This comparator uses LM 339 which is quad comparator which needs external pulls.

sTOrs. The resistance R,, R,, R, and R, decide the UTP and LTP levels. +v
+V is the
llup
that output can drive TTL circuits,
Supply and practically it is 5 V so
P
+

When Vim is less than LIP, the lower comparator A2 pulls the output to zero
zero while
when Vin is greater than UTP, the upper comparator A | Pulls the output to zero r
in 1s between UTP and LTP, the output of both the comparators is zero and the

remains at +
5 V i.e. high.

10.32 Active Filters

A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of frequencies
selective circuit. nile
attenuating all the signals outside that band. It is a frequency
The filters are basically classified as active filters and passive hlters. The passiv.
nerworks use only passive elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors
filter
On the
other hand, active filter circuits use the active elements such as op-amps, transistow

alongwith the resistors, inductors and capacitors. Modern active filters do not
tors
use
inductors as the inductors are bulky, heavy and nonlinear. The inductors gener
te the
stray magnetic fields. The inductors dissipate considerable amount of power

10.32.1 Advantages of Active Filters

The active filters have the following advantges over the passive filters,
1. All the elements alongwith op-amp can be used in the integrated form. Hence
there is reduction is size and weight.
2. In large quantities, the cost of the
integrated circuit can be much lower than its
equivalent passive network.
3. Due to availability of modern ICs, of
variety cheaper op-amps are available.
4. The op-amp gain can be easily controlled in the closed loop fashion hence achve
filter input signals is not attenuated.
5. Due to
flexibility in gain and frequency adjustments, the active filters can oe
reasily
tuned.
6. The
op-amp has high input impedance and low achve
filters using output impedance nene
op-amp do not cause loading of the source or load.
7, The nductors are are
absent in the active filters hence the modern
more economical. acuv
8. Active filters 1ons such
as
can be realized under
number of class of
Butterworth, Thomson,
Lne
Chebyshev, Cauer etc.
response is
a d y a v a i l a b i l i t y

of improved as compared to passive filters due t

high quality components.
10. The
design procedure is simpler than that for the
passive
 rcults
E l e c t r o n i cC i r c 10-73

11. Active filters can provide voltage gains, incontrastthe Operational Amplifiers
significant voltage loss. the
passive filters often show
Inspite o f above
he ab advantages, the active a
filters also have
th of the active devices certain
nite b a n d w i d t

caite places limit on the

a
limitations. The
of the applications, with
present day highest frequency of
For
most

nce can be achieved approximately upto

technology,
500 kHz. As
a
reasonably goodoperation.
filter
against
Perh

upto 500 MHz this

Can be
used
passive filters
nnortant factor
Another importa is the
sensitivity. The active
the temperature and the elements are much
sensitiv
envirpnmental changes
to changes in the parameters due to the
than the passive more
elements
Hence due environmental changes, the active
formance deviates fro its ideal response. filter
pertor

Tha of d.c. power supply is another

requirement
passive filters do not require the d.c. supply.
disadvantage of the active filters. The
The most commonly used filters are,

1. Low Pass (LP) filter 2. High Pass (HP) filter 3. Band

(BP) filter 4. Band Reject Pass
(BR) flter. This is also called Band Stop or Band Ellimination filter. 5. All Pass filter.

10.32.2 Frequency Response Characteristics of Filters

The Fig. 10.77 shows the frequency response of low pass filter. A low pass filter has a

constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cut-off frequency, fp. Hence, the bandwidth of this ilter
5also fy The ideal characteristics is shown in Fig. 10.77 (a).

