: ions, Senten ion 20 Conjunctions = Section and Clauses INTRODUCTION have more than one clause, usually joined by a Conjunction can ha A sentence elationship between them. which shows the r sentence sentence etn: rivers etting late and Iw T'll phone you when 1 —. a i ‘ ras hy : ne conjunction clause clause conjunction clause We brought the food and they supplied the drink. (addition) She was poor but she was happy. (contrast) ; We can go swimming, or we could stay here. (alternative) People disliked her because she was so rude. (cause) I'll phone you when I arrive. (time) subordinate clauses One clause can be subordinate to another. A subordinate clause with its conjunction is a part of the other (main) clause — for example an object or an adverbial. For practical purposes, subordinate clauses can be divided into three main groups: noun clauses, adverbial clauses and adjective (relative) clauses. Noun clauses function rather like noun phrases: ae | told them] a tie. | that 1 knew nothing about it, Adverbial clauses function rather like adverbials: | We drove home| at high speed. 4s fast as we could, | She told me| q funny | Story. Section 10). These are nor rao other clauses with fa eonjunetion, y the hose, staining the door behind me. ns i 9 ond depo Ns bea rs co-ordination (of phrases ts wel points o with subord nally as clauses), and son Panteular types of subordinate what's wrong with these, and why? | ave some butter and bread? » | ‘sinoke and drink, & 226.4 | mke noe drink,» 227.1 Te project was not sticcessful in political terms and! in economic © Jock en here neither, » 227.2 Boh he eam borrow the flat and he neither he: n use the ear,» 2281 led nor he spoke, » 2243 she var depressed because didn’t know what to do, = Auhough she was tired but she went to work. » 229.5 | 4s you know, that work very hard, » 22955 You'll find Coca-Cola wherever you wil go. » 2.1 6 1 had t's of money, I would give same to anybody who would ask | Pil > 231.6 CONTENTS OF THIS SECTION ting things together ad 280 wih, which what, et tuto aor prepositions ror; and not 231 tense dination: both subordinate nd nether... (nor, mot only subjunctive: shat she go, ‘sbordinate clauses: some ‘that they be, if were, ete rmmac ¢ Section 20 Canjunetions, Sentences and Clauses226 putting things together: and, 1 and —_ “dan jon two or more grammatically similar complete luses. "imal and cee rine Minter and his You need 0 g0 home and have a good rest ter Enlth good and her Japanese isnot bad, Wit more than two expressions, we generally only put, We dank, talked and danced He started asa cleaner, he worked his way up, and now And'sometines et ot na ery literary or poet sie, MY dreams ar fl of darkness, despa, death, !mexresons joined by and, repeated words are often Me nad sa; a) hammer and (a) serewwdrioon ronment in hina (n) Thailand and in) Breathused once fOr TO Negative ideas (ase 07) teers 1 to Or mone ven inthe wih or THA me ated ee, res smoke oF drink (egy Shea a OF pet mor op rl dein e can use nor after a pause, to. aan warerec ee ai ha day, nor the nex day on tana! normally be used in this ind of suc, mI Phase second ec was NOt Successful in economic ran OF In pial terms, he Project WAS NOt successful tn This aso happens ra eo) econ i sation or of an idependeni and...) sre. nr er ea two separate negative clauses: not either Ain negative ve in One caus, we can memton a second ogaine ies rat another clase with not ether a ‘rit here today. Jac ist here ltr, (o> Jack ) ‘aber way of expressing this is with neler’ + belaulanys epee ‘Dani ont here today. Neither Is Jack sin, and nor cam any of my family For eta of tls and similar structures, © 3092 Mo. well and too are not normally used with no inthis way (w can't have an apple, and you can’t have an orange ether. and yorr-camthave-an orange-alseca-teell 10) 2 positive + negative: a/so /.as well / too it mentioning positive (non-negative) factor Kea, we can ad a negative aby using not... also, not... as well OF Mat. 100 Jean have an apple, but you can’t have an orange 10. ‘iedrinks