public system.
In correlation to this study, the literature explains that people's political views are
affected due the discrimination of political parties and citizens against women
politicians. Male politicians take advantage to devalue the image of women politicians
by discriminating against them to earn the people's votes. Also, women that run for
election face harassment and abuse, resulting in numerous disadvantages to becoming
a politician. Furthermore, being discriminated against damages women politicians'
impression of people.
According to the Commission on Human Rights (2022) their statement against
misogynistic campaigning, they call out the wrongdoings that are taking place in the
Philippine Election as they opened it again because of the fabricated scandal of Aika
Robredo (daughter of Leni). As an action, they release a statement to make society
aware of the spread of misinformation online and call out the big names on social
media to help them fight this dilemma. Regarding this statement, Ground and Koff
(2022) listed the different responses of the Philippine government to this issue, one of
the massive examples is when the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) obtained
active measures to tackle online disinformation and released 400 trustworthy
YouTube news sources. The COMELEC and CHR are also the premier government
agencies in handling this kind of scenario, even the daughter of a “female” politician
were populated by this unethical campaigning, which is relieving how they are taking
preventive measures.
In connection with the study, the different issues about media sexism caused by the
inability of social applications to provide a sanction for wrongdoings alarmed the
Government agencies and started to take action. This type of statement and
information can help the young adult voters to identify the current situation of the
Philippine Election and change their perspective along with the proper support to the
Philippine administration. The scenario of media sexism inside the Philippines is
getting worse. The Commission on Human Rights and COMELEC have taken
preventive measures to fight this kind of stigma it is slowly spreading to young voters.
This kind of act is a positive approach to correct the understanding of adolescents
regarding their view of female politicians and their respective families.
According to Reese (2021), in the past decades until today, gender discrimination
caused women in politics to lessen in number and experience many impediments
because the sexist media covered women in a biased manner. Also, even the media
and residents in Utah have traditionally attached to gender roles wherein leadership is
only for masculine men, meaning that political norms accept only men politicians. It
also emphasizes that the media shows unpretentious behavior of sexism or the so-
called benevolent sexism. Also, Di Meco and Brechenmacher (2020) stated that
women politicians are the targets of false online slander in cases of abuse on social
media. Politicians are under pressure since it is more common for women, particularly
women in politics, to experience abuse and harassment on social media platforms.
In correlation to this study, the literature explains how social media becomes to a
negative effect on a woman politicians. Online harassment specifically targets female

