Project report submitted to BSES Delhi for 6 weeks Industrial Training.

Enrolled RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL

2011

A PROJECT REPORT ON SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Training report On

New in

UNIVERSITY(INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,ALWAR).

KOTA SUPER THERMEL POWER STATION

ESTD. - 1998 SESSION: 2011-12

SUBMITTED TO: Er. HARPREET SINGH (H.O.D) 1 SUBMITTED BY: GAURAV AGARWAL

DEPTT: ELECTRICAL ENGG. INCHARGE

ELECTRICAL ENGG. VII SETRAINNING

S.C MADAN

This report prepared during training is lifes greatest learning experience, as it is full of We whole heartedly thank the company as well as their SCADA team theoretical observation and knowledge. This period also provide a chance to givefor giving us the BSES opportunities to work on the latest technology and bring out the best in us and developing knowledge our into a practical shape. Most importantly we have been given the exposure to the latest talents, not in the worldtechnical field but also is a result of in a team. Co-operating we are technology only in the of SCADA. This report how to work five weeks training that and assisting BSES, New Delhi. Joining BSES as a trainee gave me a solid and perform much having in each other in the department helped us to explore potential platform in the better. beginning of my professional career.

EFACE

PR

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

A training of such a comprehensive coverage cannot be realized without help from I am thankful to Mr. S.S. Sondhi,Mr R.D.Sharma for providing necessary facility to carry out numerous I like to take people in the my training successfully. organization. gratitude towards Mr. Tanmay Mal sources and this opportunity to show my Finally I would likebringing this opportunity to thank the organization, been a motivator me who helped me in to take the project to its present form. They have BSES who helped I to source of inspiration for me to carry out the necessary extended by the staff of this &shall cherish the memories of the co-operation and help proceedings for the project to be BSES organization to a trainee and shall in my training. acquire proper knowledge and success feel honored if I could be of any help to this completed successfully. organization.

1. Company Profile2. About Page 1 the Project (SCADA)3. Remote Page 11 Terminal Unit (RTU560A)4. Communication SubsystemPage 18 5. Control Page 27 Centre Subsystem- Page 38 b) Communication Room Rooma) Work Station or Control PCU 4006. SCADA advantagesPage Page 38 46 BSES Page 48 7. Bibliography- Page 49

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

BSES Limited is Indias premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Formerly known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited, it was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in suburbs of Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted, reliable, and quality power to customer and provide value added services for the development of power and infrastructure sectors. BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in1967 to meet As thea part of active support to the privatization process, BSES has acquired an equity of 51% Delhis tryst with power privatization services to its customers. The unparalleled in increasing work load and to improve has shown brilliant results. BSES achievements of the electricity distribution Delhi in Delhi stand July 2002, the business of Delhis power sector and unbundling of the sectorVidyut Board inout as the most Page successful power distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL) and BSES 1 experiment and replicable model of Public-Private-partnership (PPP). This view has been Rajdhani upheld repeatedly by These two of the three successor Power, distribute electricity to 25 Power Limited (BRPL).ICRA and CRISIL for the Ministry ofentities Govt. of India. lakh customers spread across 950 sq-km area 70% of Delhis geographical area.

COMPANY PROFILE

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

BSES

DELHI POWER NETWORK DIAGRAM

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 2

The power situation in Delhi till a few years ago was yet another example of mans The creation incapacity of DVB, replacing DESU, is 1997 proved to be merely a change in the legal In December 1998form of energy. The Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) wasDelhi, the power status to handle another when the present Government came to power in a State Electricity BSES situation of the Board organization and was not followed by any real change in its structure, functioning Page 3 was grim to say the least. With T & (Supply) Act, 1948, succeeding power cute for 10 to andup in 1997 under the Electricity D losses as high as 50% regular the Delhi Electricity 15 set hours and Delhi reputation continued to deteriorate of its poor commercial performance, work culture. Its Vidyut Board accumulating liabilitiesandover Rs. 23,000 crores, Delhi Supply Government (DESU) come up with a fast and viable high Transmission and Distribution the best known thing about DVB perhaps being its as a wing of the alternativeCorporation of Undertaking had to which has existed since 1957 alternative. An Municipal that would not (T&D) Delhi. It was an integrated utility with generation, transmission and distribution functions only meet peoples except the NDMC and MESend result failure in raising the supplied losses made it a drain on the public exchequer. Further, but also beto which itresources for serving all of Delhi aspirations in terms of its (Cantonment) areas interesting enough investors. for thus began a step services made matters critical. There were necessary Andimprovement of its by step process of a never-before fundamental power power reform. unprecedented, in bulk. widespread expressions of public discontent during the difficult summer of 1998.