too much, but atleast he doesn’t smoke as well - and; a fubhatic coordination: both either... (nor; not only _ vncif! Want emphasise that both (or al parts of coordination hae ecu i 1g bi Thee are several common ways of doing pitas ie : gig Dance this structure, so that the same Kin of words Or expressions uth and and, es Pan nm 226 emphatic coordination: bot. a teeeit ann eg re gh ici mae ie 2 either...or eee ler, or1o walk about a choice between 60 OF OTS ees Tort speak either Russian or Polish soar aPmaner come with me naw or walk hore, Fra an icecream there's eer saaphery, lameon er sani a tere tis structure, 50 that dhe same Kind of words OF expen follow either and oF Mr cam have either sea or coffe. (nouns) ren ther in Larion or in New York, (prepositional phrases) inher youl foave this house or UI call the police. (clauses) Honcrar hnbalanced sentences with either... or axe common. Vowan either have tea or coffee. He's elther in Londan oF New York Youll either leave this house or WH call the police. these is prescriptive ‘ale’, found in some books, which says that eli shot hot introduce more than two alvernatives (as in either raspberry, lemon or vanilla), This rule is mistaken: it does not correspond to normal usage, 3 neither... nor This sire she oppose of oh ands usually rater forma Titer sake nr arin (es foal don't smoke o die) The fl was nether al ade nor wel acted. Sometimes mre tha vo eas are connected by nether. MO sain mid soe nor looked ai me ther anno begin 2 comple case nti st Hearse. -nor + aon Neer hese) he igre tod by mith ae IS are connect neither... nor, the werb is Sig, butt ca prin als foal ay Nala James nor Virgina was at home. (noe) of nate James nor Virginia were at home. (les formal) rena erie’ ane tl says that neither should not introdu sm }ot introduce more than two alternatives ther smiled, spoke nor looked at me). This rule is mistaken. not only... but also 29Oe Conjunctions, Sentences and cau es ony the bathroom as lode, yy Mpa HO OMY cold at yg 87H OF he Rou sip an ae ent ony lay he ran, bt aso te lin, ne Jean be nved the hen time nao er subet dled a then abt hin word ott 270), Aareanga ag a 7 ama wor only has she been late thre times: she hasan gp ca Sta do hy ned loin they a a jomal English mot only... but aso nog ay ett a er alr nae * Very commons other tructarey Wedan' only go there in winter. We go in summer tm, ti subordinate clauses: some general Points temos languages of European erg, clauses ae Jind gether by exjurton in sinilar ways. However, stidents Whe speak ober Kpguaga i Peak other languages dave some problems in using English éonjunctions comely, ais position of subordinate clauses ‘verbal dass can usually go either frst or last in a sentence, depending on he foeus Putting a clause at the end can give it more importance Wile Iwas taking a shower, 1 slipped. (emphasises what happened) ‘slipped while I was taking a shower, (emphasises when it happened) ~ you need help, just let me know, Just let me know if you need help. ~ Although the bicyele was expensive, she decided to buy it She decided to buy the bicycle although it was expensive. Because she was too angry to speak, Anna said nothing. ‘nna said nothing, because she was too angry ta speak: Fr the position of other kinds of clause, » Sections 22-25. Punctuation Commas are often used to separate longer or more compli ‘ain ofdlauses are often connected without commas. Cop ‘Tk changed all their policies after they had won made a large number of disturbing changes int iid Won the election and settled in with cm Stbordinate clause begins a sentence, ial the sentence is very short inet We opened the door, we saw water Ti "we opened the door(,) we got a 3 ‘estonia lanes, © 238,sally it a now what 1 oto. caidn’s krowe what 10-40. ae ile, wntil, omees cuntess and (al) gece ‘oer ry. ( it is necessary.) “ al and see. (= Wyo! ) Wan ane te i Seni ene a sche abe ae verbs (1150) conjunctions in separate semmtences oe Thon we vw gring 1 get up? “When Ym ready een eer chem wi ete ta ma Seer Soromci oa ae ee wt ciara