politicians because people's views on politics are based only on physical and sexual
attractiveness. Also, women often receive false information and discrimination
against their gender that impacts their election campaigns. The biased media portrays
sexism because of its perception of women politicians once compared to men.
Because of the discrimination, there are various barriers for a woman to overcome to
enter politics, which makes them think twice about running for a public servant.
According to Shumway (2017), despite the growing number of women candidates
elected in the senate, the number of women in congress still did not increase because
of the under-representation present. The media played a role in women's under-
representation because it unfairly covered women candidates running for congress
based on their appearance and family history instead of their proposals and
achievements. During the 2016 election in the United States, voters used Facebook
and Twitter to share information about the candidates. However, instead of sharing
positive comments towards the candidates during elections, voters only express their
sexist attitudes towards women candidates. Supporting this literature, Irving (2019)
also stated that the biased media covered men through their accomplishments while
women candidates only on their appearance. It may affect the societal norm that men
are better leaders than women.
To connect this to the study, the individuals only have a partial perception of
women due to the media's uneven treatment of both genders in the distribution of
information. Every candidate's skewed data distribution could leave a knowledge gap.
Due to the existing conventional norm, voters will most likely choose men when they
have a knowledge gap the voters for women to take the edge off. The media goes one
step further and specifies what ladies and boys to let do and what they are not.
Itbelieving that since victims of sexual violence do not conduct themselves
appropriately, they are giving their approval to a sexual undertaking, and not
investigating, prosecuting, or judging such actions.
According to Adan (2021), women during the pre-colonial period were called
“relief workers” or “tagasalo” in Filipino. Women are seen as the second choice or
substitute for men in every political relationship. Concerning this literature, De Luna
(2016) said that Leni Robredo is considered the widow of his late husband, Jesse
Robredo, instead of recognizing her achievements as free of charge lawyer and as a
representative of Camarines Sur. The media advertises how people view women
candidates as having limited abilities because, in nature, their only role is to
reproduce.
Some voters don’t take women who are in politics seriously and would prefer to
choose to make fun of and make names for them. It is difficult for voters to recognize
the capabilities of women politicians. Therefore, this literature states that women are
just substitutes for men in politics, and women who join politics are either just a
replacement or continue a legacy. It also mentioned that norms create a concept in
people that women politicians continuously rank behind men. In relation, voters will
not elect women if they think men are much better at leading.
According to Odu (2021), the portrayal of the media towards women is that they
are weaker than men, physically and mentally, which results in a lower number of
women in politics. Many factors affect women's political participation, such as
political parties, media harassment, and voters' discrimination regarding them. The
said factors are present because of political violence, educational attainment,
patriarchy, and slander toward women. Additionally, Agbalajobi (2021) also stated
some factors why women continue to be under-represented in politics which are
financial problems, cultural norms, gender stereotypes, poor coverage of media, and
online threats. It demonstrates how sexism and how people regard female politicians
are not only connected to the media, education, and discrimination.
Relating this literature to the study enables the researchers to develop other
insights and factors on why women are not voted for by many, causing them to be
much under-represented. Also, the media has the power to show how female
politicians are inept and weak, which is why voters, especially those having a low
educational background, do not vote for women candidates. The way female
candidates are treated has the effect of elevating male candidates in the eyes of voters
while lowering female candidates. They have little free time or energy to devote to
political concerns, so they can rely on stereotypes to help them evaluate political
leaders. The preponderance of the media is sexist, causing voters to have the worst
perceptions of women politicians. As a result, the number of voters for female
politicians will lessen.
According to the article by Ranada (2021), Rodrigo Duterte, the former president
of the Philippines, stated that the job of being president is not for women because of
the big difference in the emotional level between men and women. Men and women
cannot take how heavy the duty of being a president is. This literary humor conveys
that there is unequal support for women whenever they can also do a man’s job.
Supporting this literature, Baizas (2022) stated that female politicians like Atty. Leni
Robredo and Vice President Sara Duterte experienced gender inequality online.
Moreover, online platforms play a significant role in changing the political views of
young adults.
Concerning this, the literature explains that women never get the same support that
men get from society because, according to some people, women cannot do the heavy
jobs that men can since women are too emotional and let emotions control them.
Sexists state that women easily manipulate their emotions and feelings and are
transparent compared to men; this doesn't mean that women are weak. It is just a
strategy to make themselves much more motivated and more steadfast despite the
hardships they've encountered thus far.
Related Studies
According to Jennings and Coker (2019), social media helps share information
about female candidates to specify if they are suitable to run for office. Through
social media, people can determine the impact of sexist comments on female
candidates' votes depending on whether they are pro-female or misogynist. Moreover,
their study reveals that online discussion influences the image of the female
candidate, which increases people's vote for a female candidate. Women political
candidates use the criticism given to them as a motivation to strive further. To support
this study, Funk and Coker (2016) said that it is true that comments on social media
regarding female candidates can affect the credibility and perceptions of the voters.
The supporting study aligns with the claim of Jennings and Coker about how social
media can help increase voters to choose a female candidate to run for office.
In correlation to the study, social media can influence people's views of female
candidates and can increase/decrease the votes for women. In addition, the media can
change the way people think about a female political candidate. Since social media is
widespread, people can share their insights about the candidate, which can be either
positive or negative comments. No doubt that sexist comments brought by the media
can cause a female political candidate to recoil against it. Without a doubt that those
kinds of comments will hinder equality in politics.
A study by Robinson et al. (2016) has discovered that female candidates have
lower evaluations than male candidates because of the gender roles of males and
females. Furthermore, male and female roles have been learned and defined through
their traits and behaviors, with the female being more emotional and nurturing than
the male. In short, their findings suggest that the gender of the candidate affects voter
choice. To support this study, Mudiare et al. (2016) note that, given that men and
women have an unequal relationship within the gender roles, this also discourages the
division of labor among women as they participate in the political sphere. Moreover,
their study suggests that the negative implications of gender stereotypes affect female
politicians' ability to occupy their chosen political positions. With this, these two
studies discuss the effect of gender stereotypes on women politicians and the roles of
men and women, which can affect voter choices as they learn and define the traits and
behaviors of men and women.
In correlation to this study, the study explains that gender roles and stereotypes
affect voters’ decisions in selecting a political candidate, specifically a woman
candidate. Furthermore, as it influences the voters’ decision, they choose less
emotionally nurturing than a woman. Additionally, the findings explain and correlate
with the conducted research because they tell the factors or considerations of how the
female candidate is affected by the stereotypes and the voter choices.
According to the study by Daantos (n.d.), she explains that women have been
represented by having fewer roles and functions denoting power, wherein if women
are part of the government and military, there is more pre-modification than men.
Furthermore, the word "male" implies jobs that represent having more power and
influence than those held by women. To further clarify, the findings suggest that these
roles and functions were inherently male-specific, demonstrating how significantly
the role of gender undervalues the contributions of women to politics. Moreover, the
results show that the jobs in politics are innately male. In addition to this, the study
was supported by Lundgren et al. (2017) because their findings show that gender
matters when voters are about to evaluate a political candidate. After all, it represents
the power and influence of the government. With this, women's functions and jobs are
being unrecognized because the voters consider the gender of the political candidate.
In correlation with this study, the study explains how male candidates have more
jobs and functions in government than women candidates. In addition, the women
candidate is affected by voter preferences because they consider gender in evaluating
a political aspect wherein it correlates to the conducted research by unrecognizing the
woman political candidate’s capabilities because of their gender. As a result, most
voters chose men wherein it clearly shows sexism. Furthermore, the studies state that
they correlate with the conducted research by affecting voters’ preferences and female
candidates. Moreover, sexism in studies is related to the conducted research because it
affects the voters’ decisions and the woman candidate in politics.
In addition, Bock et al. (2017) conducted a study about the role of sexism in the
presidential election of America in 2016. The main subject of their research focuses
on Hillary Clinton, a former first lady of the United States (U.S.), and Donald Trump,
the elected president of the U.S., in the year 2016. Their study aims to determine how
sexism and negative attitudes towards women may affect the voters' behavior during
the 2016 elections. The result of their research suggests that multiple factors affect
one's behavior in voting. The factors include voter sexism toward women, hostile and
benevolent attitudes toward women, political party identification, and gender roles. A
piece of evidence supporting this study states that sexism and traditional norms are
higher in men than women (Glick & Fiske, 1996; Swim, Aikin, Hall, & Hunter,
1995). Despite the immense impact of political parties' labels on one's voting
behavior, it is still evident that hostile sexism creates negative attitudes toward
women who violate traditional standards of society, which is a predicating factor for
why voters voted for Trump.
Correlating this study, ambivalent sexism — a combination of hostile and
benevolent sexism may affect the voting behavior of young adults. In addition, not
only sexist attitudes but also the parties that the voters support may also affect one's
views towards women politicians. The study depicts that sexism and norms created by
society play an immense role in voters' views toward women candidates. Also, voters
tend to choose male politicians over women because they either develop sexist
attitudes from their social groups or have sexist beliefs towards women from the start.
In contrast, according to research conducted by Haraldsson and Wängnerud
(2017), their study suggests that there is a significant relationship between media
sexism and the share of women's candidates in politics, yet negating the claim that it
influenced the willingness of women to enter politics. The researchers also described
media sexism as a misrepresentation of women, leading to a false view of society
through a gendered lens. Regarding this, a political analysis by Hernandez (2019)
analyzed that 38% of young adults used social media to like or promote information
related to politics, and 35% of social media users used networking websites to
encourage others to vote. With this kind of influence, it is more likely that the media
played a role in young voters’ journey to liberties where sexism or seeing the ladies’
role in a vague image is damaged can cause to affect their votes toward female
politicians.
With 73% (38% encouraging the voters through social media and 35% persuading
others to vote) combined analysis of the voting-related topics following Hernandez's
study, it proves that young voters are influencing themselves and others using social
media. The primary research in which Haraldsson and Wangnerud's results, that the
elected female politicians sit in council, is related to media sexism which is the sole
evidence that the media is highly used by adolescents influenced by sexism. The
worldwide study revealed that the positions of women politicians in government are
related to the impact of sexism in the media, supported by the political analysis of
Hernandez that results in a vast percentage of voting promotions online. The
campaigning is happening inside different social media platforms that are likely to
influence the voting preferences of young voters. Stereotyping is also present in this
situation, the gendered lenses proposed by Wangnerud and Haraldsson are also
impacting teenagers' views toward female politicians.
According to Van der Pas et al. (2020), fender bias is a type of media coverage that
politicians experience, especially women. Moreover, the media can hurt and threaten
the electoral woman candidate in politics, which allows the political ambitions of
women candidates to discourage them from selecting women as leaders in the future.
Furthermore, since voters use media as their source of information in politics, most
women politicians are less visible in news coverage than male candidates in politics,
where the gender difference between male and female politicians is visibly shown on
TV and in newspapers. In addition, women politicians in the media have
disadvantageously discussed their gender and physical appearance more than male
politicians, which may affect the voters’ preferences in evaluating a political
candidate. The findings of their study suggest that female political candidates receive
17 percent less attention in media coverage where gender bias is visible in electoral
systems. With this, it explains that in the media, women politicians experience threats
and less attention whenever they are about to enter politics.
In correlation to the study, the media can affect the voters’ preferences in choosing
a candidate for politics, specifically a woman politician. To clarify, less visible news
coverage affects the voters’ views by providing less information about woman
candidates. As a result, voters decided to vote for male candidates since they were
more exposed to media or news coverage. In addition, the gender bias shown in this
study suggests that it affects the career prospects of women in politics, which
correlates to the views and preferences of the voters. Additionally, female candidates
experience threats and less media coverage, which decreases their support and
discourages them from being leaders in the future.
According to the Committee of Experts in Social Media Pluralism and
Transparency of media ownership (MSI-MED) (2018), the media focus more on
women when they run for office. Unlike men, the media do not usually pay attention
to them, considering most politicians are men. The study concluded that women are
more subjected to discrimination, even though media sexism towards women political
candidates influences citizens' perspectives. Also, according to Frazer R. (2016), even
though women achieved their rights in the 1970s, the media continues to degrade
women politicians, which makes citizens focus on women more than men. In short,
the two studies emphasize that citizens focus on women more than men when running
as a politician, influencing voters' views of the candidates.

