PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic

Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 10

Name: Class number: _______

_________________________________________________________________ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

Lesson title: Square of Oppositions: Sub-Altern and Sub-Contrary 1. Materials:

{List materials that students will need
Lesson Objectives: 2. to complete this lesson.}

1. Categorize categorical symbols of proposition References:

2. Evaluate statements either sub-altern and sub-contrary {List of references used for the lesson}

Productivity Tip:

Hey! Today! You will continue to learn the square of opposition. Let’s do it! Have a Good day!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

1) Introduction (2 mins)
TABLE OF TRUTH VALUES

A I E O
True True False False
False Doubtful Doubtful True
I A E O
True T Doubtful False Doubtful
I H
False False True True
F E
E N O A I
True True False False
False Doubtful Doubtful True
O E A I
True Doubtful False Doubtful
False False True True

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

Direction: Using the TABLE OF TRUTH VALUES above, answer the following questions below. Write your
answers on the “What I Know” column.

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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 10

Name: Class number: _______

_________________________________________________________________ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

(Activity 4)
True If A is true, what is the truth value of I?

Doubtful If I is true, what is the truth value of O?

Doubtful If O is true, what is the truth value of E?

B. MAIN LESSON

1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

Logical Opposition/ Aristotelian Square–it refers to the relationship existing between two proposition having the
same subject and the same predicate but differ in quantity or in quality or both quantity or quality. Simply, it refers
to the relationship among A, E, I and O propositions.

Kinds of Opposition (Cont.)

3. Sub-contrary – the relation between particular affirmative (I) and particular negative (O) proposition.
Rules of Sub-contrary:

 If one of the contraries is false, then the other is true.

 If one is true, the other is doubtful.

 Ex. Given Proposition: Resulting Proposition:

(I): Some police are women (O): Some Police are not women.
(O) Some avocado in the basket are not ripe. (I): Some avocado in the basket are ripe.

4. Sub-alternation – the relation between universal and particular proposition having the same quality.
2 Pairs:
1. Universal Affirmative ( A)
Particular Affirmative (I)
2. Universal Negative (E)
Particular Negative (O)

Rules of Sub-Alternation:

 If the universal is true, then the particular is true.

 If the universal is false, then particular is doubtful.
 If the universal is true, then the universal is doubtful.
 And if the particular is false, then the universal is false.

 Ex. Given Proposition: Resulting Proposition:

(A): All sunflowers are yellow. (I): Some sunflowers are yellow.
(E): No teachers are lazy. (false) (O): Some teachers are not lazy. (True/False)

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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 10

Name: Class number: _______

_________________________________________________________________ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

2) Activity 3.1: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Direction: Give the subaltern and subcontrary proposition of the following by changing the given statements
below. Put N/A if not applicable.

Proposition Sub-Contrary Sub-Altern

Some students are cheater. Some students are not cheater. All students are cheater.

Some fruits are not delicious. Some fruits are delicious. No fruits are delicious.

All police are snappy. N/A Some police are snappy.

Some criminologist are criminals. Some criminologists are not criminals All criminologists are criminals.

No cheaters are honest. N/A Some cheaters are not honest.

Some lawyers are not judges. Some lawyers are judges. No lawyers are judges.

Activity 3.2: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Direction: Give the sub-contrary of these propositions.

1. Some people are rich ________________________________

2. Some citizens are not voters. ________________________________

3. Some student are married. ________________________________

4. Some lovers are blind. ________________________________

5. All people are good. ________________________________

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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 10

Name: Class number: _______

_________________________________________________________________ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Direction: Using the TABLE OF TRUTH VALUES in the introduction, answer the following questions below. Write
your answers of the first question on the “What I Know” column and your answer of the second question on the “What I
Learned” column.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

(Activity 4)
True If A is true, what is the truth value of I? What type of
opposition is A and I? Sub-altern

Doubtful If I is true, what is the truth value of O? What type of

opposition is I and O? Sub-Contrary

Doubtful If O is true, what is the truth value of E? What type

of opposition is O and E? Sub-altern

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Directions: Using the principle of Square of Oppositions, analyze and answer the following propositions. Supply
the corresponding relations to the blank provided; otherwise, write N/A if not applicable. After which,
determine their value (true, false, or doubtful)

Ex. All drinking water are distilled. True

Contrary All drinking water are not distilled. False
Sub-contrary N/A
Sub-altern Some drinking water are not distilled. True
Contradictory Some drinking water are distilled. False

1. All robots are irrational.

Contrary

Sub-contrary

Sub-altern

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 PHI 002: Introduction to Philosophy & Logic
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson 10

Name: Class number: _______

_________________________________________________________________ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

Contradictory

2. Some animals are dogs.

Contrary

Sub-contrary

Sub-altern

Contradictory

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

You are done with the session! Let's track your progress

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

P3
1 2 3 4 5 6 P1 Exam 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 P2 Exam 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Exam

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