conjunction for two clauses “i bth weno work hae et him | hae hee ee) Beane ua hi ciao OF when I gor eta“onjunctions, Sentences and Clauses sve pronouns give Previn (who, Which and that» 288) ale i Tho works wath my alate ne Has, ius the subject of abject ofthe verb h ner abet objec vb that Comes ater So we rnd wha Works 10 Pb (MO. canbe ule workin {iat} she married was an od frien of mine a Thee dat edn) ari ks me forthe money 1 1 ve er. (x0 themoney- shat which, what, etc after prepositions a WhO save eonionctions Uke who, whioh hat whee, whethercan om oti he question of who to appoint as manager se to come: i depends On whlch day you are holding the meeting sr al mterested tn what I thought Th tors Uke el dk, Hea, prepositions are often dropped before ‘pou! your sip. wre Tell me where you went iy idea of the cost? mit Do you have ny idea wihat it cotst mally used before other conjunctions such as that re iey are dropped Bn gout hs problems. wmv knew that he had problems. (vor knew ib dhat head problems) siteenpenion the facts put hetween the preposition and shar. sible for the fact thatthe documents were stolen. (xox Hes snot Psp vei seaponutble-for that the documents wore stolen) tense simpli 1 reasons for tense simplifi Ihe main verb of a sentence makes it clear what ‘aking about its not always necessary for the same time ication in subordinate clauses 1 kind of time the speaker is to be indicated again insubrdinate clauses. Compare: Ths discovery means tha we will spend lesson food. 1s covery will mean that we spend fess on food. Wis unlikely that he wil win {it pray that he wins ‘isin Subordinate clauses are often simpler in form than vers in aa dduses- for example present instead of future, simple past instead oleae a ipl pst sed fps Pa ut find Coca-Cola wherever yOu g0-(89" vore natural "woud meer do anything hat went ais conan han... that would go against his conseence "had wnderstood what she sai (More nal 8? what she had said.) —— ag grammar « 281 tenseI write when t hay ’ read of future: e 2 Ose are often used Instead! of wl +: Infintve a ty / Present tenet ies, This happens NOt only aftr con sulondialsjore. ws soon as, ut i most other subo . a ett , whether and on conto ha ater es pei <, and in indirect speech. recreate eat ed | Taacare eel tee eee pepe ‘ ‘on condition that you bring it back 1 fend i to you He ay i'l fie pounds anybody at ind is pen if ‘he asks witat 'm doing in her house, ll say 'm checking th, Phone mie when you arrive. Make sure you come hack soon, fit, Yiou ca tell who you like next week; but not until then s with as and than, present and future verbs are both, tn comparisons ‘she'll be on the same train as we are(will tomorrow, co We'll get there sooner than you do/will. present perfect:... when I've finished The present perfect is used instead of Ue future perfec, to express the dea! completion : 1 phone you when I've finished. (sos. when + wil ate fished ) 4th edo he yar ere ul bean es on evr ue di (NOL. . everyting pone ieall-hawe-stetdied.) 4 future in subordinate clauses: ... where she will be A future verb is necessary for future reference in a subordinate clause ifthe main verb does not refer to the future (or to the same time in the future). e don't know where she will be tomorrow. Ym sure | won't understand a word of the lecture. Til hide it somewhere where he'll never find it. (two different If she rings, 11 tell her that Il ring back later. (wo For ature verbs in causes (eg 1 gi you £100 wil hep you to et in case, | hope, | bet, it doesn’t matter, ete A present tense is normally used with a future ‘main verb is present or past. For details, » 248, {'ve got my tennis things in case we have time. /',21 informal style, present verbs are often ‘hope (» 490) and 1 bet (» 401), well. 1 bet he Te also used with fare it's not important and 80 this are, I don’t mind, "doesn’t matter where "don't care what we have forad of would . ste past inte is avoided in subordinate clauses, he instead, we i the wrens in clauses (> 239), and also ater mosty enerally use past <1 ney, would