The study correlates with the concluded research since the citizens were still
affected by the media, which makes their voting decisions and perspectives on women
biased. In this case, voters choose to vote for male political candidates because they
still target women for being weak. To summarize, the media continues to discriminate
against women, which enables citizens to adjust their political views about women. It
hinders women from running because of the biased stance in the media about them.
According to Anwar et al. (2022), women continue to get treated as insignificant
because of their perspectives on women, even if they attend political talk shows to
defend themselves. Despite their perception of women, the citizens wonder if women
might also govern a society or community. So, their study suggests that women in
Pakistan slowly managed to share their concerns. Under the National Audiovisual
Council (2014), women in Belgium started to show some improvements making up
30.38% of politicians appearing in pre-electoral debates on French-speaking
television in Belgium. The study coordinates with the supporting article since it shows
that women are starting to gain the right to voice their concerns. Even though women
were disturbed by the citizens' opinions online about women politicians, women still
chose to share and speak up.
The conducted research is parallel to the chosen study since women can speak out
against sexism on the internet. Although female political candidates are upset about
the comments online, they do not show any signs of defeat. Female political
candidates continue to strive, so the media will soon accept them. For instance, when
a woman attends a political debate, it empowers women, which may lead to changes
in the media's views on women in politics. Also, this study discusses how they
experience inequality towards running for office and how women seek their goals,
which some women politicians do.

