22/04/2010

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE

Learning Outcomes
Make a schematic fraction transformation-versuslogarithm of time plot for a typical solid-solid transformation; cite th equation th t d t f ti it the ti that describes thi ib this behaviour. Briefly describe the microstructure for each of the following microconstituents that are found in steel alloys: fine pearlite, coarse pearlite, bainite, spheroidite, martensite and tempered martensite. by AP Dr. Puteri Sri Melor bt. Megat Yusoff
Chapter 10 - 1 Chapter 10 - 2

Rate of Phase Transformations Learning Outcomes

Cite the general mechanical characteristics for each of the above microconstituents. Also, explain these behaviours i t b h i in terms of microstructure or crystal f i t t t l structure. Given the isothermal transformation diagram (TTT) for some Fe-C alloy, design a heat treatment that will produce a specified microstructure.

Kinetics - measure approach to equilibrium vs. time Hold temperature constant & measure conversion vs. time How i conversion measured? H is i d?
X-ray diffraction have to do many samples electrical conductivity follow one sample sound waves one sample

Chapter 10 - 3

Chapter 10 - 4

Rate of Phase Transformation

Fr raction transformed, y

Rate of Phase Transformations

135C 119C 113C 102C 88C 43C Adapted from Fig. 10.11, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.11 adapted from B.F. Decker and D. Harker, "Recrystallization in Rolled Copper", Trans AIME, 188, 1950, p. 888.)

Fixed T
0.5

All out of material - done

maximum rate reached now amount unconverted decreases so rate slows t0.5 rate increases as surface area increases & nuclei grow 1 10 102 104

log t (-ktn)
time

Adapted from Fig. 10.10, Callister 7e.

In general, rate increases as T

Avrami rate equation => y = 1- exp

fraction transformed

r = 1/t0.5 = A e -Q/RT
R = gas constant T = temperature (K) A = preexponential factor Q = activation energy

k & n fit for specific sample By convention r = 1 / t0.5

Chapter 10 - 5

Arrhenius expression

r often small: equilibrium not possible!

Chapter 10 - 6

22/04/2010

Eutectoid Transformation Rate

Growth of pearlite from austenite:
Austenite () grain boundary
Adapted from Fig. 9.15, Callister 7e.

Nucleation and Growth

Reaction rate is a result of nucleation and growth of crystals.
100 % Pearlite 50 Nucleation
regime

cementite (Fe3C) Ferrite () pearlite growth direction

Diffusive flow of C needed

Nucleation rate increases with T

Growth regime

Growth rate increases with T log (time)

Adapted from Fig. 10.10, Callister 7e.

t 0.5

y (% pearlite)

Recrystallization rate increases with T.

100
600C (T larger)

Examples:
650C 675C (T smaller)
Adapted from Fig. 10.12, Callister 7e.

50 0

pearlite colony

T just below TE

T moderately below TE
Nucleation rate med . Growth rate med.

T way below TE
Nucleation rate high Growth rate low
Chapter 10 - 8

Course pearlite Fine pearlite

formed at higher T - softer formed at low T - harder

Chapter 10 - 7

Nucleation rate low Growth rate high

Transformations & Undercooling

+ Fe3C Eutectoid transf. (Fe-C System): Can make it occur at: 0.76 wt% C 6.7 wt% C ...727C (cool it slowly) ...below 727C (undercool it!) T(C)
1600

Isothermal Transformation Diagrams

Fe-C system, Co = 0.76 wt% C Transformation at T = 675C.
y, % transformed

0.022 wt% C

100

T = 675C
50 0 1 10 2 Austenite (stable)
Austenite (unstable)

1400

L
1148C

L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)

+L 1200 (austenite) ferrite

1000

Adapted from Fig. 9.24,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.24 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

10 4

time (s) ti ( ) TE (727C)

Adapted from Fig. 10.13,Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.13 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1977, p. 369.)

T(C)
700 600 500 400

Eutectoid:
800 600
0.022

+Fe3C
+Fe3C
4 727C

Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727C T

400 0 (Fe)

0.76

Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C

1 2 3 5 6

Pearlite isothermal transformation at 675C

6.7
Chapter 10 - 9

Co , wt%C

10

10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5

time (s)
Chapter 10 - 10

Effect of Cooling History in Fe-C System

Eutectoid composition, Co = 0.76 wt% C Begin at T > 727C Rapidly cool to 625C and hold isothermally.
T(C)
700 Austenite (stable)
Austenite (unstable)

Transformations with Proeutectoid Materials

CO = 1.13 wt% C
900

T(C)
A + A P P

1600

T(C)
+L

800 700 A

TE (727C)

C A +

1200 1000 800

(austenite)

L+Fe3C

600

Pearlite

0.022

time (s)

1.13

10

102

103

104

400 0 (Fe)

0.76

500

Adapted from Fig. 10.14,Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.14 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

600 500

+Fe3C
T
2 3

600

+Fe3C
4 5

727C

6.7

400 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
Chapter 10 - 11

Adapted from Fig. 10.16, Callister 7e.

Adapted from Fig. 9.24, Callister 7e.

Co , wt%C

time (s)

Hypereutectoid composition proeutectoid cementite

Chapter 10 - 12

Fe3C (ceme entite)

TE (727C)

1400

22/04/2010

Non-Equilibrium Transformation Products: Fe-C

Bainite:
-- lathes (strips) with long rods of Fe3C --diffusion controlled.
Fe3C (cementite)

Spheroidite: Fe-C System

Spheroidite:
(ferrite) -- grains with spherical Fe3C --diffusion dependent. --heat bainite or pearlite for long times Fe3C --reduces interfacial area (driving force) (cementite)

Isothermal Transf. Diagram

800 Austenite (stable)

(ferrite)

T(C) ( )
600

TE
5 m
(Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister, 7e. (Fig. 10.17 from Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 8, Metallography, Structures, and Phase Diagrams, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1973.)

100% pearlite

pearlite/bainite boundary

100% bainite 400

60 m
(Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister, 7e. (Fig. 10.19 copyright United States Steel Corporation, 1971.)

200 10-1 10 103 105

Adapted from Fig. 10.18, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.18 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

time (s)

Chapter 10 - 13

Chapter 10 - 14

Martensite: Fe-C System

Martensite:
--(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
(involves single atom jumps) x x x x x

Martensite Formation
(FCC)
slow cooling

Fe atom sites

potential x C atom sites

(Adapted from Fig. 10.20, Callister, 7e.

60 m

(BCC) + Fe3C

quench M (BCT) tempering

Isothermal Transf. Diagram

800 Austenite (stable)

T(C)
600
Adapted from Fig. 10.22, Callister 7e.

TE

Martensite needles Austenite

(Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister, 7e. (Fig. 10.21 courtesy United States Steel Corporation.)

M = martensite is body centered tetragonal (BCT) Diffusionless transformation BCT few slip planes BCT if C > 0.15 wt% hard, brittle

400

B
0% 50% 90%

to M transformation..
-- is rapid! -- % transf. depends on T only.

200 10-1

M+A M+A M+A

10

10

105

time (s)

Chapter 10 - 15

Chapter 10 - 16

Dynamic Phase Transformations

On the isothermal transformation diagram for 0.45 wt% C Fe-C alloy, sketch and label the time-temperature paths to produce the following microstructures: a) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite ) p b) 100% martensite c) 50% martensite and 50% austenite

Example Problem for Co = 0.45 wt%

a) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
first make pearlite T (C) then bainite fine pearlite lower T
800 A A+

600 A 400

P B

A+P A+B 50%

M (start) M (50%) M (90%)

200
Adapted from Fig. 10.29, Callister 5e.

0 0.1

10

time (s)

103

105
Chapter 10 - 18

Chapter 10 - 17

22/04/2010

Example Problem for Co = 0.45 wt%

b) 100 % martensite quench = rapid cool c) 50 % martensite 800 A+ and 50 % A T (C) austenite
600 A 400 50% M (start) M (50%) M (90%) P B A+P A+B

Mechanical Prop: Fe-C System (1)

Effect of wt% C
Pearlite (med) ferrite (soft)
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.30 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.)

Pearlite (med) Cementite (hard)

Co < 0.76 wt% C Hypoeutectoid Hyper Co > 0.76 wt% C Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e. Hypereutectoid (Fig. 9.33 copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.) Hypo Hyper
Impact energy (Izod, ft t-lb)

TS(MPa) 1100 YS(MPa) 900

Hypo

%EL
100

80

hardness 700 50 500 300

0.76

40

d)

0 0

200
Adapted from Fig. 10.29, Callister 5e.

Adapted from Fig. 10.29, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.29 based on data from Metals Handbook: Heat Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria (Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1981, p. 9.)

c)
0 0.1 10

time (s)

103

105
Chapter 10 - 19

wt% C wt% C More wt% C: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases.

Chapter 10 - 20

0.5

0.76

0.5

Mechanical Prop: Fe-C System (2)

Fine vs coarse pearlite vs spheroidite
Hypo
320
Duc ctility (%AR) Brinell hardness

Mechanical Prop: Fe-C System (3)

Fine Pearlite vs Martensite:
Hypo
Brinell hardness

Hyper

90

Hypo

Hyper
spheroidite

Hyper

240

fine pearlite coarse pearlite spheroidite

60

600

martensite
Adapted from Fig. 10.32, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.32 adapted from Edgar C Bain Functions of C. Bain, the Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36; and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal, and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A, Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)

160

30

80 0 0.5

wt%C

coarse pearlite fine pearlite 0 0.5

400

200

wt%C

fine pearlite
0 0 0.5

Hardness: %RA:

fine > coarse > spheroidite fine < coarse < spheroidite

Adapted from Fig. 10.30, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.30 based on data from Metals Handbook: Heat Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria (Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)

wt% C

Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.

Chapter 10 - 21

Chapter 10 - 22

Tempering Martensite
reduces brittleness of martensite, reduces internal stress caused by quenching.
TS(MPa) YS(MPa) 1800 1600
Adapted from 1400 Fig. 10 34 Fi 10.34, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.34 1200 adapted from Fig. furnished 1000 courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.) 800

Summary: Processing Options

Austenite () slow cool moderate cool Bainite
( + Fe3C plates/needles)
Adapted from Fig. 10.36, Callister 7e.

rapid quench Martensite

( (BCT p phase diffusionless transformation)

TS

Pearlite
Adapted from Fig. 10 33 Fi 10.33, Callister 7e. (Fig. 10.33 copyright by United States Steel Corporation, 1971.)

%RA

Strength

Ductility

60 50 %RA 40 30

9 m m

YS

( + Fe3C layers + a proeutectoid phase)

200

400

Tempering T (C)

600

produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by . decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
Chapter 10 - 23

Martensite T Martensite bainite fine pearlite coarse pearlite spheroidite General Trends

reheat Tempered Martensite

( + very fine Fe3C particles)
Chapter 10 - 24