eee oer conjuneaon ir ats of 0 to anybody who asked for i 11 Mt soon hae the sci ton fori wld 7 you would be able fo say eae eeu exactly ‘what yourwould thinks) ‘what you thought ys try to help anybody who was in trouble, whether 1 knew then aplication of perfect and progressive verbs 7 sim gat verb forms are used quite of in subordinate clauses instead of sani Pond past perfect tense if dhe meaning le clear yo me while i's) lasted. vot liked the people IC) worked with Tw ars, he had done no more than he (had) needed ta Fa hod boca eed eee rere naval than ... while he had been driving) sogatves ate often replaced by simple forms in subordinate clauses ‘ies working, But at the same time as he works, he's exercising. [or at the same time as he’s working...) exceptions these rules do not usually apply to clauses beginning hecause, although, since oF neaning ‘beeatise’), or to non-Identifying relative clauses (» 234), Ion’ ee you next week because I'l be in Canada. Micome to the opera with you, although I probably won't enjay it You work with Mr Harris, who will explain everything to you 2 subjunctive: that she go, that they be, fl were, etc What is the subjunctive? ee Sore languages have special verb forms called ‘subjunetive, which ate “areal in subordinate clauses to talk about unreal situations ibe nie “se, desirable o imaginary. Older Enis ha subnets O07 Sait" English they have mostly been replaced by uses of sa ery (2 modal verbs, by special uses of past tenses (» 46), and Dy: Ga ra English only has a few subjunctive forms tft: dh Bere N TE (cg ites without -(e), (e.g. she se, he have) and sPECRE STS wt he were) Except for I/he/shefit were ater i He grammar 232 cuanto otha ey be f Tere,2 that she see Ordinary verbs only have one subjunctive form: a with no (es (64. she see) I is sometimes used in qn especially in American English, after words which, something is important or desirable (e.g. suggest, nag essential, important, advice). The same forms ae wed in py sentences, Its essential that every child have the same ‘was important that James contact Adar as soon aan Our advice is thatthe company invest in new equipmene The judge recommended that Simmons remain In p ‘Do is not used in negative subjunctives, Note the word erat We felt it desirable that he not leave school before e With verbs that are not third person singular, the forme present-tense verbs (but they may refer to the past) J recommended that you move to another office. be Be has special subjunctive forms: I be, you he, etc, 11s important tha Elta be present when we sign the papers The Director asked that he be allowed to advertise for. were and he/shefit were, used for example after if( a formal styl, are also subjunctive. * If T were you I should stop smoking T wish it were § fixed phrases: as it were; so be it Subjunctives are also used in certain fixed phrases, God save the Queen! Long live the King! God bless you. Heaven forbid. He's a sort of adopted uncle, as it were. (=... ina Be that as it may... (= Whether that is true oF 4#f we have to pay £2,000, then so be it. other structures Most subjunctive structures are formal and unt In that-clauses, British people usually prefer s) or ordinary present and past tenses, ‘is essential that every child should have (on... that every child has .. 1 was important that James should (08... that James contacted21 Relative Clauses cect © poDUCTION I jative dauses? neil question words (eg who, which where) are often used ia some pronouns = 10 key people and this ew one out them, These are called ‘relative clauses’. ee ie who lve next door? rame tonight whlch you might de Tage where there dre no shops, “no works with me often babys for us eich where etc ae used tla Way, dey ane Ell ele an algo be used as alate pronou ids of elative cls (» 23): howe tha xpleally say who or sng abt (dentying clauses), and those that pial as tion (non-Klenting Clases) vmhat are F6 es DR i 0108 Do you know what's wrong with these, and why? h’s the name of the tall man which just came in? » 23 Is that all which is