According to the study by Ignacio (2014), their findings about gender
mainstreaming suggest that women should let male politicians do the work because
male politicians have a lot of experience and knowledge to meet the needs of the
people. In short, male politicians are the ones who handle the political work.
Moreover, the women's political ambition discourages them from seeing themselves
as qualified like their male opponents. Furthermore, the study also indicates that
female candidates who disappointed themselves by running decide not to continue
due to underestimating their ability to win elections. The findings imply that
patriarchal politics is to blame for the gender gap or limitations on women, as men are
superior in politics and manage disagreement in the political sphere.
In correlation with conducted research, this explains the gender mainstreaming and
the gender gap in politics, which impact female candidates. Along with this, his study
is related to the conducted research because it explains why voters chose the male
candidate over the female candidate. Concerning this, the study depicts how the
woman candidate is affected by gender mainstreaming by not pursuing participation
in politics because of underestimating what they receive while following their desired
position. In addition, patriarchal politics can influence the voter's view or preferences
in choosing their elective candidate by considering that men are much superior to
women in politics. Plus, the study correlates with the conducted research by stating
facts and finding out about the voters' views and women as political candidates.
According to Cassese & Barnes (2018), white women chose to endorse a sexist
presidential candidate, Donald Trump, for them to maintain their privilege as white
people. These white women who mostly voted for Trump are the ones who have low
incomes and don’t have college degrees. In any case, these white women who
supported the former president of the United States don’t want to be away from the
disadvantages linked with their gender. Since they knew that if they chose to support
the competitor of Donald Trump, there seems to be a distinct chance that they might
experience Trump’s sexism. According to the data used from the 2012 and 2016
American National Election Studies (ANES), white women voters who don’t have a
college degree and have a low income disproportionately like to vote for Trump, and
their disposition to vote for someone like Trump was even more eminent in 2016 than
in 2012. That data also proved that white women who don’t have a college degree are
nothing compared to white women who have a high education because they chose to
support a sexist president.
The privilege voters might get from their candidates if ever they win changes their
political views. Also, the educational attainment of voters can affect their desired
candidate. By all means, discrimination in gender, not just by voters but also by other
politicians, never stopped. Instead, it becomes even worse in the present time. It
shows that politicians are influencing the views of young adults towards women
candidates and even men.
Synthesis
According to Jennings and Coker (2019), women politicians use sexism as their
motivation in pursuing their political careers. Therefore, most people see it as a brave
act, making the women politicians gain more votes.
However, according to Barry (2017) and Trimble (2018), women politicians
experience double standards whenever they run for political campaigns. Such
participation in their roles as mothers and leaders results in the judgment of their
leading capabilities in politics. In connection with this, Robinson et al. (2016) and
Daantos (2020) stated that gender roles, such as masculine over feminine leadership,
play a prominent part in why women politicians experience sexism. Furthermore,
gender roles also relate to traditional norms, as stated by Fish (2017) and Bock et al.
(2017), wherein assigned roles to both genders are still prevalent and much more
present in men than women. In summary, gender roles and standards faced by women
politicians cause them to lose their impression and dependability in the voters' eyes.
Meanwhile, Ross (2017), Franco (2021), and Looby (2021) noted that hostile
criticisms of netizens toward women politicians' physical appearance result in online
gender stereotyping. Relating this, Krook (2020), Elemia et al. (2021), Pistorius
(2021), and Commission on Human Rights (2022) stated that stereotyping and
discrimination on women's appearance affect their public image. Not only have that,
but women politicians also constantly experienced criticism through cyberbullying,
sexual assaults, and online harassment from the public.
According to Reese (2021), Shumway (2017), Haraldsson and Wängnerud (2017),
Van der Pas et al. (2020), and the Council of Europe (2018), the media unfairly covers
women politicians. The media covers men mainly by their political achievements and
platforms, while women politicians are less visible when it comes to media. In
addition, the media only covers women candidates because of their appearance, and
they get less attention most of the time. Thus, the less visible they are, the bare
support and votes they will receive.
Parallel to this, Adan (2021) and Anwar et al. (2022) highlighted that women
politicians are still considered insignificant and substitutes for men when there are no
other options. Also, Odu (2021), Ignacio (2014), and Ranada (2021) emphasized that
people believe women are physically, mentally, and emotionally weaker than men,
making them unfit for political leadership roles. Additionally, women are said to have
lesser experience and knowledge than men, primarily recognized by people with low
educational attainment (Cassese and Barnes 2018).

Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the process of collecting data in the research. The
researchers will seek reliability and validity to gather factual information and results
that the study strives for. The methods, instrumentations, and data-gathering
procedure are included in this chapter.
Research Design
Figure 2. Research Design
The study will conduct quantitative research, wherein it will denote how many
young adults think that women political candidates will be able to do their job more
decently than men political candidates. Additionally, the study will focus on
numerous reasons young adults think women aren't as capable as men when running
for politics. Also, according to Bryman (2012), using quantitative research methods
will determine how many and to what extent it will be when conducting a study. So,
this research will have to accomplish data by executing a survey.