ROAD MAP TO PRIVATISATION

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Delhi Electricity Board Regulatory Commission (DERC) was constituted in May 1999 whose This was followed with a Tripartite Agreement gamut of signed activity and search for prime responsibility was to look into the entirewhich wasexisting by the Government of Next, ways of power sector bidding The DERC Request for Qualification (RFQ) and Delhi, a two stage competitivereforms. process of is even today a fully functional body various The bidders were selected the the basis of reduction of total Aggregate Technical and Request DVB employees to ensure on cooperation of stakeholders in this reform process. The which BSES Commercial of losses (AT off for annual feature to the of the in general companies. for Proposal (RFP) wasorders very positiveprivatization peopledistribution as in Reformthe tripartite agreement sent & C) a unique revenueof the power sector reforms well as toThe has since issued tariff set into motion for vibes requirement. Delhi Electricity Delhi. 4 bidders were requiredato bid on the was promulgated in October 2000 and notifiedPage & investor community about the sincere and hassle-free objectives of like reduction of AT Ordinance, 2000 was body which basis of efficiency improvement power reforms.in the C form losses that they achieve year wiseprovides for the constitution of an Electricity Regulatory of an Act in March 2001. It mainly over a period of five years. Commission, unbundling of DVB into separate generation, transmission and distribution companies and increasing avenues for participation of private sector.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

On July 1, 2002, The Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) was unbundled into six successor The Government Power over the management of the business of electricity Delhi Transco companies: Delhi handedSupply Company Limited (DPCL)- Holding Company; distributions Of to these(DTL)companies, BRPL, BYPL and NDPL are joint ventures between the Delhi Limited five - TRANSCO; Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (IPGCL) Over private and thehas BRPLsector whichNDPL DISCOM; BSES Yamuna51% equity with Government companiesPower ,Limited most dynamic performer, keeping sector in Delhi.the their the years, DTL private BYPL and handle the power distribution pace with the GENCO; BSES Rajdhani evolved as a (BRPL) - since July 1, 2002 with Power Limited (BYPL) DTL hassector.(DVB itself was the successor establishing, upgrading, operating and manyBRPL private been responsibly playing its role in entity to the Delhi Electricity Supply BSES maintaining fold challenges Delhiconfront of power in Central, South and West Delhi. BYPL handles is responsible for distribution the ever increasing demand-supply-power-situation and Undertaking DISCOM; North that Power Limited (NDPL) - DISCOM. Page 5 the EHV (Extra High Voltage) network.fronts. The Transmission losses have been brought achieving power (DESU). functional superiority on all DTL has also been assigned the responsibility of running down distribution in East Delhi (Trans-Yamuna). NDPL distributes power in North and North-West the State Load 2002-03 to companies, DTL and IPGCL, the ensure in the country.Delhi being from 3.84% in Dispatch Centre which is an apex are to wholly integrated operations Delhi. The remaining two 0.83% in 2006-07, and bodyare lowest owned by the Delhi, of power systems in Delhi. the Government. Delhi Transco Limited is a 'State Transmission Utility of the National Capital capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the Northern Region, coupled with of the Delhi', whereas IPGCL is responsible for power generation. prosperity of population, the load requirement has been growing at a much faster pace. Added to that, being the focus of socio-economic and political life of India, Delhi is assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. Plus the vision-2021, aiming to make Delhi a global Metropolitan and world class city demands greater infrastructure to enrich many services of infrastructure development.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

10

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

(RAJDHANI & YAMUNA) BSES (Brihan- Mumbai sub-urban electricity supply) is an electricity distribution

BSES

BSES is responsible for electricity distribution only. It can contribute no more than it company BSES-RAJDHANI looks over the electricity distribution to West and South Delhi. Whereas receives supported by Reliance Energy. BSES BSESpower from the generating stations in Delhi and the Northern grid. To provide reliable and Page 6 YAMUNA is responsible for electricity distribution to Central and East Delhi . quality power supply to its consumers, the company has been divided into two branches that are BSES-YAMUNA and BSES-RAJDHANI.

11

Covers East & Central regions 1. Yamuna Vihar BSES Krishna Nagar 2. 3. Chandni Chowk 4. Paharganj 5. Nand Nagri 6. Mayur Vihar 7. Daryaganj 8. Jhilmil 9. Laxminagar 10. Shankar Road

BSES Yamuna Power Limited

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 7

12

Covers South and West regions 1. Nehru Place BSES R K Puram 2. 3. Vikaspuri 4. Najafgarh 5. Alaknanda 6. Mehrauli 7. Palam 8. Nangloi 9. Nizamuddin 10. Janakpuri 11. Punjabi Bagh

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 8

13

The existing RELIANCE ENERGY distribution network in DELHI is being operated at 66 Presently Delhi network is operated sub-optimally and is predominantly manual at a local KV/33 Delhi KV and 0.415 KV, 400kv Northern at 66 400/220kV KV voltage levels level draws power from with bulk supplyGrid atKV/33 KV/11 stations. Delhis available KV/11 The powers from these 220/66 kV & 220/33 kV sub-stations of Transco are fed to RELIANCE transmission based from on instructions conveyed from the central location at Balaji Estate through BSES ENERGYat 220kV consists of 20 injection points atinterconnectedvoltage level, which are system Delhi area through twenty three 220kV 66kV & 33 kV sub-stations. telephone / TRANSCO. Page 9 further VHF radios. The decision making at the central location is based on wall mounted static distributed to local transformers which step down the 66kV & 33kV to 11kV which is further mimic directly fed to industries network.local feeders where further the 11kV is step down to 440V diagrams of the primary and the for house hold appliances.

DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

14

BSES

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
Page 10

15

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power industrial, infrastructure or facility-based as described below: generation, fabrication, and refining, and Common system components may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or A SCADA System usually consists of the following discrete modes. subsystems: Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, Wind Farms, civil defense siren systems, and large communication systems. A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a Facility operator, and throughin public facilitiesoperator monitors and controls the BSES human processes occur both this, the human and private ones, including buildings, Page airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access, and 11 process. energy A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending consumption. commands (control) to the process. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system. Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs) used as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs. Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the Remote Terminal Units.

WHAT IS SCADA?

16

NEED OF doing here INSubstation Automation: Following aspects can be considered SCADA is SUBSTATION What we are
Requirements for System Operations: which are as follows: Demand Availability Earlier methods used to acquire data Shortfall PLCC network System frequency Limitations of old transmission lines and transformers methods Wireless VHF sets Capacity of P&T /FWP telephones BSES Loading on transmission lines and transformers Load pattern obtained in writing Transformers installed PLCC network Outage of telephone / in the system Reactive loading PTW Book etc... on the network Non-clarity of speech Alternative sources Human factor No control on operations

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 12

17

 Huge time required to collect data Need for automation No check on improper compliance of instructions Improve informationto pass instructions Huge time required availability and better visibility Substation equipments Restoration times and adequate response toprimary Reduction of Fault generally are categorized into two domains customer query The station level:secondary equipments. Primary equipments include transformer, Equipments and Ithistorical of thefor network analysis Real time and consists data station computer with a database, operators There are two classes of for remote functions namely the process control workplace, etc, while thestation level communication etc. Station Level functions Switchgear and interfaces secondary equipments include protection,related and The Process related functions act on the data from multiple bays or substation station refer Communication equipments. BSES database. These functions are used to submit the control commands for the level function andas aAutomation: Sub-station Automation systems comprise to the of Sub-Station interface related station level function. Levels substation the whole. Page 13 primary equipment (Circuit breakers) and collect the substation data like voltage, three current, power factor etc. from the bay level devices. As described above, each bay Levels includes one primary equipment such as transformers, feeders etc. Interface related functions enable interactive interface of the substation automation system to the local station operator HMI (Human Machine Interface), to a remote control centre or to the remote monitoring centre for monitoring and maintenance.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

18

The Bay level: It comprises of all the control and protection units and the process Bay with more or are using mainly one interfaces to the field equipments. levellevel functionsless intelligent processbay and acting mainly on the primary The Process Level Function: Its main of bay level functions considers from equipment of one bay. The definition task is to extract the informationsome kind of Extended Substation / CTs /show all three levels equipped withthem to upper level device, switchgear automationin the substation and implementing intelligent electronic a implementations VTs basically consists of to send IEDs, There is not only vertical Substation level between in the primary substationbaycontrol the physicalto receive devices (IEDs) using microprocessors to between configuration and related to called bay substructure theother major task of and andenumerated meaningfulautomation offers levels (e.g. monitorprocess level function is but also communication device. The implementation benefits as station level), power (a) below:system devices. These of equipment,level (e.g. in availablelevel between bay cable, the Reduced quantities IEDs can makenetworks implemented with fiber-opticHowever, this horizontal communication within the more data the bay in digital format. units BSES industry these data can be turned into information that is available in the right form, control command from bay level device autonomy in the secondary system. level. substructure, some local functionality orand execute it at appropriate switch at the right for Page 14 standard like such functions are Ethernet, Data management, Metadata management, place, The initialinterfaceof digital substations was followed by a rapidThese functions Examples advent technology line protection or bay control. evolution of functions for interlocking). designingtechnology.the bay level and process this information that is the true and at the right time Substation automation systems software toward a seamless automation. Integration of digital information and communicate within through architecture, It is level. formed out of distributed functionality, benefit of substation automation. components is a technological possibility made viable by the IEC 61850 standard Gradual displacement of analogSystems in Substations. Communication Networks and devices, new digital equipment capabilities and Station HMI consoles.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

19

(b) Substation automation benefits the utility staff, Maintenance staff, Planner, (c) Substation automation benefits control center operations, SCADA/EMS systems, Asset BSES Contingency analysis (security analysis), and intelligent alarmProtection engineers, management personnel, Operators and operational planners, processing, Emergency Page 15 response Operations engineers, Data administrators. etc.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

20

Relay to Relay Legacy communication Architecture Each relay to relay requires a dedicated link and change in relay behavior requires BSES rewiring as shown in figure 3. Also, one cannot know the status of the links if it is working or not unless it is used. The dedicated application can only access data Page 16 from the IEDs. Addition of new device needs modification in the common data path such as need to add driver specific to the new device, add an entry into tag database and to modify the application if required.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

