WWW.PREPARADORINGLES.COM WORKSHEET 12 1. TRANSLATIONS. A. Translate the following text into English, “Has sido como batir el récord tres dias seguidos”, afirmé el director de la Organizacién Nacional de ‘Trasplantes (ONT), Rafael Matesanz después de 72 horas en las que se produjeron 94 trasplantes en 42 hospitales en 14 de las 17 comunidades de Espatia de la vecina Portugal. En total, 93 pacientes recibieron érganos (hubo uno de doble pulmén y corazén) provenientes de 39 donantes. Hubo que coordinar las operaciones entre los dias 23, 24 y 25 de noviembre, pulverizando cl antiguo récord para este tipo de intervenciones que estaba en 32 intervenciones en 24 horas. Hubo 48 trasplantes de rifién —los mas facies de llevar a cabo—, 23 de higado, ocho de pulmén (cuatro de los cuales fueron dobles trasplantes), seis de corazén, tres de pancreas y uno intestinal. Dos de los receptores estaban en estado de extrema urgencia, “lo cual significa que si no hubieran recibido ‘un érgano habrian fallecido en 24 a 48 horas”, explicé el ministerio de sanidad en un comunicado. El director de la ONT destacé que “el sistema funciona bien y los ciudadanos, tal y como hemos comprobado, siguen respondiendo. Es una muestra de la solidez del sistema”. El manual de buenas pricticas elaborado por la comisién de la ONT “se ha traducido a todos los idiomas y nos ha copiado todo el mundo”, afiadié Matesanz. Hubo incluso que pedir al estado Mayor del Aire su colaboracién en seis ocasiones durante el periodo, bien para que realizaran los traslados de érganos 0 para que facilitaran el uso de aeropuertos militares a la ONT. “Las enfermeras, que son las que coordinan desde aqui el proceso, tuvieron que hacer tumos dobles y triples”, dijo Matesanz. Entre los donantes, habia dos extranjeros, y solo dos habian fallecido en accidentes de trifico. En 1992, el niimero de donantes por accidentes de trifico y otros era del 42%, una cifra que Matesanz dijo que este afio va a ser del 3% 0 4% de los donantes debido a la mejora de la seguridad vial. El panorama global de las donaciones también esti bajando. El affo pasado, Espafia tenia el mayor nimero de donaciones per cépita del mundo, pero la cifra total —32 por millén de habitantes, que duplica la media de la UE— habia caido del techo de los 34 donantes por millén de habitantes. No obstante, Matesanz se manifiesta esperanzado y cree que la ONT podri mantener esta linea de éxito: “Hace poco dije que este afio ibamos a aumentar la actividad un 8%, pero con os iltimos datos creo que podremos llegar al 10%”. from < http://www.clpais.com>“It was like breaking the record three days in a row,” said the director of the National Transplants Organization (ONT), Rafael Matesane after a frantic 72 hours witnessed 94 transplants take place in 42 hospitals across 14 of Spain's 17 regions and neighboring Portugal. In total, 93 patients received new organs from 39 donors, with one undergoing a double lung and heart transplant. The operations were coordinated on November 23, 24 and 25, smashing the previous record for this kind of intervention of 32 in a single day. + Among the procedures were 48 kidney transplants - the easiest to perform - 23 liver, eight lung (four of which were double transplants), six heart, three pancreas and one intestinal replacement. Two of the recipients were in the extreme urgency category, “which means if they had not received an organ they could have died within 24 to 48 hours,” explained the Health Ministry in a statement. The director of the ONT noted that “the system functions well and citizens, as we have seen, are still responding. It is a sign of the solidity of the organization.” A manual written by the ONT’s good practices commission “has been translated into every language in the world and everybody has copied it,” added Matesanz. Even the general staff of the Spanish Air Force was called upon for assistance on six occasions during the period, either to transfer organs or to open military airports to the ONT. “The nurses, who coordinate the entire process, put in double and triple shifts,” said Matesanz. Among the donors were two non-Spanish nationals, and only two had been the victims of road éraffic accidents. In 1992, the number of donors from road and other accidents was 42 percent, a figure that Matesanz said would fall to “three or four percent" this year as road safety improves. The overall panorama for donations is also falling. Last year, Spain had the highest number of donors per capita in the world but the total figure - 32 per million inhabitants, double the EU average - had fallen from a peak of 34 per million inhabitants. However, Matesanz is optimistic that the ONT can continue in a similar vein of success: “A while ago it looked as though this year we would increase our activity by eight percent, but with the latest data think we could reach 10 percent." a. Discuss both the textual genre and the textual type to which this text belongs. b. Comment on the communicative functions of the text. ¢. Describe the style of the text. d. Find figures of speech in the text e. Can you find semantic repetitions in the text?f. Provide definitions or synonyms for the following words or phrases from the text: onset — tarpaulin - flues — crouching — moan — lurch — lope — squat — barren — murk — congeal g- What can you say about the author of the text and the book from which the text has been extracted? 2. TEXT ANALYSIS. Read the following text and answer the questions below: ‘When he woke in the woods in the dark and the cold of the night he'd reach out to touch the child sleeping beside him. Nights dark beyond darkness and the days more gray each one than what had gone before. Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world. His hand rose and fell softly with each precious breath. He pushed away the plastic tarpaulin and raised himself in the «5 stinking robes and blankets and looked toward the east for any light but there was none. In the dream. from which he'd wakened he had wandered in a cave where the child led him by the hand. Their light playing over the wet flowstone walls. Like pilgrims in a fable swallowed up and lost among the inward parts of some granitic beast. Deep stone flues where the water dripped and sang. Tolling in the silence the minutes of the earth and the hours and the days of it and the years without cease. Until SENTENCE COMPLETION, Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. EXAMPLE: ‘Would you like some toast?” “No, thank you. I've__had some _ already.” 0 |_ to beat mecting this afemoon, but the snow meant I couldn’t get out of the house, b. His piano playing has improved since he A co hours ago. . The rock star didn’t dare leave his hot! mm of being mobbed 4, The house was so badly damaged in the carhquake that it Ty jown, cc. They still SY my letter, although I sent it express. £ The phoc_ IT 10 arrive at 12.45, so it’s already two hours late,1s 30 35 they stood in a great stone room where lay a black and ancient lake. And on the far shore a creature that raised its dripping mouth from the rimstone pool and stared into the light with eyes dead white and sightless as the egas of spiders. It swung its head low over the water as if to take the scent of what it could not see. Crowehing there pale and naked and translucent, its alabaster bones cast up in shadow on the rocks behind it. Its bowels, its beating heart. The brain that pulsed in a dull glass bell. It swung its head from side to side and then gave out low moan and turned and lurched away and oped soundlessly into the dark. With the first gray light he rose and left the boy sleeping and walked out to the road and squatted and studied the country to the south. Barren, silent, godless. He thought the month was October but he wasn’t sure. He hadn’t kept a calendar for years. They were moving south. There'd be no surviving another winter here. ‘When it was light enough to use the binoculars he glassed the valley below. Everything paling away into the murk, The soft ash blowing in loose swirls over the blacktop. He studied what he could see. The segments of road down there among the dead trees. Looking for anything of color. Any movement. Any trace of standing smoke. He lowered the glasses and pulled down the cotton mask from his face and wiped his nose on the back of his wrist and then glassed the country again. Then he just sat there holding the binoculars and watching the ashen daylight congeal over the land. He knew only that the child was his warrant. He said: Ifhe is not the word of God God never spoke. When he got back the boy was still asleep. He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of him and folded it and carried it out to the grocery cart and packed it and came back with their plates and some commeal cakes in a plastic bag and a plastic bottle of syrup. He spread the small tarp they used for a table on the ground and laid everything out and he took the pistol from his belt and laid it on the cloth and then he just sat watching the boy sleep. He'd pulled away his mask in the night and it was buried somewhere in the blankets. He watched the boy and he looked out through the trees toward the road. This was not a safe place, They could be seen from the road now it was day, The boy tured in the blankets. Then he opened his eyes. Hi, Papa, he said. T'm right here. know. from The Road, by Cormac McCarthy a. Discuss both the textual genre and the textual type to which this text belongs. Regarding genre, this text belongs to a narrative-prose text, a fictional book, a novel. We can extract this conclusion on two bases: first, the knowledge we have of The Road, the 2006 novel written by Cormac McCarthy; second, the fact that we have two characters having some life experiences in a particular location in a particular period of time. Regarding text type, this text is a combination of narrative, descriptive and dialogic text: It is marrative because:1. Its purpose is to inform about actions and events: in this case, we have a father and a son, “The narrator tells us about the waking up of the father and what he does early in the moming before his son wakes up as well. 2. ‘There is abundance of action verbs, such as: reach out, touch, rose, fell, wandered, swung, left, squatted, lowered, pulled down... 3. Most of the action verbs are in the past simple tense, a tense typically used in narrative pieces. 4. ‘There are time and location indicators: the woods, the night, the country, October, the valley... Itiis descriptive because: 1. Its purpose is to inform about the state of two people and present agents and objects in space: the narrator tells us the approximate location where the father and the son are and the time of day itis (dawn). “There is presence of stative verbs: dhere was, thought, wasn't, wat. . The use of continuous tenses or—ing forms: sleeping, were moving, watching... 4, The abundance of adjectives: dark, cold, gray, plastic, stinking, ancient, pale, naked, dull, barren, silent, godless... 5. The presence of adverbs of manner: softly, sounclless sn 6. There are location indicators: the woods, the country, the valley, a cave, a black and ancient lake, on the far shore... It is dialogie because there is a short conversation reported by the narrator in direct and free direct speech (no quotation marks and no reported verbs) at the end of the text, b. Comment on the communicative functions of the text. ‘The communicative function that dominates the text is the referential or representational, used to present the situation to the reader. The narrator explains what is happening to the characters. ‘The phatic function is also present in the text in the exchange between father and son: on the one hand, the father wants to: make clear that the communication channel is open (Jakobson) when he says “1'm right here”; on the other hand, the relationship between father and son is established (Malinowski) when the child says “Hi, Papa” instead of using a different form of address. Inthe latter case, the function could also be called interpersonal. © Describe the style of the text. The text is written in the third person, the narrator being, thus, outside the narrative and omniscient. The narrator knows everything that happens within the world of the story, including what the characters are thinking (He shought the month was October but he wasn't sure), dreaming and feeling. The godlike all-knowing perspective of the third-person omniscient allows the narrator to tell the reader things that none of the characters know, or indeed things that no human being could ever know,As regards the use of speech, this extract does not present a long. interaction between the characters. However, the few instances of speech are very significant. On the one hand, we have direct speech though without quotation marks, as in He said: Ifhe is not the word of God God never spoke and Hi, Papa, he said. On the other hand, we find free direct speech (no reporting verbs but literal transcription of the speaker's words), as in J’m right here and I know. Therefore, we could presume that these are the predominant modes of speech that the author will use all throughout the novel. As regards language, the text is written in formal speech. This formal use of language can be recognized in the following stylistic features of the text: The use of words deriving from Latin: glaucoma, precious, granitic, cease, ancient, translucent, alabaster... ‘The use of words of rare occurrence in everyday speech: onset, dimming away, paling away, glassed, ashen, congeal.. Nevertheless, there is a feature of the text that can link it to colloquial language: the use of contractions: he'd reach out; he wasn't sure; He hadn't kept; There'd be no surviving... in these and the other instances of contractions the author seems to be presenting the thoughts of the character. Thus, it could be interpreted as not the narrator