Toxocara spp. Gnathostoma spp. Trichostrongylus spp. Angiostrongylus Anisakis spp.

Drancunculus medinensis
cantonensis
Common T. canis - Hairworm Initally called: - • Guinea worm
name • Dog Ascarid Hemostrongylus • Fiery serpent of the
• Werner & Johnston Family: Strongylidae ratti Israelites
T. cati • Medina worm
• Cat Ascarid Trichostrongylus Habitat: • Serpent worm
• Ascaris cati  T. cati: tenuis pulmonary arteries • Dragon worm
Schrank (1788) and Trichostronglyus axei of rats
Brumpt • Stomach
hairworm
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
• Bankrupt worms,
black scours
worms

Less frequent
species:
• Trichostrongylus
probolurus
• Trichostrongylus
vitrinu

Infective Embryonated egg with larva L3 larvae L3 larvae L3 larvae L3 larvae Cyclops & larvae
stage
Definitive: Dogs & cats Intermediate: Strongylidae: Definitive: • Planktonic Definitive: man
Host Accidental: Man • Copepods • Affects cattle, Rats crustacean Intermediate: cyclops
• Fish & sheep, goats, • Sea fish
amphibians pigs, horses & Intermediate: • Sea mammals
poultry Snails
• Also affects
wildlife (deer, Incidental:
antelopes, Man
camels, monkeys,
wild boars &
zebra)

Trichostrongylus
tenuis
 • Poultry and other
birds worldwide
Trichostronglyus axei
• Infects cattle,
sheep, goats,
pigs, horses &
many wild
mammals.
• Found worldwide
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
• Infects cattle,
sheep, goats,
pigs, horses &
many wild
mammals
• Found worldwide
Color: cream to pinkish Color: rust-colored - 3 outer protective -
collagen layers

The worms are

long and slender
Female: Length: 2-3 cm Female:
Length: 10-12 cm Length: 21-25 mm

Morphology Vulva “Barber pole”

• Occurs about 25-40% of shape down the
the body length middle of the body
• Found behind the which is created by
anterior end the twisting
together of the
intestine and
uterine tubules.
Male: Larva: Males:
Spicule: 1.7-1.9mm 4 rows of hooklets Length: 15.9-19
extruding from the mm
surface of the cephalic
bulb (helps in lodging Small copulatory
into the tissues of their bursa at the
host) posterior end
 Tiny, cuticular spines
run along the length
of their bodies

2 types of papillae
extend from the
worm:
• 1 cervical papilla –
main body
• 2 labial papillae –
cephalic bulb

4 sac-like openings in
the cephalic bulb
(generate worm
movements by
expanding &
contracting:
subsequently
displacing nearby
fluids)
Adults: Eggs/ova:
Distinct cervical alae
(wing-like appendage) Released by adult
that are short and wide worms into their
giving the anterior end hosts’ digestive tracts
the distinct appearance from which they will
of an arrow be excreted with the
Caudal alae – wing-like host feces
appendage that gives
Toxocara spp. an arrow Ovular with a mucus
appearance plug at one end

Esophagus 40-70 um
• Around 2-6% of the total
body weight
• Terminates in a glandular
ventriculus that
measures around 0.3 to
0.5 mm long
 Ova:
• 65x77um (T. canis)
• With pitted eggshell
(typical of the eggs of
Ascaridosis)
• T. cati pits are smaller
than T. canis
Toxocariasis Gnathostomiasis Trichostrongylosis / Angiostrongyliasis Anisakiasis or Dracunculiasis /
2 major forms: • Causative agent: Trichostrongyliasis Herring Disease Dracontiasis
Disease 1. Ocular larva migrans Gnathostoma Eosinophilic
caused (OLM) spinigerum meningitis
2. Visceral larva migrans • Most common • Southeast Asia
(VLM) disease caused by in the Pacific
Gnathostoma basin.
spinigerum • Self-limiting
• Most commonly
found &
diagnosed in
Southeast Asia
Other terms:
• Choko-Fushu Tua
chid or chokofishi
(Japan)
• Consular disease
(Nanjing)
• Shanghai
rheumatism
(China)
• Tau-cheed
(Thailand)
• Woodbury bug
(Australia)
• Yangtze River
edema
• Clinical grounds (Triad) • Migratory lesions • Detection of • Lumbar • Gastroscopic • Made from the local
o Marked eosinophilia • Patient history of characteristic puncture examination blister, worm or larvae
o Hepatomegaly eating raw fish eggs in the feces • Brain imaging • Histopathologic • Outline of the worm
o Hyperglobulinemia • Determination of • Serology examination under the skin may be
• History of exposure to the species • Diagnosis is revealed by using
dogs, cats & of dirt eating requires post usually made by reflected light
Diagnosis • ELISA mortem upper • Dead calcified worms
examination of endoscopy may be located by
 Stool examination is useless adult worms after • Exploratory Roentgen-ray
since Toxocara never necropsy laparotomy examination
complete its life cycle in
humans.
Ingestion of dirt Eating contaminated Water or vegetables Ingestion of larvae Ingestion of 3rd
contaminated with dog or cat undercooked or raw contaminated with in raw or stage larva in the
feces that contain Toxocara freshwater fish, eels, infective larvae undercooked snails flesh of raw fish
eggs frogs, birds & reptiles or other vectors, or
Poor sanitary contaminated
Drinking conditions water and
contaminated water vegetables

MOT Rare instances: larvae

skin penetration upon
exposure to
contaminated food
sources or freshwater.

Prevention Good hand hygiene Avoid eating No true vaccines Educating persons Freezing the fish at - Protection of drinking water
undercooked or raw against residing in or 20°C for 24 hours
Deworming dogs and cats freshwater fish, eels, Trichostrongylus traveling to areas Fishermen are
regularly frogs, birds, and worms so far where the parasite required to
reptiles is found eviscerate the fish
soon after the catch
Not ingesting raw
or undercooked
snails and slugs,
freshwater shrimp,
land crabs, frogs,
etc.