21

BSES

SCADA ARCHITECTURE

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 17

22

The RTU or the Remote Terminal Unit is one of the components that comprise the SCADA If one takes located look at the RTU, acts as an two different types of Panels. One, system. It is a closer in the field and itone can seeinterface between the CR Panels and the The RTU panel consists It gathers information that is present in the field and its sends it to housing a Master Control Center. of a stack of racks called the RTU Panel and the other housing only the MFMS or Multifunction the1. Basic Rack Basic Extension it executes the command that come from the houses the brain of the RTU. It 2. Rack: - The MFM panel. Meters, called theBasic rack or the Communication Sub Rack MCC. So, we see that it is a MCC. Similarly, Racks SLI (Serial a number of slots. Into consists of Line Interface) Cards these slots are inserted a set of Cards. The Cards are twoThe an interface between the RTU and the IEDs the SLI Card acts as device that keeps updating the status of the(Intelligent Electronic way communication field continually and BSES Devices). RTU. They help in coordinating the flow of data from and into the RTU. These CPUs of the simultaneously executing the commands from the Control Center. Page 18 It continually reads data types:CPUs are basically of twoin and out of the IEDs. These IEDs could either be Numerical Relays present on the CR Panel or an MFM placed on the MFM panel of the RTU It is generally placed in a slot of the Basic Rack. The SLI card has got a provision for communicating with the IEDs through four ports, A, B, 1 and 2. The port A and B are of the RS485 type where 1 and 2 are of the RS232. The SLI card has an MMI port for handling the dialogue between the web browser and the RTU.

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

23

BSES

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
Page 19

24

ETH (Ethernet) Cards The ETH card controls the process events and communications with the Control Centers. It The ETH and the the data communicate with Racks, the SLI cards dedicated continually reads SLI cards from the Extension each other through a and sends it to the SERIAL LINE INTERFACE 560 communication control ETHERNET ADAPTER 560 channel present on the back plane of the Basic Rack. center. The ETH card has a port E, which is used by the RTU to communicate to the BSES Master. Page 20 The ETH is connected to the Extension Rack through port A or B, called COM A and COM B. It also has an MMI port similar to the one present in the SLI card, for handling the dialogue between the RTU and the web browser.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

25

Extension Racks: - The Extension rack is a place, which is used to house the Input/output The I/O or the RTU. Similar to the structure in Modules ofInput/output modules are located of the Extension rack. The function of has slots Basic Rack, the Extension rack the Input Modules is to send the status of theRTU 560 RACKS in the grid station to the MCC. The equipment present into BSES function of the output can be inserted (unlike CPUs in the case of Basic from the MCC. Thus, which the I/O modules modules is to control the status of the equipment Rack). The Page 21 we see that the flow of data, in the case of input modules, is from RTU to MCC and from extension MCC rack communicates only with the ETH card of the Basic Rack. In cases where there are more to RTU in extensionof Output modules. than one the case racks, each communication port of the extension rack is looped with the one succeeding it. As mentioned before, the extension rack is connected to the ETH through port A or B, called COM A and COM B.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

26

The different type of I/O modules used are the DI cards 23BE21 AI cards 23AE21 The DI cards have 16 channels, which can be used for indications. If one takes a look at the The AI card on the other hand gives the analog Each LEDthe signal. a particular status at the front face of the DI card, one can see 16 LEDs. value of indicates It has 16 channels on DO cards 23BA20 which field. The DO card is used configured. commandsto a channel infrom AI card is a 4-20ma dc current, eight signals can be to execute The input that are sent the the MCC. As soon as the DO BSES card is proportional to the range of the analog value. which Page gets a command from the MCC, it sends a pulse of 48v dc to the exciting terminals of 22 the contactor. As soon as the contactor gets this pulse it closes its contacts and the command gets executed. There is a contactor dedicated to execute a particular command.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

27

MFM PANEL: The MFM Panel consists of MFMs. On the Panel cutouts are made pertaining to the size of The the MFM has 12 terminals to which connections have to be provided. 2 are for auxiliaryare then inserted into the cutouts and are tightly clamped. As mentioned MFMs. The MFMs supply, 4 are for PTMFM is an IED and it communicates with the MCC through the SLI card. before, the secondary, and 6 are for CT secondary. Apart from these terminals, the MFM has a Communicable port and a port to which a hand The MFM is an IED that can calculate can be connected. held programmable and display unit values once the inputs from the secondary of the CTs and MFM BSES PTs have been given. Each MFM is dedicated to a particular panel, be it, outgoing or Page 23 incoming. The MFM calculates and displays values on a hand held programming and display unit. These values depend on the programmed primary value corresponding to the CT and PT ratio, pertaining to that feeder.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