writing but transcribing the character's words. On the other hand, he sometimes combines contractions and full words in the same sentence: In the dream from which he'd wakened he had wandered.. Other stylistic features that can be highlighted include the use of sentences with elliptic verbs: Nigits dark beyond darkness and the days more gray each one...; Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world, Like pilgrims in a fable swallowed up and lost among the inward parts of some granitic beast. Deep stone flues where the water dripped and sang, Its bowels, its beating heart. Any movement, Any trace of standing smoke, All these sentences have a descriptive purpose and contribute to reinforce the idea that the narrator can read the characters’ minds. It is a particular way of using stream of consciousness with a third person narrator and a combination of relatively long grammatically correct sentences with short sentences without conjugated verbs. . Find figures of speech in the text Metaphor: granitic beast (= the cave). Simile: Like the onset of some cold glaucoma climming away the world: Like pilgrims in a fable swallowed up and lost among the inward parts of some granitic beast; sightless as the ‘exes of spiders. Personification: Their light playing over the wet flowstone walls; the water dripped and sang; Everything paling away into the murk. Oxymoron: Tolling in the silence; stared into the light with eves dead white and sightless. e. Can you find semantic repetitions in the text? darkness and obscurity: dark, night, darkness, geay, dimming away... sight: glaucoma, looked, light, eves, sightless, binoculars, glassed the valley, glasses, looking,awakening and sleeping: woke, sleeping, dream, wakened, asleep. time: the minutes of the earth and the hours and the days of it and the years without cease; ‘month: October; calendar: winter.. body movement: crouching, Jurched, loped, squatted. body parts: hand, mouth, eves, brain, head, heart, bones, bowels, face, nose, wrist... {Provide definitions or synonyms for the following words or phrases from the text: vee ao * 9. 10, i. onset: a beginning or start tarpaulin: a protective covering of canvas or other material waterproofed with tar, paint, or wax. flues: tubes, especially large ones. crouching: bending close to the ground. moan: a prolonged, low, inarticulate sound uttered from or as if from physical or mental suffering; complaint or lamentation. lureh: to stagger, to roll or pitch, to sway. lope: to move or run with bounding steps, as a quadruped, or with a long, easy stride, as a person. ‘squat: to sit ima low or crouching position with the legs drawn up closely beneath or in front ‘of the body. barren: sterile; unproductive; unfruitfa murk: darkness, gloom, ‘congeal: to make or become fixed; to change from a soft or fluid state to a rigid or solid state; to coagulate. ge What can you say about the author of the text and the book from which the text has been acted? The Road is 2 2006 novel described as a post-apocalyptic tale of a joumey of a father and his young son over a period of several months, across a landscape blasted by an unspecified cataclysm that has destroyed much of civilization and almost al life on Earth. The novel was awarded the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It was also adapted to a film by the same name in 2009, directed by John Hillcoat, starring Vi ‘Mortensen and Kodi Smit-McPhee. Cormac McCarthy (b.1933) is an American novelist and playright. Among his most notable works are Blood Meridian, Suttree, All the Preity Horses (\992)and No Country for Old Men (2005), spart from The Road. His ten novels span the southern gothic, western, and modemist genres. No Country: for Old Men was, like All the Pretty Horses in 2000 andl The Road in 2009, adapted as ¢ 2007 film of the same name, which won 4 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.4. SENTENCE COMPLETION. Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. EXAMPLE: ‘Would you like some toast?" ‘No, thank you. I've__fiad some __ already.’ a. |__amAvas supposed/meant; ought; was going \o-be ata meeting this afternoon, but the snow meant I couldn't get out of the house. b. His piano playing has improved since he __staried practising two hours ago. ¢. The rock star didn't dare leave his hotel ___for fear: because he was afraid _ of being mobbed 4, The house was so badly damaged in the earthquake that it __had to be/was pulled/knocked; fell_ down. €. Theystill haven't got/received __ my letter, although I sent it express. £ The plane __was due/scheduled/expected to arrive at 12.45, so it’s already two hours late,