Example 2

The one-line diagram of a simple power system is shown in above Figure. The neutral
of each generator is grounded through a current-limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a
100-MVA base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base is
tabulated below. The generators are running on no-load at their rated voltage and rated
frequency with their emfs in phase.
Using the bus impedance matrix, determine the fault current for the following faults.
(a) A balanced three-phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f = j0.1
(b) A single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f =j0.10 per unit.

Table data line for example 2

Item Base MVA Voltage X1 X2 X0

Rating
G1 100 20-kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 kV 0.15 0,15 0.35
L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125

The one line diagram for example 2

In addition, for each type of fault determine the bus voltages and line currents during
fault.

1 0
Using the function Zbus = zbuild(zdata), Z bus and Z bus are found for the positive
sequence network and the zero-sequence network in below figure.
The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix is

1
  j 0.1450 j 0.1050 j 0.1300
Z   j 0.1050 j 0.1450 j 0.1200
1
bus

 j 0.1300 j 0.1200 j 0.2200

and the zero-sequence bus impedance matrix is
 j 0.1820 j 0.0545 j 0.1400
Z bus   j 0.0545 j 0.0864 j 0.0650
0

 j 0.1400 j 0.0650 j 0.3500

1
since positive- and negative-sequence reactance for the system are identical, Z bus =
2
Z bus

Positive sequence impedance diagram

The zero-sequence impedance diagram

(a) Balanced three-phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f = j0.1.

The symmetrical components of fault current is given by

2
     

0
 
0 0 
1 1   
I 3012  1     j 3.125
 Z 33  Z f   j 0.22  j 0.1
 
 0   0   0

The fault current is

1 1 1  0  3.125  90
I 3 ( F )  1 a 2
abc
a   j 3.125   3.125150 
 
1 a a 2   0   3.12530 

For balanced fault we only have the positive-sequence component of voltage. Thus, bus
voltages during fault for phase a are
Vl (F)  1 - Z113 I 3 (F)  1 - j0.13(-j3.125)  0.59375
V2 (F)  1 - Z123 I 3 (F)  1 - j0.12( j3.125)  0.62500
V3 (F)  1 - Z133 I 3 (F)  1 - j0.22(-j3.125)  0.31250
Fault currents in lines for phase a are
V (F) - V1 (F) 0.62500 - 0.59375
I 21 (F)  2   0.2500 - 90
z112 j0.125
V1 (F) - V3 (F) 0.59375 - 0.31250
I13 (F)    0.1875 - 90
z 113 j0.15
V2 (F) - V31 (F) 0.62500 - 0.59375
I 23 (F)    0.1250 - 90
z123 j0.25

(b) Single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1.

The symmetrical components of fault current is given by

1.0
I 30 (F)  I13 (F)  I 32 (F) 
Z  Z  Z 33
1
33
2
33
0
 3Z f
1.0
  -j0.9174
j0.22  j0.22  j0.35  j3(0.1)
The fault current is
1 1 1   j 0.9174 2.7523  90
I 3 ( F )  1 a 2
abc
a   j 0.9174   0 

1 a a 2   j 0.9174  0 

The symmetrical components of bus voltages during fault are

 0 - Z13
0
I 30  0 - j0.140(-j0.9174) - 0.1284
 
V1 (F)  V21 (0) - Z113 I13    1 - j0.130(-j0.9174    0.8807 
012

 0 - Z13
2
I 32  0 - j0.130(-j0.9174) - 0.1193


3
  0 - Z 023 I 30  0 - j0.065(-j0.9174) - 0.0596
 
V2 (F)  V21 (0) - Z123 I13    1 - j0.120(-j0.9174    0.8807 
012

 0 - Z 223 I 32  0 - j0.120(-j0.9174)  - 0.1101

 
 0 - Z 33
0
I 30  0 - j0.350(-j0.9174)  - 0.3211
 
V3 (F)  V31 (0) - Z133 I13    1 - j0.220(-j0.9174    0.7982 
012

 0 - Z 33
2
I 32  0 - j0.220(-j0.9174) - 0.2018


Bus voltages during fault are

1 1 1   0.1284  0.6330 

V1 ( F )  1 a
abc 2 
a   0.8807   1.0046  120.45
  
1 a a 2    0.1193 1.0046  120.45
1 1 1  - 0.05964  0.7207000 
V 2
abc
( F )  1 a 2 a   0.8899    0.9757 - 117.430 
1 a a 2   - 0.1101  0.9757  117.430
1 1 1  - 0.32114  0.2752  0 
V3
abc
( F )  1 a 2 a   0.7982   1.0647 - 125.5600
   
1 a a 2   - 0.2018   1.0647  125.560 
The symmetrical components of fault currents in lines for phase a are

 V2 (F) -0V1 (F)   -0.0596-(-0.1284) 

0 0

 0 Z12 0   0.2294 - 90

 
j0.3

I 21 (F)   Z1
012 V2 (F) - V1 (F)
   j 0.125   0.0734 - 90
0.8899 - 0.8807

 V 0 (F) - V 0 (F)   -0.1101-(-0.1193)  

12 
 Z2
2 1
   
 0.0734 - 90 
 
j0.125
12

 V1 (F) -0V3 (F)   -0.1284-(-0.3211) 

0 0

 0 Z13
  0.5505 - 90
 
j0.35

I13 (F)   Z1
V1 (F) - V30 (F)
 
  0.5505 - 90
012 0.8807 - 0.7982

 V 0 (F) -13V 0 (F)   -0.1193-(-0.2018)  

j 0.15

 1 Z2 3  
 13 
j0.15  0.5505 - 90
 V2 (F) -0 V3 (F)   -0.0596-(-0.3211) 
0 0

 0 Z 23
  0.3670 - 90
 
j0.3

I 23 (F)   Z1
0
 
  0.3670 - 90
012 V2 (F) - V31 (F) 0.8899 - 0.7982

 V 0 (F) - V 0 (F)   -0.1101-(-0.2018) 

23
j 0. 25

 2 Z2 3  
 23 
j0.25  0.3670 - 90

The line fault currents are

1 1 1  0.2294 - 90  0.3761 - 90 
I 21 ( F )  1 a 2 a  0.0734 - 90  0.1560 - 90
abc

1 a a 2  0.0734 - 90 0.1560 - 90

4
 1 1 1  0.5505 - 90 1.6514 - 90
I abc
13 ( F )  1 a 2 a  0.5505 - 90   0 

1 a a 2  0.5505 - 90  0 
1 1 1  0.3670 - 90 1.1009 - 90
I abc
23 ( F )  1 a 2 a  0.3670 - 90   0 

1 a a 2  0.3670 - 90  0 