28

Increasing capabilities of decentralized control and closed-loop control solutions allows to The run RTU560 is using a set of communication units (CMU) and I/O boards with a good The engineering workdone RTU configurations that can be reduced by standardization of modularity to build up is a relevant cost factor optimized for the application andown PLC the more functions to be the in the station directly. The RTU560 supports this by data point Engineering of the process signals a configuration sidesomebymeans of only one toolsupport process data station. Startingcontrol tasks RTU560 fordone by the capability tomust and one profile in which may use for with state-of-the-art engineering tools. The tool communicate programsthe model and the use of for the on one is and I/O process data points RTUtil BSES for 560' the all stations withtypical small and monitoring or ring main unit stations over medium a all communication unit for RTU560 units and projects. Project is serial in theon the other side. with external control, protection pump stations units via here lines definition of 24 telecontrol network with several remotestationsfrom these units on the demands Page by the combined by router stations typeRTU560 will distribution up to large stationson transmission grid level. possiblestationof configurations and communication network for telecontrol which are etc. RTUtil 560 size The stations for distribute process information for supportsfamily and the several networksmall station on (NCC). stations. up to the highest routing from a control centers the lowest level RTU560 process signalcustomers demand for the distributed and network control to level for network control centers (NCC). Typically it includes the conversion from a telecontrol protocol 'A' to another telecontrol protocol 'B' used on the next level. For example from DNP 3.0 to IEC 870-5-104. RTUtil 560 generates all files requested to run the RTU560 units. To reduce traveling costs and to get a higher flexibility for configuration extensions or modifications, RTUtil 560 and the RTU560 concept allows to download the files into the RTU560 in the stations via INTRANET using WEB browser technology or via the communication line, when the protocol supports file transfer.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

29

Features The telecontrol system RTU560 should be in the position to transmit nearly all kind of Beside processthe acquisition and processing of the directly parallel wired process signals to the The RTU560 derived from various units in is adaptation tothe link of centers and to marshal RTU560 IO-process interface, the RTU560 the station, to the control serialdifferent serial information, concept allows the economical designed for the requested, communication Functional system features of control centers fulfill the requirements beunit within the links routes within the station as well to the higher control level. This can for remote RTU560 commands received from the the RTU560 to to the addressed control another control High stations: by cascading the communication and applications functions router functional scope for telecontrolprocessing units (CMU=Communication Unit) station. BSES capabilities to execute control and closed loop control applications for pump stations, PLC or a network control center. Within the station it is the connection of other existing according station Page 25 hydro number of needed serial monitoring to the power plants, station interlocking for electrical substations, etc.. additional control, protection orinterfaces. devices (Intelligent Electronic Devices = IED) via Archiving of process and station events in a sequence of events list in the Flash memory. serial interfaces. Accessible via Intranet or equivalent independent network. Archiving of Integrated Totals (ITI) and Analog Measured Values (AMI) in the Flash memory. Accessible via Intranet or equivalent independent network. Reading and archiving of disturbance files from protection relays on request of the protection relay. Reading of the disturbance files by file transfer over a separate communication network (e.g. Intranet) on user's demand. Independent and direct information of available new disturbance files in the disturbance file archive to the NCC. Possibility to build (engineer) group alarms for the typical alarm messages, beside a PLC program. Marshalling and filtering process events to the connected NCCs . Decoupling transaction sequences and delay times to the different NCCs by using a separate process data base per NCC link. Remote access for diagnostic purposes via Web-Browser and Internet or Intranet. With detailed information down to each process signal. Integrated HMI (Human Machine Interface ) for process super vision and control. Via WebBrowser and Internet or Intranet.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

30

BSES

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION FIG: Typical configuration of a telecontrol system

Page 26

31

There are two types of communication we are using

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Server client and server-server communication is in general on a publish-suscribe and eventACCESS TO DEVICES The data server uses a TCP/IP protocol, user defined polling rate. The polling parameter driven basis andpolls the controllers at ai.e. a client application subscribes to arate may be BSES different owned by a particular server application and only changes toof theparameter are which is for different parameters to the data servers. Time stamping that process parameters is typically performed in the controllers and this time-stamp is taken Page 27 over by then the communicated to the client application. data server. If the controller and communication protocol used support unsolicited data transfer then the product will support this too. The product provides communication drivers for most of common PLCs and widely used field buses, e.g. Modbus. A single data server can support multiple communication protocols as it has slots for interface cards.

32

Figure below shows the protocols used for communication

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
Modbus

Field Devices like CT, PT, Relay that is C & R panel Server Work Station
TCP/IP TCP/IP

Remote Terminal IEC- 104 Unit PCU

(608705104)

BSES

It is connected through several hundred RTUs depending Page upon the requirements. So 28 there is continuous flow of data between RTU and PCU. This is called hand shaking mode.

33

TYPES Dedicated Links: -

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Reserved for a specific use. In communication, a dedicated channel is the line a) Leased Line/E1 interface: Leased lines are dedicated circuits provided by Basic reserved Providers (BSPs), of communication. This is same as a leased Internet. Leased Service exclusively for one typewhich provide permanent connectivity to the line or a private lines Leased the provides a scalable the user premises to the particularly for line. provide lineslast mile access fromaccess method, importantISP. They provide b) Optical Fiber Connectivity: An optical fiber is made up of the core (carries the light organizations permanent BSES pulses), the cladding (reflects the light pulses back into the core) and the buffer with large as compared to the temporary connectivity through institutions, connectionuser groups, including corporate, banks and financial dialup access. The Page 29 coating of the connection is far superior to what is normally available through dialup, educational quality (protects the coresignaling, less from moisture, etc. Starting typically with 64 Kbps, it is and R&D digital and cladding noise, fewer exchanges etc). thanks to organizations, government, military damage, etc. Together, all of this creates a to deploy awhich canarchitecture,10 million messages at any time using light possible fiber optic scalable carry up to with multiples of E1 (2 MBPS) pipes, pulses. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with providing thethe necessary bandwidth. In fact, leased access becomes a must for large design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic organizations communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at in most situations. higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Reliance Infocomm provides Optical Fiber Connectivity to BSES.

OF CONNECTIVITY

34

that operates in the 28 GHz band and offers line of sight coverage over distances up technology to SATELLITE LINK:a) Very Small Aperture deliver data and telephony services to 80,000 customers from 3-5 kilometers. It can Terminal (VSAT):- VSAT is a satellite communications that a system serves home and business users. A VSAT end user needs a box that interfaces VSATs node. users computer and an outsidenarrowband data (point of sale between the LMDS is one solution for bringingantenna with a transceiver. The single are most commonly used to transmit high bandwidth services to homes and b) Leased line: - A leasedsendsof connectivity, an area where cable or opticalThe transactions the last line a signal to a satellite for private voice and/or transceiver receives or mile connects two locations transponder in the sky. fiber offices within telecommunication service.or RFID data; or SCADA), or broadband actually athe data such as satellite credit card, polling Not a dedicated cable, a leased line is data (for reserved may between two points. Leased lines can span shortto connect branch offices, Leased linesSatellite Internet are rented station computerlong distances.hub for the circuit and receives signals from an earthby businesses orVoIP or video).aVSATs are They provision of most commonly access to remote locations, that acts as sends BSES not be convenient or economical. Data transfer rates for LDMS can 1.5 Gbps to because these access satellite bandwidth for network traffic. So-called T1 small maintainVSATs lines guarantee in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from leased lines also system. 2Gbps, openand offer the times, data rate as to traditional telephoneMbps). Page 30 are common circuit at on-the-move (utilizing phased array antennas) or Individuals a single transportable, all same as opposed symmetric DSL (1.544 services that used for remote realistic value may average around 38 Mbps(downstream). but more can theoretically communications. terminals (in mesh Internet access, but their high reuse stations (terminals) to otherlines for high-speed configurations) or master earth mobile earth maritime also rent leased cost the same lines (in star configurations). station "hubs" for many different conversations through a process called "switching."

c) LMDS (Local Multiple-Point Distribution service): This is a fixed wireless

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

35

(often more than $1000 USD per month) deters most. Fractional T1 lines, starting at A leased line is service contract between a provider and a customer, whereby the provider 128 A permanent telephone cost somewhat and can be found in up by apartment buildings and agrees to deliver a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two locations in Kbps, reduce this connection between two points set some a telecommunications An internet leased line is a premium internet connectivity product, delivered over fibre common carrier. Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically exchange hotels. BSES normally, which is (hence the term lease). a is sometimes known active. The Circuit' distant offices. Unlike dial-up connections, It leased line symmetrical 'Private It for the for a monthly rent dedicated and provides uncontended,is always as a speeds.feeis alsoor known connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors affecting the monthly fee Page 31 are 'Data as an ethernet leased line, DIA line, data Numerico) in Italy. Unlike traditional PSTN lines distance Line' in the UK or as CDN (Circuito Direttocircuit or private circuit. Reference taken from it Vaioni. have a telephone number, each side of Because the connection doesn't carry between end points and the speed of the circuit. the line being permanently connected to does not anybody else's communications, the carrier can assure a given level of quality. the other. Leased lines can be used for telephone, data or Internet services. Some areringdown services, and some connect two PBXes.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

36

Leased line Technology presently used at BSES, Delhi The E1 standard is followed in the European countries. The E1 interface provides a 2048

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

BSES kbps SCADA PCM access rate. It can support up to 32 user channels, each of 64 Kbps access rate, though MLDN MODEM mostly OFC only 30 are used as dedicated user channels. The E1 interface supports several mechanisms OFC for MDF synchronization, error correction and detection, management and performance messages ROUTER and STM-1 signaling. LOCAL EXCHANGE SITE END LOCAL ROUTER SWITCH

MTNL SWITCH
LAN BSES Page 32

37

The BSES use the VSAT satellite link as a backup for its network. HECL is the service Very Small provider of Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station or a VSATs The most commonly used towith link is very high but it (point than 3 meters.Low stabilized maritime time of this satellitea dish antenna that is smallerof sale transactions VSAT. are replying VSAT antenna transmit narrowband data is a very reliable link. The such Configurations antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 majority of VSAT cost Most up terminals with configured or one of theseless than 2 meters the provision of as credit card,Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to diameter) from Kbit/sVSAT networks aresmall antennas (generally broadband data (forin relay data are often business to 4 polling or RFID data; in SCADA), or topologies: Satellite small termed Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT). These are usually perceived as being two Internet access to remote locations, VoIP terminals (in mesh also used for transportable, remote earth stations (terminals) to otheror video). VSATs areconfigurations) or master way onearthterminals, though strictly speaking site, of the systems used for data center (NOC), data star topology, using a central uplinkmany such as a network operations broadcast are A the-move (utilizing phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications. Page 33 station "hubs" (in star configurations). really to BSES one-way VSAT. Taking the USA as an example, terminal via satellite, all installed VSAT are transport data back and forth to each VSAT approximately half of only mesh topology, where each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal A used for one way data links. by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site, A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star) connected to each