Whenever conducting quantitative research, the researchers will give out a survey.
Therefore, to gather data and information from the following respondents, multiple
young adults will answer the survey through google forms. It will help to collect the
statistical data when using google forms to conduct your census (survey) for
quantitative research. Also, it is easier to use a survey form to collect data since the
respondents are needed a lot.
This research will conduct using the descriptive research method to clarify. In
addition, the descriptive research method does not require a highly abstract rendering
of the given data (Lambert & Lambert, 2012). Moreover, it will help provide data on
situations and events that may occur in the present (Pramodini, 2022).
Research Locale
The Grade 12 researchers from St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao, Inc.
conducted this research study that will take place at Barangay Mamatid, Cabuyao,
Laguna, to provide a scientific basis on the field of media. This research aimed to
determine how the views of young adult residents in Mamatid are affected if media
sexism is present, the reason why the particular respondents must only circulate in the
vicinity. Also, the Commission on Elections or the COMELEC committed to
providing the specific needed data for this research, including the number of locales in
Mamatid and other relevant data that will be essential to the said field of study. With
the data provided, the research concluded the necessary statement, which will be
significant in determining media sexism in Mamatid.
Population and Sampling
The research used a non-probability sampling method, purposive sampling, to get
the exact portion of the sample frame from the total population. The researchers chose
the purposive sampling method because of the respondents' characteristics the
research needs to acquire to get accurate data and information. The residents living in
the Mamatid area are the total population, while the specifically required participants
to suffice the research served as the sample size. Furthermore, the target participants
of this study earned distinct attributes, such as being registered voters, having an age
ranging from 18-24 years old, and having Mamatid as their place of residence.
The researchers used Slovin's Formula to calculate the sample size. According to
COMELEC's record in Mamatid, the residents ranging from 18-24 years old are 7453
voters, with 3539 males and 3914 females. The formula that the researchers used to
calculate the sample size is n = N/1+Ne², where n represents the sample size, capital n
(N) for the total population, and symbol e for the margin of error having 5% or 0.05.
Also, the most appropriate confidence level the researchers used is 95%. Thus, after
the thoroughly done manual calculation, the sample size computed was 379.
Respondents of the Study
The researchers selected the proper respondents to which the research could gather
information. Thus, the chosen respondents of the study are young adults, ages 18-24
years old, currently living at Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna. The researchers confirmed
if the participants were registered voters of Mamatid, which satisfied the main
problem of the research. Out of the total population of 7453, the calculated
respondents, which served as the sample size, is 379 young adults.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers prepared a set of questions related to the main study as a survey.
The survey to respondents that the researchers distributed is separate to avoid
influencing and exposing each other's responses. In addition, with the help of the
chosen respondents, the researchers enabled to collect and compile the answers
through the use of Google Forms to tabulate and measure the responses precisely. The
researchers used the constructed statement of the problem to create a set of
questionnaires for the survey. After the production of the questionnaires, the
researchers interpreted the gathered responses from the participants.
Instrumentation
In this study, the researchers opt to conduct a survey using the Google Form site or
application to gather answers from the target number of respondents to answer the
research questions, particularly with the effect of media sexism on the views of the
respondents toward women candidates. The tool the researchers plan to use can
collect essential responses necessary for the study, which the participants can access
through links, making it less time-consuming. Also, using a four-point Likert scale in
which (1) is equivalent to Strongly Disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Agree; and (4) as
Strongly Agree, is critical to determine and measure the effect of media sexism on the
views of the chosen respondents. The instrument that the researchers will use has the
most possibility to answer the research problem effectively.
Validation
This research would like to provide a practical set of questions that emphasize the
perspectives of young adults on the given topic that are accurate, reliable, and
validated appropriately. Therefore, the researchers consider that instrumentation and
data-gathering procedures must be valid first to avoid unsuitably inaccurate
information in this study.
To attain validity and reliability in this research, the researchers would like to
verify the accuracy of the researcher's questionnaire using Google Forms with the
assistance of Sir Perfecto Remoroza Valencia, the research lecturer, who has authority
and expertise in research studies. The research adviser will decide if the instrument
the researchers will use is appropriate for the data-gathering process and assess if it
can answer the questions the researchers were trying to answer.
Ethical Consideration
The researchers aim to ensure that ethical considerations are current to facilitate
the reliability and validity of the responses that the researchers will gather. The
researchers will also ensure that the respondents are willing to participate voluntarily
to guarantee there are no hindrances and limitations when they provide their answers.
Also, during the survey's answer gathering, the researchers will raise the participants'
awareness that they are free to choose at which time they want to answer the survey,
as long as it is still under the span of the research. Since the research needs accurate
and truthful answers, the researchers plan to encourage the respondents not to
influence their responses in any way. More importantly, the personal information of
the participants, such as their age and place of residence, will be secured by the
research. The responses that the researchers will gather from the participants will also
remain confidential.
Statistical Treatment
To interpret the data effectively, the researchers applied the following statistical
tools in the study:
1. The researchers used Slovin's Formula to compute the total sample size out of the
7453 population in this research. The formula used was n = N/1+Ne²
 n = sample size
 N = total population
 e = margin of error (5% or 0.05)
2. The researchers used Grand Mean to compute the impact of media sexism on
young adults' views towards women political candidates. The researchers solved the
weighted mean first by finding the summation of the number of responses to every
category and dividing it by the total number of responses. Then, the Grand Mean was
the last to solve by adding all the weighted mean and dividing it by the total number
of statements (15).
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF
FINDINGS
This chapter presents the analysis of the data gathered from the participants'
responses after the survey. Also, the researchers used tables to illustrate the number of
answers per set, the mean, interpretation, and grand mean, and show patterns and
connections.
Impact of Media Sexism on Young Adults’ Views
Table 1. Impact of media sexism on Young Adults’ views towards Women candidates.
Statement 4 – SA 3-A 2-D 1 – SD Mean Interpretation

1. You believe every 3 10 11 6 2.33 Disagree
negative news on
different social
media platforms
about women
politicians, but not
about men.
2. The media shows 11 15 3 1 3.20 Agree
men politicians
having more strong
personalities than
women politicians.
3. Men candidates in 12 5 9 4 2.83 Agree
social media have
better political
campaigns than
women candidates
in the Philippines.
4. You base your vote 6 9 6 9 2.40 Disagree
on the candidates'
gender.
5. You believe men 8 6 10 6 2.53 Agree
politicians are more
charismatic than
women politicians
in social media.
6. You believe male 9 7 8 6 2.63 Agree
politicians are more
fit for higher
positions than
female politicians.
7. You think that 5 6 11 8 2.27 Disagree

gender roles are
critical in choosing
a leader.
8. You are more likely 3 11 6 10 2.23 Disagree
to vote for men
candidates with
known names and
bad records you
see on social
media than new
women candidates
with good
credentials.
9. You believe male 11 5 8 6 2.70 Agree
leaders have more
knowledge and
experience in
leading than
women leaders.
10. Women politicians 10 6 4 10 2.53 Agree
can not lead
because they are
weak and easily
driven by their
emotions, unlike
men politicians.
11. You believe gender 7 11 4 8 2.57 Agree
norms are essential
when choosing a
political leader.
12. Men politicians 7 11 4 8 2.57 Agree
have much better
online advocacy
campaigns than
women politicians.
leaders' political
decisions are more
stable, consistent,
and functional than
women leaders.
14. Women politicians 5 12 3 10 2.40 Disagree
should always be
the second option
when choosing a
political leader.
leaders can handle
more heavy
political positions
than women.
Grand Mean 2.57 Agree
Table 1 depicts the number of responses per set in the scale and the mean of their
answers regarding their views towards women political candidates if media sexism is
present. The table reveals the eighth statement, "You are more likely to vote for men
candidates with known names and bad records you see on social media than new
women candidates with good credentials.", garnered the lowest mean of 2.23 with an
interpretation of "unbiased". Moreover, the statement that gathered the highest mean
of 3.20 is statement number two, "The media shows men politicians having more
strong personalities than women politicians", with an interpretation of "insightful".
Shumway (2017) discussed that the media plays a vital part in women politicians'
under-representation. They unfairly cover women political candidates by showing
them in the media as much lesser than male politicians. Concerning this chapter, the
statement with the most elevated mean of 3.20 displays that young adults observed
that the media unfairly treats women by focusing on men's better attributes than
women politicians. Meanwhile, Shumway (2017) also inserted that voters tend to
know female politicians based on their family history and names instead of their
proposals and achievements. Thus, this study added statement number eight to see if it
is accurate. The results showed that young adults disagreed with the assertion with a
2.23 mean, the lowest mean above all the statements.
The grand mean of 2.57 shows that sexism is present in the media, and media
sexism affects young adults' views towards women politicians in many ways.
Correlating this statement, Bock et al. (2017) conducted a study wherein the results
showed voters' sexism toward women candidates affects their voting behavior.
Therefore, most young adults' responses also show that they are not easily affected by
fake news but already have sexist attitudes from the beginning.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter concludes with all the data and information from the research. This
chapter includes the summary, conclusion, recommendations, and suggestions relating
to this research.
This research intends to achieve the objective mentioned in the first chapter, which
is to determine the effect of media sexism and its impact on the voters' views toward
women candidates running for elections. Thus, to accomplish the study's main
objective, the researchers conducted an online survey containing questionnaires about
the given topic.
The researchers aim to answer the following listed questions from the Statement
of the Problem (SOP):
1. How does media sexism affect the views of young adults toward women
political candidates as perceived by the young adults themselves?
2. What are the implications of media sexism towards women political
candidates?
3. Based on the results of the study, what conclusions could be derived?

