- [Voiceover] All the

functional groups in this video

contain a carbon-oxygen
double bond, and we call a

carbon-oxygen double bond a carbonyl.

So here you can see a carbon-oxygen

double bond in this functional group,

and here's another one

in this functional group,

and here's another one down here.

For the first functional group this

is called an aldehyde, so an aldehyde

has an R group on one side of the carbonyl

and a hydrogen on the

other side of the carbonyl.

As an example lets look at this compound.

So here is our carbonyl, our

carbon-oxygen double bond,

and then on this side we

have a hydrogen directly

bonded to this carbonyl carbon.

On the left side we have this R group,

so the carbonyl carbon gets a number one,

it gets the lowest number possible,

and then this carbon

would get a number two,

this carbon would get a number three,

and this carbon would get a number four.

So we have a four-carbon aldehyde.

So how do we name a four-carbon aldehyde?

Well a four-carbon
alkane we know is butane,

so one, two, three, and four, and we know

that this compound is called butane.

An aldehyde has an A-L

ending, so if you see

an A-L ending, that indicates

the presence of an aldehyde.

So we're gonna lose the E

from butane, and add on A-L,

so the name of this

molecule becomes butanal.

Let me write that out

here, so this is butanal.

Next lets look at a

ketone, so a ketone has

an R group on one side of the carbonyl,

and an R group on the

other side of the carbonyl.

So for our ketone example

lets look at this compound.

We're gonna number to give our

carbonyl the lowest number possible,

so we're gonna start numbering

from the left side of our compound,

so this would get carbon number one.

The carbonyl carbon would

be carbon number two.

This is carbon number three, this is

carbon number four, and

this is carbon number five.

So we have a five-carbon ketone.

A five carbon alkane, let me go ahead and

draw out a five-carbon alkane here,

this would be called pentane,

so that would be pentane.

A ketone has an O-N-E ending, so ONE

indicates the presence of a ketone.

So we're gonna lose the E

from pentane, and add ONE.

So this would be pentanone,

so this is pentanone.

We also need to indicate the

position of the carbonyls.

The carbonyl is at carbon two,

so we need to write 2-pentanone,

and that's because we could draw

another molecule that's pentanone,

but this could have the

carbonyl at carbon three,

so let me go ahead and write

that in here, one, two, three.

So this compound would be 3-pentanone,

and 3-pentanone and 2-pentanone

are different molecules, so

that's why we need to indicate

the position of the carbonyl.

For the aldehyde up here,

we didn't need to indicate

that the aldehyde is at carbon one.

That's the only place

that it could possibly be.

Notice that an aldehyde has this hydrogen

directly bonded to the carbonyl-carbon,

where as a ketone has, if we look at the

carbonyl group right

here, we have a carbon

on one side, see H 3 on

one side in this case,

and we have a carbon on this side

directly bonded to that carbonyl carbon.

So that's the difference between

an aldehyde and the ketone, and a lot of

students have a hard time

telling the difference

between an aldehyde and a ketone.

Look for this hydrogen directly bonded

to the carbonyl-carbon
and that's an aldehyde.

Next we have a carboxylic acid,

so a carboxylic acid has an R group

on one side of the carbonyl,

and an O-H on the other side.

Some students think

that this is an alcohol

at first, but this is not an alcohol.

This O-H is right next to this carbonyl,

and that changes the properties.

Carboxylic acids have different

properties from alcohols.

For an example of a carboxylic acid,

over here on the right we

know that our carbonyl-carbon

gets number one, so

that's carbon number one.

This is carbon number two, carbon number

three, and carbon number four.

So a four-carbon carboxylic acid.

So a four-carbon alkane up here

was butane, so we're gonna have OIC

acid as our ending, so

it would be butanoic acid

for the name for this compound.

and that's just one of the
names, so one of the names

for this molecule would be butanoic acid.

Alright, probably the most

famous carboxylic acid

is a two-carbon carboxylic acid,

so I can draw it like this really quickly,

and this is called acetic acid.

Vinegar is just a dilute-solution

of acetic acid in water.

Alright, our next functional group is

called an acyl halide, or you can also

call it an acid halide, and you're

pretty much talking about acid-chlorides

in organic chemistry, and so here is

our carbon-oxygen double bond,

and then on this side we have an R group,

and the right side we have a chlorine.

So acyl halides come from carboxylic acid,

so this is an example of a
carboxylic acid derivative,

and an example of an acyl halide

on the right here, we have our carbonyl,

and then we have our

halogen, and the reason

I like to call them an acyl halide is this

right here on the left,

this is an acyl group,

and on the right we have our halogen,

so this would be acetyl

chloride, is one of the names

for this, but you can also

call them an acid halide.
There are carboxylic acid derivatives,

so some professors prefer one term,

and some professors prefer the other term.

Our next functional group

is an acid anhydride.

So here is our carbonyl,

here's the R group,

and instead of a chlorine

like we had up here

we have all of this

over here on the right,

and so this is an an acid

anhydride, or just an anhydride.

This is also a carboxylic acid derivative.

You can form an acid anhydride

from a carboxylic acid,

and for the example

over here on the right we

have acytic anhydrides.

Next functional group is called an ester.

So an ester is another
carboxylic acid derivative.

So a carboxylic acid had a

hydrogen in this position,

but now we have an R group, so we have our

carbonyl, we have an O-R, and

then we have an R on the left,

so that's an ester, and

here's an example of

an ester over here, so

we have an ethyl group

instead of a hydrogen, so for acytic acid,

let me go ahead and

draw acytic acid again.

Acytic acid had a hydrogen right here,

and now we have an ethyl group,

so instantly we know we're

talking about an ester,

we're not talking about a carboxylic acid.

If you wanted to name this ester,

you have this ehtyl group,

so that would be ethyl,

and then this part would be acetate,

so ethyl acetate would be the name.

Now for the names of all of these,

you're gonna get to them

later in the course,

so it's probably not that

important to name these compounds,

but it's good to start

hearing these things now.

And finally, our last functional

group is called an amide,

atleast that what I call it, but there are

several different ways to

pronounce this functional group.

The dictionary says, atleast

my dictionary says, amides,

or amids, are the two preferred

ways to pronounce this.

You'll probably hear

amids as one of the most

common ways to pronounce this.

A lot of professors say amid,

and some professors get pretty

upset if you don't pronounce

this the way that they want.

I've heard many more ways

to pronounce this functional

group too, like amides,

and all kinds of things.

Use whatever pronunciation

your professor wants.

That's always the way to do things.

Now we have a carbonyl, notice

we have a nitrogen right next

to the carbonyl-carbon,
so nitrogen directly

bonded to the carbonyl-carbon,

lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen,

so that's an amide functional group,

or an amid functional group, so these Rs

could be hydrogens, you could

be talking about hydrogens

or you could be talking

about alkyl groups,

so there's lots of different

examples of amides, or amids.

On the right is an example,

so our carbonyl-carbon

gets a number one, so this would be one,

this would be number two,

this would be number three,

this would be a number four, so a

four-carbon amide would be butanamides.

Let me go ahead and write that down here,

so this would be butanamide,

or butanamid, depending on

how you prefer to pronounce

this functional group.