Applications of Dipole Antenna
Muhammad Ahsan Islam
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Central Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
L1F22MSEE0008@ucp.edu.pk
Abstract—One of the most significant and often used RF
antenna types is the dipole antenna, sometimes known as a dipole
aerial. It is frequently employed both on its own and as part of
many other RF antenna designs, where it serves as the driving
element. A new half wave dipole antenna for Mobile broadband
purposes has been studied in this article. The half wave dipole
antenna has a length of around one-half wavelength. The antenna
is designed to resonant at 1.99 GHz. The simulation and design
calculations of the half wave dipole antennas are performed
using ANSYS HFSS.The evaluation includes the return loss,
VSWR, Directivity, Gain, and Radiation Pattern.ANSYS HFSS
simulation software is used to design, simulate, and evaluate the
proposed antenna. The antenna has a frequency range that is
suitable for potential applications, ranging from 1.87 GHz to 2.1
GHz.
Index Terms—Dipole Antenna, Half Wave, Mobile Broadband,
Ansys Hfss, Frequency Band, Radiation Pattern,RF.
I. I NTRODUCTION
A dipole antenna is a type of Radio Frequency (RF)
antenna that consists of two conductive components, such as
wires and rods, where length of the metal wire is roughly
half the highest wavelength in free space at the operating
frequency.The conducting material are divided at the antenna’s
centre by an insulator called the antenna section.The frequency
is utilised both on its own and in numerous different RF
antenna designs,where it serves as the driving element.The
Electromagnetic (EM) or Radio signal is produced when an RF
voltage source is applied to the centre of a dipole antenna,this
signal is then radiated outside of the antenna and through the
middle of antenna,where the voltage and current are at their
highest and lowest values. Antennas come in a variety of forms
and are used for numerous purposes. The Half Wave Dipole
Antenna is frequently used in prospective applications, func-
tioning in the frequency range of the GSM, from 1.877 GHz to
2.1199 GHz, and having the ideal impedance matching for de-
veloping antenna for GSM applications [1].Design of a MIMO
printed dipole antenna for 5G applications. In addition, a
planner multiple input multiple output dipole (MIMO) antenna
is designed for sub-6GHz 5G applications and displays good
impedance bandwidth equivalent to 3.2GHz beginning from
3.3 to 6.6 GHz. Many different beam-types may be created by
manipulating the radiation pattern of the (MIMO) antenna con-
struction [2]. A low-profile magneto-electric dipole antenna
with dual polarisation as well as filtering for 5G applications.
The prototype has an in-band average gain of 8.2 dBi, an
outof- band suppression level of more than 20 dB, and a return
loss of more than 15 dB [3]. Furthermore it has an impedance
bandwidth of 27.6 embracing a -15dB spread. Design and
construction of a fold-able triband dipole antenna for WiMAX,
DCS, WLAN, and GPS. In order to create triple resonances,
folded dipoles furthermore include a rectangular loop and
two I-shape stubs. The antenna exhibits a suitable radiation
pattern in all desired frequencies with triple band and excellent
radiation properties, and has a bandwidth for return loss
below -10dB at 1.53-1.97GHz, which is (14.23 percent), and
is 4.20dBi (1.575GHz), and 5.34dBi (3.5 GHz), respectively
[4].Wide Band Dual-Polarized Four-Folded-Dipole Antenna
Array for Base Station Applications with Stable Radiation
Pattern. Furthermore, a +/- 45 degree dual-polarized sixele-
ment antenna with a stable radiation pattern and each element
comprised of four folded dipoles, a parasitic patch, and a
convex-shaped reflector plane is a top candidate for base
station applications. It has a 3-dB beam width stabilisation
range of 65.7 degree +/- 3.2 degree, a 64.8 percent impedance
bandwidth (BW), a VSWR greater than 1.5, high port to port
isolation of 27 dB, ideal contender for base-station applica-
tions with significant side-lobe suppression[5].Crossed dipole
antennas are intended to provide isotropic, omnidirectional,
dual-polarized, and circularly polarised (CP) radiation patterns
for use in future wireless communication systems. Meanwhile,
feed antennas have been intended to streamline the feeding
structure, and cross dipole radiators can accomplish profile
downsizing. The antenna design also enables more degrees