Gain Gain
offilter Transition
of filter band

Stop
Pass Stop Pass band
band
band band
Frequency 0
(b) Practical

(a) Ideal
filter the
10.77 Low pass known as
Fig. is
This range
The circuit allows the of frequencies
from 0 to fu attenuated
and
hence
called

range
band.
The
2s stop band. range of frequencies beyond fH,
is completely

the
and at f =
fj
increases
transition

frequency end of

3ain isactically, the gain of

as the After the
the filter decreases rate.
5an higher

, thedown by 3 dB and
at a
band, the gain becomes after f it
decreases

zero.
 10-74 Operational Amplifiers
Electronic Circuits
and high speed op-amn
precision component values nps,
Using proper design techniques, to the ideal response.
close
the practical response can be obtained very
high pass filter.
of
For a high pass filter
10.78 shows the frequency response
The Fig. of frequency 0 <f <h
is the stop band where
The range
is the low cut off frequency. >
f is the passband. The
While the range of frequency
is the operating frequency. while Fig. 10.78 (b) shows ha
filter characteristics
Fig. 10.78 (a) shows the ideal high pass
characteristicS.
practical high pass filter
Gain
Gain of filter
of filter Transition
band
--

Stop
band Pass
Stop Pass band
band band
Frequency
Frequency
0
(b) Practical
(a) Ideal
Fig. 10.78 High pass filter
the characteristics as it is very smal.
The practically not shown in
transition band is
as pass band. The
is called as stop band and
f > f,
Hence, practically, also range upto f,
attenuated by high pass filter.
range upto f is completely
characteristics of band pass filter.
The band pass filter has
The Fig. 10.79 shows the
0 < f <f and range frequency fu < f< o are of
two stop bands. The range frequency of
is the pass band. The
bandwidth is thus fH
two stop bands while the range f < f < fy shows the
the ideal characteristics while the Fig. 10.79 (b)
10.79 (a) shows
f. The Fig.
practical characteristics.
Gain
Gain of filter
of filter

Vin
0.707
( 3 dB
Stop Pass Stop down)
band band band
Frequency

0 Frequency
(b) Practical
(a) Ideal

Fig. 10.79 Band pass filter

only
filter passe
lower frequency range, the high pass uency

The low pass filter passes only the band of c

while the band pass filter only passes
higher requency range
between low and high frequency limits defined by t; and tu
ElectronicCircuite
its 10 75

ilter
Operational Amplifiers
also called band
is
The b a n d
elim rejection filter
ristics iis exactly annosite to that of band pass filter. Thereor band stop filter. Its
s ex

characd

stop band.
The The stop band is between
the two
are two
pass bands
and
and fu
fh << ff << o are the
frequencies f, and fp The
<f < t two
while

pass bands. two

ranges0 The
tics
characterise
of band elimination filter is
shown in Fig. 10.80. The Fig. 10.80 frequency response
Aater
jidealrespornse w h i l the Fig. 10.80 (6) shows the
hile practical (a) shows the
response.
requency f f =
=
fe, the practical characteristics shows a notch and
filter.
hence, this flter is
Notch
called
adso
feuency
he fc in both band pass and band elimination
filters is called centre
as it
frequencyas , is approximately at the centre of the
pass band and stop band respectively
two filters.
for the

Gain Gain
of filter
of filter

0.707
(3 dB
Pass Stop Pass down)
band band band

0 Frequency 0 Frequency
H
(b) Practical
(a) Ideal

Fig. 10.80 Band elimination filter

10,33
important Observations about Filters
Remarks and
in
as shown
domain and frequency domain
g1
an be represented in the time
fg, 10
10.81 (a) and (b).
As the
selective network, the output V, (0) contains only Sone it
E1s frequency
ina

requency nents of Vin (t) It is convenient to analyze the filter byrepresenting

domain, the
tilter 1s

ijuency domain as in Fig. 10.81 (b). In the frequency

lescribed by oWn
the transfer function,
Filter
V.Gio)
Vin ) V, (t) Vi jw)
Filter H(S) or Ho)] v, (s)
Vin (s)
(b) Frequency domain

(a) Time domain

Representation

Fig. 10.81 Filter

( 1a)

H(s) =Yo(S)
in
Electronic Circuits 10 76
Operational Amplifiers
Or H (jo) VV jo)
(jo) . (1 b)

where o 2nf and f is the operating frequency.