Summary of Findings
The researchers based the following findings on the data gathered using proper
statistical techniques and interpretation. This descriptive study succeeded in analyzing
and examining the results, which is why the following summary of findings follows:
1. With a mean of 2.57 and an interpretation of Agree, media sexism is current in
the vicinity of Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna, particularly among young adults
from 18-24 years old. Based on the respondents' answers, they view men
politicians as strong, physically and mentally, than women politicians, which
is why most believe men are more capable of leading than women.
Additionally, they view female candidates as weak and do not have enough
strength to handle heavy political duties because of their gender, and the
media is one of the pieces of evidence showing women are powerless
politicians.
2. Considering that young adults view men as more dominating politicians than
women, female politicians are more likely to gain fewer votes than men.
Voters, especially young adults, see women politicians as incapable and
incompetent of leading, which is why they tend to settle with men candidates
when voting.
3. In conclusion, women's underrepresentation in the Philippines is evident
because of the sexism that young adult shows. Women that are running for
candidacy receive less support than men because voters consider them unfit
when it comes to being leaders. Also, the researchers conclude that sexism is
still present until these times is because of the media, which influences the
voters' preferences when voting.
Conclusion
The researchers conducted conclusions based on the summary of the findings
mentioned. Thus, the following statements make up the conclusions for this research:
1. Young adults view women politicians as inefficient leaders because of the
sexism that the media has brought them. The media shows unpretentious
behavior of sexism towards women candidates, which is why voters see
women as weaker leaders than men. Due to young adults' exposure to the
media for a long time, they unconsciously gain sexist manners implicitly since
they use gender as a standard to measure someone's capability to lead. Young
adults develop benevolent sexism because they defend themselves by
answering they do not base their on gender when voting, however, in reality,
they view men as superior to women candidates.
2. Women's underrepresentation continues to last as long as media sexism also
prevails. Since women are underrepresented in politics, they gain lesser
support than men politicians, and if they have a low reliance on the public,
they earn fewer votes. Thus, women politicians tend not to participate in
political organizations because they are discouraged by sexist people, which

damages their image by saying they cannot lead because of sexist political
standards.
3. Young adults from Mamatid constantly support women politicians unequally
because of media sexism that emerged in the Philippines many years back.
Media sexism makes voters think that women are not as good as men in terms
of leading. Women politicians do not have the chance to prove that they can
lead just like what men leaders can do, which is why they continue to gain
lesser support and votes from the public. Lastly, voters place their trust in men
political candidates based on their gender because they think men are the
standard when selecting candidates and are more fit and strong than women.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions drawn, the researchers recommend the following:
1. Academic and social institutions must enlighten and educate the current and
future voters to have sufficient knowledge in choosing the deserving leaders of
the country without setting gender as the standard of capabilities the
candidates possess. Thus, voters will have a more unbiased view of both men
and women political candidates.
2. Young adults and future voters should perform background research about the
candidates' achievements and credentials running as leaders, especially if the
position is high. In this way, they can distinguish the candidates with excellent
backgrounds as leaders.
3. Voters must not depend on what the media says because sometimes they can
be subjective, especially when bribing happens in the media to promote a
specific candidate.
4. The media must serve as a criterion in providing factual, concrete, and
objective news with evidence about political candidates to promote gender
equality and help subsidize negative opinions about women running for
politics.
5. In future studies, researchers can use this study as a basis of knowledge to
determine if the main variables of this research have a significant relationship
if they alter the place and respondents. Also, this research will serve as a
source of information to reinforce other literary works.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – Letter of Permit

Dear Sir / Ma’am,
Greetings of peace!
We, Grade 12 researchers from St.Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao Inc., with
members including Annerose Barcelon, Iya Gwyneth Garcia, Kent Zeus Himpisao,
Kenneth Javier, Michaelah Jlo Manzanero, Kimberly Pondevida, Yuri Andre
Tolentino, and Asha Villacarlos, who are currently taking the subject Practical
Research 2 would like to seek your valuable cooperation to be one of the respondents
of our research study.
The included questions below will serve as your questionnaire to be answered in
your most convenient time.
Rest assured that we will be treating your answers with the utmost confidentiality.
The privacy of your identity will depend if you answer the name question, which is
optional. We look forward for your honest answers!
Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,
Kimberly S. Pondevida
Leader, Research Group
APPENDIX B – Validation of the Instrument

VALIDATION OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
December ___, 2022
__________________________
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao, Inc.
Brgy. Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna
Please be informed that you are one of the chosen professional validators of our study
with the working title: “Media Sexism: Impact on Young Adults’ Views Toward
Women Political Candidates.”
The researchers would gladly accept your help by writing your comments,
suggestions, and recommendations that will help improve the questionnaire we have
prepared to gather interpretations from this research. We believe that your observation
and experiences will bring this research to its improvement.