of freedom and superior performance for numerous wireless
communication networks[6].Dipole radiation offers a way to
get over radiation damping’s constraint and the inherent limits
of power coupling between two antennas in lossless and lossy
media[7].An improved Design of Planar Elliptical Dipole An-
tenna for UWB (ultra-wide band) applications[8].Meanwhile,
a modified version of the planar elliptical dipole antenna
operating from 1.1 to 11 GHz has been created and made
available for ultra-wide band communication networks. The
gain performance is enhanced across the entire operating
bandwidth while elliptical slots are used, and the -10dB band
is largely attributed to 8GHz, enabling the antenna viable for
UWB applications. Dual-Band wide-beam crossed asymmetric
dipole Antenna for GPS Applications as in[9]. A Compact
Dual-Polarized Printed Dipole Antenna with High isolation
for Wide-band Base Station Applications[10].In addition, the
dipole antenna is carved into three assembled substrates, and
four horizontal triangular spots are added to generate the
two dipoles in two - dimensional polarisations. The antenna
also displays port isolation of more than 35 dB over an
impedance bandwidth of 52 percent, as well as a radiation
pattern with a peak gain of 7dBi–8.6dBi. Consequently, the
antenna is useful for broad band base station antennas in the
International mobile telecommunications(IMT) advanced com-
munication system in addition to being appropriate for an array
element. Broadband Planar Dipole Antenna for DTV/GSM
Operation[11]. Embroidered Wearable Multi-resonant Folded
Dipole Antenna for FM Reception[12].Likewise, the use of
conductive intricate designs on a metal composite substrate
is recommended for a wearable textile dipole antenna with
various resonance frequencies for FM signal reception. Thus,
the proposed antenna offers a broad operating band of 80.5
MHz to over 130 MHz at 5 dB return loss irrespective of arm
changes, the FM broadcast (87.5 - 108 MHz), with Gain of (-
7.08 - 15.79) dBi respectively. The length, radius, feeding gap,
frequency, and wavelength of the half-wave dipole antenna that
will be constructed in this study, which is a cylindrical struc- Fig. 1: Geometry of Half Wave Dipole Antenna
ture, are all thoroughly specified by these five attributes. The
length of a half-wave dipole should be half the wavelength,
but in practise it is 0.45 times the wavelength. Two terminals,
or ”poles,” into which radio frequency current flows make up
the dipole antenna. This current, along with the corresponding
voltage, radiates an electromagnetic or radio signal. To be
more specific, a dipole is typically understood to be an antenna
formed of a resonant conductor length that has been chopped
so that it can be linked to the feeder.Normally, two conductors
or elements with quarter wavelengths are stacked one on top
of the other for a total length of /2 to create a dipole antenna.
The biggest voltage disparity is produced by a standing wave
on an element with length /4 because one end of the element is
at the wave’s node and the other is at its antinode. The current
between the elements increases with increasing differential
voltage.
Fig. 2: ANSYS MODEL
II. DESIGN OF DIPOLE ANTENNA
The half wave dipole antenna has a length of 70.44 mm,
representing 0.45 times the total wavelength, and a radius of
0.147 mm. Feeding distance 0.35 mm. The feeding impedance
in this study is 73 ohms. Antenna is made with a 1.99 GHz res-
onant frequency in consideration.The preceding relationships
are being used to determine the dimensions of the proposed
half wave dipole antenna.
c
Wv = (1)
f

III. SIMULATION RESULTS

The designed half wave dipole antenna was prototype with
dimensions of length 70.44 mm, radius 0.148 mm, and feed
gap 0.35 mm,resonating frequency is 1.995 GHz. According Fig. 3: PLOT
to Figure 6, the achieved antenna impedance is 73 ohm, which
is the required impedance.
 IV. CONCLUSION
ANSYS HFSS Software has been used to design and model
a half-wave dipole antenna.This uses the Mobile broadband
frequency spectrum and operates between 1.87 GHz and 2.1
GHz. About 0.24 GHz is the simulated impedance bandwidth
in the 1.99 GHz frequency. The antenna has perfect impedance
matching, according to the simulation and measurement re-
sults. It can be used to create antennas for Mobile broadband
operations.It is logical to presume that the antenna presented
in this paper can be applied to more possible applications.
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