=
In the steady state, the
function can be ansfer
represented in the polar form as,
H jo) |H(jo)|2 =
H (jo) =
M 2
where M =| H (jo)| Magnitude
=

= H (2)
(jo) =
Phase anglee
The magnitude is generally represented in dB as 20 log |H (jo). In the freauen
response of various filters discussed above, the
magnitude i.e. gain is
plotted againstency
the
frequency. Thus, the
magnitude of the transfer function
|H (jo)|= oV s called gain
is called
the filter. The filters in o gain of
are
analyzed and designed considering the
angle of the transfer function. magnitude and the phase
An
important thing be observed from the
can
the behaviour of the gain in the frequency responses discussed above is
either decreases or increases stop band for the various filters. The
filter changes in the
or both in the frequency
stop band. The rate at which the response
stop band is dependent on the order of gain of the
order then gain increases the filter. If the filter is first
at a rate 20
gain decreases at a rate 20 dB/decade in a stop band of high
dB/decade in a stop band of low pass filter, the
indicates that there is a pass filter and so on. This
change of 20 dB in a
gain
frequency. Such a change in gain is called per decade (10times)
change in ihe
Key Point: In case a second
gain roll off.
and so on. of order filters, the gain roll
off is at the rate of 40 dB/decaue
The vari0us types of filters used
in
response are: i) practice which approxinmately produce
Butterworth filters the
e
ii) Chebyshev Filters
iii) Cauer Filters
10.33.1 Butterworth Approximation
The filter
in which
polynomial is called denominator polynomial of its transfer
sfer function
function is Butterwortn
are
given in Butterworth
the Tables 10.6
a
filter. The
a
various orders

and 10.7. Butterworth polynomials or v

 10-78
Operational Amplifiers
Electronic Circuits

Butterworth Filter
Order Low Pass
10.34 First used alonguit
circuit
R-C
butterworth filter
is realised by an
The first order low pass The circuit diagram is shown in Fig, 10
10.82.
configuration.
op-amp, used in the noninverting

R
w-
+Vcc
R1 B
ww
A
Op-amp N
R
Pot VEE

Butterworth filter
Fig. 10.82 First order low pass

This also called one pole low pass Butterworth filter.

The resistances R and R decide the gain of the filter in the pass band.

10.34.1 Analysis of the Filter Circuit

The impedance of the capacitor C is - jXc where Xc is the capacitive reactance given

1
by Xc 2TfC
By the potential divider rule, the voltage at the noninverting input terminal A which is
the voltage across capacitor C is given by,

VA -jC.
R-jXc Vin .. (1)

VA -i
in
R-i2TC Vin2TfRC i
Vin
2Tt fRC

but -i and

VA = in . (2)
1+j2TfRC
As the is in the
op-amp
noninverting configuration,
 10 79
E l e c t r o n i cC i r c u i t s
Operational Amplifiers

,- . (3)

v-1+RR(1+j2 nfRC)
No AF . (4)
i.e

=Gain of filter in pass band (5)

where
A 1R
1
High cut
off frequency of filter (6)
and H 2TRG

and
f = Operating frequency
in the polar form as,
function of the filter and can be expressed
The is the transfer

Vin |

AF . . (7)

where 1

(8)
and - tan

The phase angle o is in degrees. filter.

of the low pass
equation (7) describes the behaviour
1.At very low frequencies, f < fH

Ap i e . constant

2. At f fg
down to the
level of Ap
i.e. 3 dB
0.707 Ap
V
in
3.
At f> fH
Vo Ap
Vin
 Electronic Circuits 10-80
Operational Amplifiers
Thus, for the range of frequencies, 0 < f < fH the gain
is almost constart
equal to f
which is high cut off frequency. At f fH gain reduces to
=
0.707 Ap i.e. 3 dB down from
Ap And as the frequency increases than fH the gain decreases at a rate of 20dB/decade
The rate 20 dB/decade means decrease of 20 dB in gain per 10 times change in
frequency
The same rate can be expressed as 6 dB/octave i.e. decrease of 6 dB per two times change
in the frequency. The fH called cut off frequency, break frequency, 3dB
frequency is
frequency or corner frequency. The frequency response is shown in the Fig. 10.83.
-

Voltage gain

Rate of decrease 20 dB/decade

0.707 AF i.e. Slope - 20 dB/decade

(3 dB down)
Pass
band Stop band
-Frequency
0

Fig. 10.83 Frequency response

Key Point: The rate of decrease in gain is 20 dB/decade ie. the decraase can be indicated by
a negative slope in the frequency response, as - 20 dB/decade.

10.34.2 Design Steps

The design steps for the first order low pass Butterworth filter are

1) Choose the cut off frequency, fa

2) Choose the capacitance C usually betwen 0.001 and 1uF. Generally, it is selected
are
as 1 uF or less than that. For better performance, mylar or tantalum capacitors
selected.
3) Now, for the RC circuit,

fH 2TRC refer equation (6)

Hence, as fy and C are known, calculate the value of R.

n the
the required gaut
4) The resistances R¢ and R can be selected depending on

pass band.

Ap 1 +R
 Electronic Circuits 10 82
Operational Amplifien
Re = 0.5 R1

Choose 10 k2
R =

5 k2
R =

in the Fig. 10.85.

The complete circuit diagram is shown

Filter
10.35 First Order High Pass Butterworth
As mentioned earlier, a high pass filter is a circuit that attenuates all the signals t
a specified cut off frequency denoted as f Thus, a high pass filter performs the onposite
function to that of low pass filter. Hence, the high pass filter circuit can be obtaine
in low pass filter cire by
resistances and capacitors
interchanging frequency determining ait
The first order high pass filter can be obtained by interchanging the elements R andA
in a first order low pass filter circuit. The Fig. 10.86 shows the first order high pass

Butterworth filter.

R
wW

+Ncc
Ri
w-
Op-amp
y
V PotR NeE

Fig. 10.86 First order high pass Butterworth filter

It can be observed that as compared to first order low pass filter (Fig.
10.82), the
10.86.
positions of R and C are changed in the high pass circuit shown in Fig.
is called
times the gain of filter in pass band
low
The frequency at which the gain is 0.707
cut-off frequency and denoted as f. So, all the frequencies greater than i ae
Dy
allowed to pass is determinec
allowed to pass but the maximum frequency which is
the closed loop bandwidth of the op-amp used.

10.35.1 Analysis of the Filter Circuit

The impedance of the capacitor is -jXc = - i|mfcwhere f iis the input ie

operating frequency.
 ectronic Circuits
uits 10-83
is, By the
Operational Amplifiers
voltage divider rule
ule, the potential of the non
inverting terminal of the op-amp

VA R
VinR -jX¢
=

(1)

VA = Vin R
taking -j Xc outside
As

=j, we can
write,
NSTTUEOTEC
-i Xc
=j2 nfC LiBRARY
C
Substituting in the above 2 tfC NOZ5OG (2)

expression of VA
R
VA Vin

VA = VinT+i27fR c

This (3)
can be
represented as,

VA = Vin

where
fL 2TRC
Low cut-off frequency 4
Now, for the
op-amp in non-inverting configuration,
Vo = Ap VA

where VA = Voltage at the non inverting input

and
AF 1+ R
R
 Operational Amplifiers
10-84
Electronic Circuits
band
in pass
Gain of o p - a m p

Vo= AF Vin
il
(5)

Vin
filter.
function of the
for the transfer
expression
the transfer function which
is
This is the required
the magnitude of
w e require
frequency response,
For the

given by,
.. (6)

in

filter.
describes the behaviour of the high pass
The equation (6)
1) At low frequencies, ie. f< ft

Yo AF
2) At f f
V i.e. 3 dB down from the level of Ap
= 0.707 Ap

3) At f> f, i.e. high frequencies, 1 can be neglected as compared to|

denominator.

e Ap i.e. constant
Vin For the

Thus, the circuit acts as high pass filter with a passband gain as
Hence
frequencies, f he increases till f =f; of +20 dB/decade.
f, < gain at a rate pas

slope of the frequency response in stop band is + 20 dB/decade for first order
filter.
 Elecro

frequency respons is shown in the Fig. 10.87.

perauonal Amplifiers
The

Voltage gain

Slope +20 dB/decade

AF
0.707 Ar
(3 dB down)

Stop band- Pass band

0 Frequency

Fig. 10.87 Frequency response

Note As high pass filter is

filter circuit with
Ra
a low pass
basically
pOsitions of R and C interchanged, the
and the frequency scaling C R
desigTn steps
method discussed earlier for low pass Vin w
to the first
flter is equally applicable
order high pass butterworth filter.
The first order high pass filter can
be obtained by using inverting
shown in the pass filter
configuration as
Fig. 10.88 Inverting first order high
Fig. 10.88.
wth a
of 10 kHz

Example 10.16 Design a high pass filter

with a cut off frequency
the designed futer
PAsband gain of 1.5. Also plot the frequency response for

Solution
S
ep 1: The lower cut-off frequency is 10 kHz.
f =
10 kHz

Step 2:Choose C less than 1 gh.

C = 0.02 uF
Step 3: Calculate R

f 2TRC
10 x 10° =
0.02 x 10
2 7t Rx
R = 795.77
 10-87
ElocironicCircuitss
uits Operational Amplifiers
5000 0.671 - 3.46

10000 1.061 0.511

30000 1.42 3.06

100000 1.49 3.47

Table 10.8
frequency response is shown in the Fig. 10.90.
The
Gain in dB

+5dB 3 dB
OdB

-10

-20

-30 Slope
20 dB/decade
40 Pass band

-50
Stop band

10 100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency

in Hz

Fig. 10.90
10.36 Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
ideal In case ot low
practical response of the filter must be very close to an one.
t is always desirable that the gain rolls off very fast after the cut off requency,
band. In case of first order filter, it rolls off at a rate of 20 dB/decade. In case
second order filter, the
of
R rolls off at a rate of
gain
40 dB/decade. Thus, the

R +Ncc slope of the frequerncy

is
response
after f =
tu
second
R Op-amp> -
40 dB/decade, for a
Wiw- Ra No order low pass filter.

Ne A first order filter

second
can

order
be

CsT converted

type by using
to
an additional

Fig. 10.91 Sece

econd order low pass Butterworth filter
RC network as shown in the Fig. 10.91.
The cut off frequency f for the filter is now decided by Rz C2 R3 and Cs: The gain
of the filter is as usual decided by op-amp i.e. the resistance Ri and Ke

10.36.1 Analysis of the Filter Circuit

For deriving the expression for the cut off frequerncy, let us use the Laplace transform
method.
The input RC network can be represented in the Laplace domain as shown in
Fig. 10.92.

R2 N Ra VA To op-amnp
w I=0 +ve terminal
L(s) Is) (op-amp input
Vins) 1 current is zero)
2 (s)
V,(s)
Fig. 10.92

Now .. (1)

i.e. in-V V- R (2)

R2
SC2
Using potential divider rule, we can write,

VA VNi sC3 . (3)

R3 sC3.
VA T+sR C3 (4)

V =
VA (1 + s
R3 C
Substituting in equation (2) and solving for VA we get
Vin-Va(1+sR, C3) VA (1+s R3 C3)-Vo V (1+s R3 C3)-a
R2 R3

R+VsC)
R2 =Va|(1+sR C) +s C(1+s R,.C3)+ l+s9R
R2 R3
CectronicCircuits 10 89
EIect
Operational Amplifiers
R(1+s R,C3)+R2R3
a+V6C
=

Va|* s
C2(1+s R3C3 )+ R2(1+s
R2 R, R3 R,C3)-R,1
V+V, s R2 Kg VAlU *
sR3 C3) (Rz R^ R3 s C R,) -R1
+
+

R Vin+V,
(1+s R C3) (R3 +R2sR2
A R, C2
R3 C2 s+R2)-R21 (5)
Now, for op-amp in noninverting configuration.
Vo = AF VA

6)
where
Ap 1 +
R
VA = The voltage at the
and noninverting terminal1
Vo Ar
R3 Vin +V, sR2 R3 C2
(1+s R C,) R; +R2 R3 C2 s+R2)-R2
Ap RaVn sR2R3 C2
1+5 RC3) (R3+R2R3 Qs+R2)-R2 °1+s R3 C3) R3+Rg R, C2s+R2)-R2
A R Vin = Vo [ (1+ s R3 C3) (Rg+ R3 R2 C2 S + R)-R2 - s R2 R3 C

Ap
.(7)
ns24R
in C*R, C3 *R, C2-Ap R, C;)s. 1
R2 R C2 C3 R, Rg C2 C3
As the order of s in the gain expression is two, the filter is called second order filter.

The standard form of the transfer function of any second order system is

V (s) A
(8)
Vin s) $2 +280, st+ 0
where A Overall
=
gain
= Damping of system
n = Natural frequency of oscillations
Comparing equation (7) and equation (8), we can say that
(9)

R2 R, C2 C3
n H
case of the cut-off frequency,
filters,
s this frequency is nothing but

1
R, R3 C2 C3
 10 9 0
Operational Amplifiera
Electronlo Circults

(2n R , R,C
.. (10)
2 n2n /k, R, C, C1
cul off requency.
This is the required
function can be written frequency
in the frequencu domain
the transfer and
Replacing s by jo,
be expressed in the polar orm as,
hence, finally, can

where AF
Vin
(11)

and Ap =Gain of filter in pass band

f = Input frequency in Hz

fH = High cut-off frequency in Hz

The frequency is
responsee Voltage gain
shown in Fig. 10.93.
At the cut off
the gain is
0.707 Ap i.e. 3 dB
frequency, fH AF
from its 0 Hz down 0.707 AF Slope 40 dB/decade
level. After, fH (3 dB down)
(f> fy), the gain rolls Pass
off at a rate
of 40
dB/decade. Hence, the
band
of the
response after f
slope -Stop band
is 40
dB/decade.
-

Frequency

10.36.2 Design Steps Fig. 10.93 Frequency response

The
design steps for second
1) Choose the order low pass
cut-off Butterworth filter are
2) The
design can be frequency fH
And choose simplified by selecting R, =R2 R and 2 C.
3)
a
value of C
less than
=

Calculate the value of or

equal to 11
u.
R from
the
equation,
2T
R, R, C, C 2TRC
 10 91
Fectronic
c C i r c u i t s

Operational Ampliflers
R a n d C2 = C3 = C, the pass band voltage gain Ap = (1 R/R,) of
Rg=.
theR2
As
As = order low pass filter has to be equal to
second
4)

R3 = R and C =
C3 =
C, the transfer function takes the form
R2
=

For
Note :
V (s) AF . (12)
Vn (S) 2+ RCC R2 C

can
Write that.
we
this
From
3 AF
= Damping factor = 2
. (13)

order Butterwortn
order filter, the middle term required is 2 =1414, from
Now,
for second
second

Butterworth polynomial.
he
normalised
3 Ap
= 2 =1.414

.. (14)
Ap 1.586

that the gain Ap is 1.586.

the Butterworth response, it is necessary
ensure
Thus, to

1.586 1+R
RE
. (15)
R = 0.586 R
value of R
k and calculate the corresponding
value of R1 S 100
Key Point: Hence, choose is equally
a
earlier for first order filter
method discussed
ne frequency scaling
applicable to the second order filter. cut-off
Butterworth filter having high
second order
low pass
Example 10.17 Design a
responise
Jrequency of 1 kHz. Draw its frequency
Solution
1 kHz
oep1: The cut-off frequency is fH =

tep2:Choose C2 C3 = = C =0.01 uF

Step3: Choose R, = R3 = R
1
f 27tRC
1
1x10 x 0.01 x
10-0
2 TtR
Electronic Circuits 10-92 Operational Amplifiers

R = 15.915 kQ
Step 4 R = 0.586 R|
10 k2
Choose R =

5.86 k2
R =

precise adjustment
of Rs.
Use a 10 kQ potentiometer for
10.94.
The circuit is shown in
the Fig.
R
M
5.86 k2

Op-amp>
R R

15.91 k2 15.91 k2
0.01 uF
Vin 0.01
uF

Fig. 10.94

second order filter is given by

The gain of the
AF
in

1 kHz
Now, Ap 1.586 and fH
1.586
Vo
Vin f
Ix 103
response.
repare a table to obtain the frequency V
Y in dB i.e. 20 log Vin
f input frequency in Hz Vin
V in

4 dB
1.586
10 4 dB
1.585
100 3.74 dB
1.538
500
 10-93
cuits
E l e c t r o n i cC i r c u i t

Operational Amplifiers
1000 1.121 dB

5000 0.0633 - 23.97 dB

7000 0.032 - 29.89 dB

10000 0.015 - 36.47 dB

6.34 x 10* - 63.95 dB

50000

100000
1.586 x 10* - 76 dB

Table 10.9
respornse is shown in Fig. 10.95,
The frequency

Gain in dB

+5 N S T

A 4 dB 3 dB ---[1 dB]
0 dB

-110

20
Slope
30 40 dB/decade
- 40

5 50

-60
- 70 Stop band
Pass band
- 80

100000 Frequency
10 100 1000 10000 in Hz

Fig. 10.95

10.37 econd Order High Pass Butterworth Filter

the rate of
roll off at
The second order produces a gain the
Butterworth filter
40 high
igh pass
Er
be realised by
interchanging
The
dB/decade the
in the stop band. This filter
also can
Butterworth
filter.

postfions of resistors and capacitors in a second

ig, 10.96 sho *
order low pass
filter.
that of
Butterworth

e second order high pass

filter is exactly
sanme as

The analysis, design scaling and the

procedures
for this

nd order low 5 Butterworth filter.

pass of the
reader.

The resulting Pression is given here

for the
convenience
 10-94 Operational Amplifiers
Electronic Circuits

ww-
R
+VcC
ww-
Op-amp No
C G3
H NEE
R
R23

Butterworth filter
10.96 Second order high pass
Fig.
for the second order high pass filter is,
The voltage gain magnitude equation

Ap .. (1)
Vin

in Hz
where, f =
Input frequency
1
in Hz =

f = Lower cut-offfrequency 27 RR,C2C3

For R =
Rg R and C2 =Ca
=
C, fL =2nRC

AF =Passband gain butterworth response

second order
1.586 to ensure

and R 0.586 R
10.97.
of this filter is shown
in the Fig.
The frequency response

Voltage gain
Slope t40 dB/decade

AF
0.707 AF
(3 dB down)

Pass band
Stop band Frequency

Fig. 10.97 Frequency response

 10-95
ElectronicCircu
cuits Operational Amplifiers
.AQ 48:
Example 10.1. For the circuit shown in the Fig. 10.98, determine the lower cut off
a d then plot the frequency response of the futer. Comment on the order of the
eguency
the frequency response.
flter from
R
ww
27.542 k2

R
ww-
Vcc
47 k2
C C3 Op-amp
HE
0.01 uF 0.01 uF
-VEE
11.3 Ra
V R11.3
k2
k

Fig. 10.98

Solution:From the Fig. 10.98,

R2= R3 =11.3 kQn
C2 C3 =0.01 F 1
1
103) (0.01 x 10) )
2T2 R, R3 C2 C 2n y(11.3 x

= 1.408 kHz
order
is second
the circuit, it is clear that the filter
two R-C sections used in
ne
high pass filter. in dB
the gain
To the table including
response, let us prepare
requency
obtainedd for arious values of input frequency.
AF

where R
Ap 1 +
R
27.542
= 1+47 = 1.586
Electronic Circuits 10-96 Operational Amplifiers
1.586

Vin 1.408x 105

f

f in Hz Vo in dB
Vin
10 8 x 105 - 81.93 dB

100 8x 10 - 41.93 dB

500 0.198 - 17.04 dB

1000 0.714 - 2.93 dB

1408 1.121 0.99 dB

10000 1.585 4 dB

30000 1.585 4 dB

100000 1.586 4 dB

Table 10.10
The
frequency response is shown in the
Fig. 10.98 (a).
Gain in dB

5 dB Ap=4 dB
3 dB
OdB
10

-20
-30
40
-50
60
-70
80
Stop band
10 Pass band
100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency
1408 Hz in Hz

Fig. 10.98 (a)

 10-97
f l e c t r o n i c
uits
C i r c u i t

Operational Amplifiers
the frequency response, it can be observed that in the stop band i.e. f < f, as
changed 10 times i.e. from 10 to 100, the
gain changes
F r o m

uency i s from
e 41.93 dB. Thus, the slope of the frequency response in stop band is
to 41.93

81.93 t o
the filter is second order filter.
0 dB/decade. de This shows that

to Bandpass Filters
1.38
Introduction
A bandpass filter is basically a

Gain
frequency selector. It allows one
particular band of frequencies to pass.
AFT Thus, the pass band is between the two
Bandwidth cut-off frequencies fH and f where
0.707 AFT BW fH-
this
H Any frequency outside
band gets attenuated. The frequency
Pass
band response of band pass filter is shown
Stop Stop in Fig. 10.99.
band band
The pass band which is between f
Frequency
and f, is called bandwidth of the filter
Fig. 10.99 Bandpass filter denoted as BW.

(1)
BW fH-L
of the pass band is called
centre frequency denoted
as
fc
The frequency at the centre
total passband gain.
at fc and is denoted as AFr called
Ine gain is maximum
it is also called as

at the centre of the pass band hence,

rractically, the fc is not exactly
nant frequency. The gain at f; and tH 1s U.70/ AFT:
of
classified based on the figure
which are
are two types of bandpass filters
e
Berit or
quality factor (O.
filter. In this type,
the

is called wide bandpass

1 0 , the bandpass filter
n the
shown
bandwidth. The response is
ban
passS wide and we get large
Fig. 10.100 (a). filter. The bandpass s

bandpass
i) filter is called narrow

the value of Q narrOwer

is

1 0 , the bandpass small. Higher the gan

the bandwidth is very
and band tilter,
the W is the filter. In the n a r r o w
more selective
d and shown in Fig. 10.100(b).
The response is
frequency.
a t t h e centre it is 20
dB/decade.
while f> f
-

The is + 20 dB/decade
TOrf<h
O
Electronic Circuits 10 98
Operational Amplifiers
Gain
Gain

Vin
+20 dB/decade - 20 dB/decade AF
AFT 0.707 AF Narrow
0.707 AFT pass band
BW-

Pass
Stop Pass Stop
band
Stop band
Stop
band band band
band
Frequency cf4 Frequency
(a) Wide band pass filter
(b) Narrow band pass filter
Fig. 10.100
For wide band pass filter, the centre frequency is given by,

(2)
The relationship between Q and 3 dB bandwidth with
fç is given by,
fc
Q BW fH-fL ... (3)

10.38.1 Wide Band Pass Filter

The wide band
pass filter can be realised by simply
low pass filter. If both P cascading a high pass filter and
high pass and low pass filters are of first order, the gain rol off in
both the stop bands are t 20
dB/decade and wide band pass filter is of first order. To get
gain roll off t 40 dB/decade and second order
wide band pass filter, both
low pass filters must be of
second order and so on. high pass a n
The Fig. 10.101 shows the first order wide band
pass filter obtained by cascading st
order high pass and low pass filter sections. u
R R
R w
www-

Ri +Vcc
ww-
C R A V
A
w

R VEE

First order
high pass
filter (f) First order low pass
Fig. 10.101 Wide band filter ()
p a s s filter