Thank you very much, and we appreciate your valuable consideration and
contribution to this research.
Sincerely yours,
Researchers
INSTRUMENT VALIDATION SHEET
Name of Validator: _____________________________________
Field of Specialization: _____________________________________
Signature: _____________________________________
Directions:
1. Refer to the attached research instrument for validation.
2. Please use the rating scale below and put a checkmark on the number that
corresponds to the evaluation of each item.
1 - Not Covered
2 - Inadequate Value Item
3 - Adequate Value Item
4 - Very Adequate Value Item

I. This part aims to assess the impact of media sexism on young adults’ views toward
women candidates. The following number of statements below are relevant to this
study. Please respond to the following by putting a check (√) in the answer box that
corresponds to your response.
INDICATORS
Statement 4 3 2 1
1. You believe every negative news on different social media

platforms about women politicians, but not about men.
2. The media shows men politicians having more strong personalities
than women politicians.
3. Men candidates in social media have better political campaigns
than women candidates in the Philippines.
4. You base your vote on the candidates' gender.
5. You believe men politicians are more charismatic than women
politicians in social media.
6. You believe male politicians are more fit for higher positions than
female politicians.
7. You think that gender roles are critical in choosing a leader.
8. You are more likely to vote for men candidates with known names
and bad records you see on social media than new women
candidates with good credentials.
9. You believe male leaders have more knowledge and experience in
leading than women leaders.
10. Women politicians can not lead because they are weak and easily
driven by their emotions, unlike men politicians.
11. You believe gender norms are essential when choosing a political
leader.
12. Men politicians have much better online advocacy campaigns than
women politicians.
13. You believe men leaders' political decisions are more stable,
consistent, and functional than women leaders.
14. Women politicians should always be the second option when
choosing a political leader.
15. You believe men leaders can handle more heavy political positions
than women.
Remarks:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B – Modified Research Instrument

Dear Sir / Ma’am,
Greetings of peace!
We, Grade 12 researchers from St.Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao Inc., with
members including Annerose Barcelon, Iya Gwyneth Garcia, Kent Zeus Himpisao,
Kenneth Javier, Michaelah Jlo Manzanero, Kimberly Pondevida, Yuri Andre
Tolentino, and Asha Villacarlos, who are currently taking the subject Practical
Research 2 would like to seek your valuable cooperation to be one of the respondents
of our research study.
The included questions below will serve as your questionnaire to be answered in
your most convenient time.

Rest assured that we will be treating your answers with the utmost confidentiality.
The privacy of your identity will depend if you answer the name question, which is
optional. We look forward for your honest answers!
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Leader, Research Group
Directions: The following items describe the statement under media sexism and its
impact on your views towards women political candidates. Kindly indicate if you
agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the response box using the
Likert scale. Thank you very much.
Statement 4 - SA 3-A 2-D 1 - SD

1. You believe every negative news on
different social media platforms about
women politicians, but not about men.
2. The media shows men politicians having
more strong personalities than women
politicians.
3. Men candidates in social media have better
political campaigns than women candidates
in the Philippines.
4. You base your vote on the candidates'
gender.
5. You believe men politicians are more
charismatic than women politicians in social
media.
6. You believe male politicians are more fit for
higher positions than female politicians.
7. You think that gender roles are critical in
choosing a leader.
8. You are more likely to vote for men
candidates with known names and bad
records you see on social media than new
women candidates with good credentials.
9. You believe male leaders have more
knowledge and experience in leading than
women leaders.
10. Women politicians can not lead because
they are weak and easily driven by their
emotions, unlike men politicians.
11. You believe gender norms are essential
when choosing a political leader.
12. Men politicians have much better online
advocacy campaigns than women
politicians.
13. You believe men leaders' political decisions
are more stable, consistent, and functional
than women leaders.
14. Women politicians should always be the
second option when choosing a political
leader.
15. You believe men leaders can handle more
heavy political positions than women.
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Annerose R. Barcelon
Age: 18 years old
Religion: November 03, 2004
Gender: Female
Address: Blk 41 Birmingham Village Pulo, Cabuyao,
Laguna
Cellphone No.: 09162956719
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Senior High School:

Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM)
Junior High School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao - Graduated 2021
Elementary School:
Shepherds Flock School of Cabuyao - Graduated 2017
ACADEMIC OR NON-ACADEMIC AWARDS:
 2nd Place in TLE Quiz bee
 5th Place in English Quiz bee
 Interpretative Dance Champion (2019)
 Chamber Theater Champion (2019)
 1st Place in Musical Play (2020)
 With Honors - Grade 11
 Loyalty Award - Grade 6
I hereby certify that the above-mentioned personal information is accurate and
sufficient.
_____________________________________
Annerose R. Barcelon
Researcher
Name: Iya Gwyneth M. Garcia
Age: 18 years old
Religion: Roman Catholic
Gender: Female
Address: 429 Brgy. Baclaran, Cabuyao, Laguna
Senior High School:
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

Junior High School:
Elementary School:
 1st Runner Up in Ms. Sportsfest (2019)
 3rd Runner Up in TLE Quiz Bee
sufficient.
_____________________________________
Iya Gwyneth M. Garcia
Researcher
Name: Kent Zeus B. Himpisao
Age: 18 years old
Religion: Catholic
Gender: Male
Address: 99 Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna
Senior High School:

Junior High School:
Elementary School:
 1st Place in Chamber Theater - Grade 9
 2nd Place in Speech Choir - Grade 9
 1st Place in Basketball Sports fest - Grade 9
sufficient.
_____________________________________
Kent Zeus B. Himpisao
Researcher
Name: Kenneth M. Javier
Age: 17 years old
Gender: Male
Address: Blk 3 Lot 21 Crystal Ville, Baclaran,
Cabuyao, Laguna
Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Liceo de Mamatid - Graduated 2021
Elementary School:
Baclaran Elementary School - Graduated 2017
 Consistent Honor - Grade 1 to 6
sufficient.
_____________________________________
Kenneth M. Javier
Researcher
Name: Michaelah Jlo F. Manzanero
Age: 18 years old
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC)
Gender: Female
Address: Blk 41 Lot 29 Villa Palao Subd.,