VSAT

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

38

other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star topology sometimes Initially the use of VSAT antennas at sea was for transmission of television signals. One will of VSATS STRENGTH have each terminal connected to each other as well, resulting in each terminal acting VSAT technology hasto manufacture stabilizedis the reason why it is SeaTel of Concord, the as afirst companies many advantages, which VSAT antennas was used so widely today. BSES One California which launched their first stabilized to minimize1978. Sea Tel dominates the central hub. These configurations are utilized antenna in the overall cost of the 34 Page is availability. The servicestabilized antenna systems to the marine market withAlso, the 72 supply of network, two-way VSAT can basically be deployed anywhere around the world. almost VSAT is diverse in that itin 2007 compared with Orbits 17.6 per cent.from the maritime per cent of the market offers adata that has to be relayed through a Initially uplink site and to alleviate the amount of completely independent wireless link central local infrastructure, which is a good backup for potential disasters. Its deployability is also quite VSAT (or amazing as the VSAT services can be setup in a matter of minutes. The strength and the was using star or Channel per Carrier - SCPC technology - which suited large volume sites) of a Single multi-star network. speed users of the VSAT connection being homogenous anywhere within the boundaries is also a big like oil drilling rigs and oil platforms and large fleets of ships from one ship-owner sailing plus. within forget, the connection is quite securechangedar private layer-2 networks over the air. Not to one or few satellite footprints. This as they when the company iDirect launched its pricing is also affordable, as the networks themselves do not have to pay a lot, as the The IP-based Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)them to serve the dynamically allocated broadcast download scheme (eg. DVB-S) allows technology that same content to bandwidth to each ship for shared bandwidth, lowering the entry level cost for getting thousands maritime VSAT installed, which additional costs. Lastkey importance to small-to mid-sized of locations at once without any turned out to be of but not least, most of the VSAT fleets, and thus to the market acceptance of VSAT. systems today use onboard acceleration of protocols (eg. TCP, HTTP), which allows them to delivery high quality connections regardless of the latency.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

39

VSAT's Drawbacks

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

As with everything, VSAT also has its downsides. Firstly, because the VSAT technology utilizes Typical applications for interactive VSAT networks are: the satellites in geosynchronous orbit, it takes a minimum latency of about 500 Computer communications; milliseconds BSES Reservation systems; every trip around. Therefore, it is not the ideal technology to use with protocols that 35 Page require a Database enquires; constant back and forth transmission, such as online games. Also, surprisingly, the Billing systems; File transfers; environment can play a role in slowing down the VSATs. Although not as bad as one way TV Electronic mail; systems like DirecTV and DISH Network, the VSAT still can have a dim signal, as it still on relies Video conferencing; Point of sale transactions; the antenna size, the transmitter's power, and the frequency band. Last but not least, Credit that big of credit card verification; although notchecks and a concern, installation can be a problem as VSAT services require Stock control and management. an outdoor antenna that has a clear view of the sky. An awkward roof, such as with skyscraper designs, can become problematic.

40

The most common VSAT configuration is the TDM/TDMA star network. These have a high With bit its star configuration network architecture, interactive VSAT technology is This outbound carrier (TDM) developed to minimize overall lifetime costs for one complete appropriate rate configuration has been from the hub to the remote earth stations, and the or more In aany organization with centralized management use of a of personal computers, hub network includingnetwork, remote user sites have a numbersingle high performance dumb for low typical VSAT satellite transmission costs. The and data processing. BSES terminals and printers connected Multiple Access (TDMA) inbound carriers. to a allows or medium bit rate Time Division to the VSAT terminal which connects them Page 36 centralized the use of low cost remote VSAT terminals and optimizes use of satellite capacity. Even so, host computer either at the organizations head office or data processing centre. Data sent in to most VSAT networks, the cost of the VSAT terminals usually far exceeds the cost of the hub the VSAT a VSAT terminal is 0.1 to buffered and transmitted to (typically terminal from the DTEs is0.2% of the price of the hub).the hub in packets.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

41

To make VSAT networks more affordable it is possible to share the hub between several Each user, however, is allocated his own time slots or carriers and can so operate his users, BSES own thereby spreading the cost. In this case the hub is usually owned by a service provider who Page 37 private network using of the network facility without any loss of itself. retains overall control the shared hub and who manages the hub privacy. The operation and management of these sub networks is performed by the users themselves completely independently of the service supplier.

Shared Hub Networks

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

42

Work station is nothing but the control room itself. In BSES there are four monitors which are1. 2. Delhi display of: used for thepower summary (Delhi SLDC and NRLDC Datas from web BSES sites) 3. Page 38 4. Single line diagram of the grid Alarms and Event list OMS-Outage management

CONTROL CENTRE SUBSYSTEM

WORK STATION

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

43

EVENT LIST An event list is a historical record of events, chronologically presented, where each event
BSES a has

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

time stamp and a description

Page 39

44

BSES

IED INDICATION PAGE

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 40

45

BSES

BUS BAR INDICATIONS

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Page 41

46

DESIGNING OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAMS The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which (DATA Incoming lines will form the switching a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In as the shows in simplified almost always have and protection arrangement required, as wellsome Once pastsupplywill not have both; with either aof a given voltage connect to one all that is cases, the lines lines and outgoing feeders or switch or a lines. breaker being incoming the switching components, the lines transmission circuitIt is a usual practice by ENGINEERING) The or arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and to provide isolation, since it cannot considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used buses used affects the cost and many
Single line diagram (SLD)
BSES reliability

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

of more buses. These areA circuitbus bars, is used with principalof three, since three- fault interrupt utilities to prepare one-line diagrams in multiples elements (lines, switches, electrical load current. sets of breaker usually as a protection device to interrupt Page 42 the substation. power and may be used a universal around the world. phase currents automatically,distribution is largely switch loads on bus, or When a "breaker circuit electricalFor important substations to ring bus, double and off. so-calledlarge faultand a current breakers, and transformers) arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would half" flows through the used, breaker, this may of detected through the use of not interrupt be setup can becircuit so that the failure be any one circuit breaker does current power in the The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to 'trip' the transformers. actual station. laid out to branch circuits for more than a brief time, the load supplied by the circuit break from the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection ofand so that parts of the substation may be defeeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center.

47

energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load Once may having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be Alongminimal switching provisions, has control circuitry needed to command the connected this, a substation alwaysespecially for small installations. have with Special the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much like various features include: between Automatic breakers to open in case the failure of some component. transmission checking of all circuit connections Automatic transformer of colors to (commonly calledlevels assignment has a fault different voltage a 'short circuit'). lines, in case a Zoom in and zoom out facility Group copying, deletion and movements of objects Navigation map Grid layout Easy location of a user specified equipments Functions controlled either mouse or keyboard Designing of single line diagrams is done using software DE400, pad and WS500. Rough Now this design image is presented in a pad where further modification is carried out by WS500 is the user interface for the Network Manager is to select ais a proven a particular locating is done using subnets and bays in DE400. Initial step system and subnet for tool for BSES the correct position for spring of circuit breaker, transformer connection etc. and finally it is Bus Page demandingline, HT line. Next, bay is selected for individual elements to be connected43 placed in WS500. bar e.g. LT real-time control of geographically distributed process. with the bus bar such as circuit breaker, CT & PT, isolators and earthing isolators. It means bay is a subpart of subnet. For power transformers individual subnets are selected.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

48

In addition, by supporting ABBs industrial IT, the WS500 also performs Aspect and WS500 Object features: State This adds more flexibility by making feel with to add object-specific user navigation.of the art Microsoft Windows look andit possibleMulti Document Interface (MDI) Personal support. functionality. online configurable menus, toolbars and color palettes included in operator Unique document concept for combining traditional process displays with web settings. Low pages bandwidth requirements. Unique ActiveX-based components as display documents.cashing mechanism for and any display sub-division and automatic run-time local Support of all types of character Unicodes. fast Context-sensitive help, serial modem connections. call up times, even over on-line help and tool tips.
BSES Page 44

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

49

BSES

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
Page 45

50

PCU400 is used for flexible and effective data acquisition in SCADA The PCU400 handles communication with RTUs, IEDs and Substation Automation System. It systems. PCU400 flexibility, providesfeatures: performance and scalability in a cost-effective manner. PCU400 supports a number of different protocols. Each unit connects up to 64 asynchronous communication lines at rates up to 64 Kbit/s.

PROCESS COMMUNICATION UNIT

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Different protocols configured per communication channel PCU400 is the modern product when implementing effective data acquistion with Bit-oriented protocols with OCC2-8 hardware PCU400, Network Process Communication Unit 400 forms the communication interface to the Cyclic scanning of RTUs and scan groups network Manager. Reduces SCADA server I/O overhead of remote terminal units (RTUs)LAN/WAN with the Remote Communication Server, RCS, Connected to servers via together (TCP/IP), dual LAN RCS Application, a software report-by-exception the Application Server located in the application server of a Network Manager SCADA system. The PCU400 can be Performs dead-band-based package running in of data to the SCADA PCU 400a SCADAfront-end variety of configurations to for Substation and connects the PCU400, a front-end, communication gateway the protocols Automation used as can be used in a converter that implements cater for different network systems or BSES server topologies physical as Data engineering with SCADA engineering tool or Excel-based tool and different protocol converter. Two in the define the Data Acquisition system: Page 46 lines a standalone levels of fault tolerance parts system. The alternatives include single or redundant PCU 400 units.

51

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
BSES

SWITCH PCU UNIT

GPS UNIT
Page 47

52

After doing automation of grid basically we have increased the efficiency of electricity 1. Automation of substation grid distribution. There are some other methods which help in identifying the loss making 2. zonesAutomated meter reading(AMR) 3. Geographical information system(GIS) and overall improving the efficiency of distributions: 4. Energy audit and accounting 5. LT-ABC 6. High voltage distribution system(HVDS)
BSES Page 48

ADVANTAGES OF SCADA

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

53