left? » 233.4 1) Allwhat you say is true, » 233.4 Ive found the keys that you were looking for them. » 8 | sawa girl whose her hair eame down to her waist. » 233-7 36 | 8 viegot mared again, what sumprised everybody, » 230.9, 2962 | @ Dist, wino does my hair is from Poland. » 234.2 | ‘eat hin. ‘The Old Man and the Sea’, that is easy to read. » 2 | © This is Naomi, that sels the tickets, » 293 | 6 | poured hi glass of wine, he drank at once, » 2344 Wemei aman of whom I've forgotten the name. » 23: | @ He's married to a singer whose you may have heard, » 235.3 Weneed « house we can stay for a few days. » 237.7, & He tked the people with who he worked. ® 237.8 8 Me ides was interesting which she put forward. » 237.12 You're the one that know where to go. » 287.13 B ‘ca shiok of anybody whom to inte.» 23714 ie chitdren wail have a garden which to play in.» 237.14 Thsis letter from my father, whom we hope willbe fully “overed soon, » 237.17 C ONTENTS OF THIS SECTION 4 jag: basic information 235 whose ‘ing and non-ider 236 what la iden the tll man hor ne 2% elves: advanced pins Roger 85, whowho, whom and which The relative pronouns who and whom refer to. What's the name of the tall man wha Just came ia a ‘man-whiels .) i vs book which will merstildren ofa ages. (yoy subject and object Who and which can be the subjects of verbs in relative ‘ike people who smaile alot. This isthe back door key, which also opens Who(m) and which can also be the objects of unus informal style (» 626). that = wholwhich We often use shat instead of who or which, espe “ike people that smile a lot. This is the key that, Do you remember the people that we met in aly 1 forget most of the flms that 1 see, all that, only . .. that, etc That is especially common after quantifiers like all, any(thing), no(thing), none, ltt, few, much, only, Is this all that’s leh? (More natural than .-. all Have you got anything that betongs to me? (More natural than... anything which...) The only thing that matters is to find our 1 hope the little that I've done has been usefil, 15 the best jilm that’s ever been made about Note that what (» 236) cannot be used in these ¢4 All that you say is certainly true, (Nox leaving out object pronouns: the Object pronouns can often be left out.Relative Clauses Be Hogers You mth yon ogo WHOM YOU Met last yea, (yy et whom Ont hing jocsan article I might interest yoy, Her can article which might interes hae’ a Ce terest YOU.) might rerbs, like reposition ly have one abject, ce un eh en eae ed oan «hat 1 ere aking aaa i ka th 7 wihose: a girl whose hair 4 possessive relative posse Pronoun, used a8 a determiner wen For more details, » 2 bi srl whose halr carne down a er wc. (teat ha ¢ which referring to a whole clause Uhlan refer not only 1 @ noun, bu also othe whole ofa previous dase Nate that wii cannot be used in this way. He gr marted again a year tater, whlch surprised everybody thet surprised verbody) Sheerced from London to Glasgow, which Is pretty good fora woman of 7 sor She orled.. whats pretty good.) 9 relative when, where and why Wher and where can introduce relative clauses after nouns refering ta time and lace They are used in the same way as preposition + wld "never jorge the day when 1 first met you. (=... the day on which ..) Do you Know a shop where I cun find sandals? (=... shop at which ._.) is used in a similar way after reason, Do you know the reason why she doesn't like me? the reason for which ...) * identifying and non-identifying clauses: the tall man who . . .; Mr Rogers, who... " two kinds of relative clause fe - which person or int ‘elative clauses identify or classify nouns: they tell Us recalled “TLE o shich kind of person of thing ismeant (In gramamars these sr ‘Sing’, ‘defining’ or ‘restrictive’ relative clauses) pat he name ofthe tal man wh just came i \Ple who take physical exercise live longer. 1. ns the car which is parked outside? of acarpet? | 80" something Hat will get paint out of eee x ore about peng clauses do not identify o Alas they SHOPS Se ated “gts hats already identified. (nr aus) Z “Sntiying’, ‘non-defining’ of "N61Mer tho oa the company net ag in 1900 Por developed he Model ean Whleh sod foe re are ocveral grarsiaahoa dare between the tor cawe, There ne ano site dflerencan on-idemtifying ior andar lee equi Inna a iat tion ronunciation and punctua‘ Unang ar cater nly illo ‘the out break, They até not separated by pauge memes in spcch ery commen erg PR "5 ‘ould be incomplete without the sa and no seni havea diferent mening) Nomidenying ear | separated by pauses and/or intonation breaks and Gonmmnga et —"i wonenahe Ae from Poland. Corgan Dorota, who does my hair, is fram Poland. ~ ~ She married someone that she met on a bus, a ‘She married a very nice young architect from Belfast, Sa ona bus. Iran ientifing clause is left out, the sentence may not give to make sense The woman is from Poland. (Which woman?) She marred someone. (!) When a non-identifying clause does commas are necessary Porota, who does my hair, is from... (sor hairisfrom, ..) use of that ae That \s common as a relative pronoun in ‘identifying clauses, ‘louses, shat is unusual. Compare: ~ Have you gota book which/that is really easy t0 read? "nt him ‘The Old Man and the Sea, sohigh fo really. [ot ~The Old Man-and-the Sew ~ heres the git who/that sells the tckoree This ts Naomi who sels the tickets (non 7 leaving out object pronouns In identifying relative clauses, we often leave out prono especially in an info kate oat "mal style, In non-identifyingwhose sive possessive ati f(a relative possessive wordt wn a as a deter eter back miner belore nouns in the # moun can be the subject (© people or things. tna the object of a verb or the Vichel Croz, with whose help Whymper, climbed the Int ts my lens the Fores aes rw a eo ey wore small. (object of preposition) an be vse in both identifying and non-identiving clases, Matterhorn, was one of Wi 2 things: of which; that... of : J of whose, we can use of which or that ngs and these are sometimes preferred, The most common pond tye nom + of which or that... af bs of whic. noun i le pose Compare the following four ways of expressing the same idea Hes written « book whose name I've forgotten He’suritien @ book the name of which F've forgotten book that I've forgotten the name of. He's written « book of whieR I've forgotten the name. ‘edo not normally use noun + of who in a possessive sense to talk about people ine 1've forgotten (Nor «-mnan-of whom Lve forgotten 3 only used as a determiner ei of (less formal) to refer to Hes uritien ve whose is only used as a possessive determiner, before a noun. In other "85 we use of which/whom of that... oft ‘1S married toa singer of wham you may have heard. ox... that you may ‘ave heard of. (vor... -e-singer whose.you may have heard.) 4 formality iit with whase are generally felt wo be rather heavy and formal; in an Informal style other struc Ae are often preferred, With (» 633) is a common leggy ting possessive ideas, and is usually more natural than whose in “Striptions, 7 “Jom friends with a house that looks er river a in las house looks over a river.) formal No) that git with «brother who does buses (Les formal han - She, hose brother drives buses?) ‘enormous ears. (More (red t0 the man over there with the "2 ‘he man over there whose ears are236 what _ jing and use: the thing(s) which : ae ena roar wna Oo Ct Te “ti. pete nd a ie) wt aap aa ee clare or ae “ye ey ei mnie = une gong to give me cena ‘hls Cee what I wanted (complement) #2) Jo dia a bat Wh ed ab what not used inn ee ig) | have go eoueng te onde The only thing that beeps me aivake [scoffs (jor gee ewe Dita rat what 6 feet a whale aie Sop maid Jo which made Give? -ahape 3. what as a determiner: what money he has a Wat can alo be used asa determiner will # BSSBIIE en mean like ‘the onl the itl” or ‘the few’. Dee What mone he has comes on sai, (= The ite mony th he has.) oe {2 ioe you wha help J can, (=..any help that ean) fesse ie Wha at ee sete 24, -%. apa aa 237 relatives: advanced points 1. double use of relative pronouns ‘Note that relative pronouns have a double use. They act {inside relative clauses, and at the same time they connect nouns or pronouns in other clauses ~ rather like relative pronouns as general-purpose in non identifying clauses, the pronouns who and. Fever] purpose connecting words, rather like and + She passed the bil 1o Moriarty, who passed it on ton...) M dropped the sau the feo team, which knocked over the ” { .. . and it knocked . .. and. "oe ang ene ga ny Who and whom Who can be oa te bec a engho I marry will have a good sense of an whom! many.) nn rentitin® we i though it Hop an anormal style f ve met Rachel, whom Ie was later t jo marry. ~ informal) a eel axisfactory rule ee esa enn shich-to playin) Unless he had neighbours to quarrel with. (SOThe distinction between idem ing and non-identiying e clear when they modify defin ving el e noun phrases like the eur, Sirs Feuis.Ater indefinite noun phrases lke a car, some gt ag hay |S distinedion te lessicloat, and both Kin Oeansaiie Cfen poset dferences of emphasis. va Hes gota new car that goes like a bombs (on He's got like a bomb.) bhliatans. We became friendly with some nurses that Jack had met in Py (on We became friendly with some nurses, whom Jack haga In general, denying clauses ate used when the information ta be centrally important to the overall message, When this i ley identifying clauses are preferred. ‘NOt 80, non. 16 it was Alice who... ; What Ineed is... Relative clauses (inchiding what-clauses) are used to structure » 273-274 for details. ‘ef semen, Iwas Alice who called the police. What 1 need fa long re 17 somebody | know you'll like Itis often possible to combine relative clauses with indirect statemens and similar structures, eg. !know/said/feeV/hope/wish (thal)... espedal nm informal style. Expressions like J know, I said, etc come after the poston oe relative pronoun We're going to meet somebody (who/that) I know (that) you'll like. 1a house (which/that) we feel (that) we might want to buy. That's the man (who/that) Twish (that) Vd married. Note that the conjunction (the second that) is usually dropped in this suc it must be dropped if the relative pronoun is a subject. This is the woman (who/that) Anna said could show us the church. 6 (00) Bites thereon foherthal) Anna said tat cotdd show ws In this structure, people sometimes use whom as a subject pronoun. This st generally considered correct This is a leter from my father, whom we hope will be fully recovered 0% (More correct: ... who we hope will be...) Relative clauses can also be combined with i-clauses in sentences ike the following Jam enclosing an application form, which F should be grateful if 0" sign and return, 18 a car that | didn’t know how fast it could go. ete ‘We do not usually combine a relative clause with an However, this sometimes happens in informal speech. ‘ve just been to see an old friend that I'm not sure to se again There's a pile of paperwork that I just don’gsammatically c sno grammati rect way of doi mere 8 00 Or the relative clause, Howens pie : *, Sentences like se Sad pronouns) aFe also sometimes heard inne US (ott real examples “ard in informal speech. sone vg aca that T lid’ Kou oe fas tee gclous 10 Sin 3074 thal you don aoe sn ‘iron control at the back that I don’t understand hee je Te iron Kd tha Tm find ou whether party or not 1g omision of subject 2 aie ey informal style, a subject relative pros avery ect relative pronoun is sometimes dropped after re man ate door ea 0 double object 1 wo abalone mending you a letter that I want you to destroy after reading, (ok... after reading i.) sic aus somebody that you could like without admiring. ‘admiring him.) 21 older English: who and that which inolder English, who could be used in a similar way to what, as noun ‘ulatve pronoun together, meaning, ‘the person who, whoever or ‘uybody who’. In modern English, this is very unusual. ‘Who steals my purse steals trash. (Shakespeare, Othello) (Modem | Whoever/ Anybody wha . That which used to bve used in the same way as what. This, £0, n modern English. We have that which we need. (Modern English: We hare