Banlic, Calamba, Laguna
Senior High School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao, Inc.,
General Academic Strand (GAS)
Junior High School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao, Inc. - Graduated 2021
Elementary School:
Banlic Elementary School - Graduated 2017
 Achiever - Grade 1
 Top 10 - Grade 1
 Academic Awardee - Grade 2
 Mass Demo Champion - Grade 2
 Academic Awardee - Grade 4
 1st Place Badminton Sportsfest - Grade 6
 Badminton Varsity Player - Grade 6
 Badminton Varsity Player - Grade 7
 Zumba Champion - Grade 7
 1st Place Speech Choir - Grade 7
 English Elocution Chamber Theater - Grade 8
 2nd Place Badminton place Sportsfest - Grade 9
 English Elocution Musical Play Champion - Grade 9
 Interpretative Dance - Grade 9

sufficient.
_____________________________________
Michaelah Jlo F. Manzanero
Researcher
Name: Kimberly S. Pondevida
Age: 17 years old
Gender: Female
Address: Blk 20 Lot 12 Villa Palao Subd., Banlic, Calamba, Laguna
Senior High School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao, Inc.,
Junior High School:
Elementary School:
Banlic Elementary School - Graduated 2017
 With Honors (Grades 1-10, except 5 & 7)
 With High Honors (Grade 11)
 Quiz Bee Winner (Grade 9-Grade 12)
 2nd Place in CAPRISA Music, Dance, & Choral Competition, (2018)
 3rd Place in DepED Music, Dance, & Choral Competition (2018)
 Speech Choir Champion (2018)
 Interpretative Dance Champion (2018)
 Chamber Theatre Champion (2019)
 Bigsaywit Champion (2019)
 Musical Play Champion (2020)
 Musical Play, Best Vocal Performance (2020)
 Musical Play, Best Actress (2020)

sufficient.
_____________________________________
Researcher
Name: Yuri Andre L. Tolentino
Age: 18 years old
Religion: Catholic
Gender: Male
Address: 238, San Isidro Cabuyao, Laguna
Cellphone No: 09309343822
Senior High School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao Inc.
Junior High School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao Inc. - Graduated 2020
Elementary School:
St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao Inc. - Graduated 2017
 Consistent Honor - K to 6
 Caprisa Speech Choir Champion, Laprisada Contestant - Grade 8
 Loyalty Gold Awardee - Grade 6 and 10
 3rd place in Mathematics Quiz bee - Grade 11
sufficient.
_____________________________________
Yuri Andre L. Tolentino
Researcher
Name: Asha Jazsmien G. Villacarlos

Age: 18 years old
Religion: Christian
Gender: Female
Address: B35 L40 PHS 3 Luxury Mabuhay, Mamatid,
Cabuyao Laguna
Senior High School:
Junior High School:
Elementary School:
 Miss Sportsfest 2021- St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao, Inc.
 Best in Sportswear and Miss Photogenic
 Delegate: 2019 CAPRISAA Sabayang Pagbigkas Competition Champion
 Delegate: 2019 LAPRISAA Sabayang Pagbigkas Competition
 With Honors – Grade 10
sufficient.
_____________________________________
Asha Jazsmien G. Villacarlos
Researcher

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SAINT JEROME INTEGRATED SCHOOL OF CABUYAO

0021 Brgy. Mamatid, Cabuyao City, Laguna.

Media Sexism: Impact on Young Adults’ Views Toward Women

A Study Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department of

St. Jerome Integrated School of Cabuyao

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Garcia, Iya Gwyneth M.

Himpisao, Kent Zeus B.

Manzanero, Michaelah Jlo F.

Tolentino, Yuri Andre L.

Villacarlos, Asha Jazsmien G.

paper throughout the process.

thank them for allotting time and effort to this study.

inspiration during the completion of our research.

women politicians, by conducting an online survey composed of 15 questions

women politicians or not.

examined using a Four-point Likert Scale. This descriptive research collected

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

Statement of the Problem

Scope and Delimitation

Significance of the Study

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Population and Sampling

Participants of the Study

Data Gathering Procedure

Validation of the Instrument

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and, Recommendations

Appendix A – Letter of Permit

Appendix B – Validation of the Instrument

Appendix C – Modified Research Instrument

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm.

Figure 2. Research Design.

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

in women's political participation because of the feminist movement. According to the

women's political representation, over time, increases.

Nevertheless, despite the progress of women's political leadership, it is nonetheless

achievements, parties, and characteristics. The under-representation cases of women

inverse relationship between women's empowerment and discrimination in states'

executives present. That perception, since time immemorial, became accustomed to

Sustainable Development Goals in 2030. Around the globe, compromising 49.58% of

to enter the world of politics.

Concerning politics, different factors cause the underrepresentation of women,

including discrimination against women politicians (FROGEE Brief, 2021), also

known as sexism. Sexism is present when there is discrimination or prejudice towards

a particular gender, typically women. It is an action based on a set of views of an

Furthermore, according to Cambridge English Dictionary, it is a treatment to women

availability enable candidates and political parties to disseminate political platforms

element that constructs ideological, stereotypical, and restraining perceptions of a

possessing one's thoughts toward women politicians.

prominent contributing factor to why most women representatives face gender

discrimination (International IDEA, 2022). Forms of media, such as published

reality, including the circulation of misinformation, disinformation, and

leakage of personal or private information that is shared deliberately to manipulate

inequality conditions like sexism.

voters' views toward women candidates. An article in Free Network, written by

representation of women in politics. In summary, gender bias is one of the factors

women's political campaigns, including traditional norms (Encinas-Franco, 2022).

it affects the reputation of women politicians.

views on women politicians.

is related to one's views on women candidates.

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm