QUESTION PAPER PATTERN ( FROM 2021 ONWARDS)

MARKS DISTRIBUTION-

• 2 Long answer questions. (2x15=30)

• 3 Essay type questions. (3x10=30)
• 2 Short Notes (Including 1 AETCOM in Paper 1). (2x5=10)
• 5 Explain Why. (5x4=20)
• 10 MCQs. (10x1=10)

TOTAL MARKS= 100

TIME ALLOTED= 3 HOURS

PAPER DISTRIBUTION-

ANATOMY:

PAPER 1:

• Upper Limb
• Thorax including Diaphragm
• Abdomen and Pelvis
• General Histology and Systemic Histology
• General Embryology and Systemic Embryology.
• AETCOM

PAPER 2:

• Lower Limb
• Head and Neck
• Neuro-anatomy
• General anatomy
• Genetics
• Systemic Histology
• Systemic Embryology.

Special Tips:
1) Students who will be approaching the chapters for the first time are hereby advised to master our HOTS
section first from your available textbooks itself.

2) Students appearing for their 1st MB in few days must hold a better grip on previous year questions.
 SUPERIOR EXTREMITY

GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)

1. Describe the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What is total claw hand?[10+2] [2014]

2. Name the nerve involved in the fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus. Describe
the course and distribution of the nerve beyond the elbow. Mention sensory and motor
disabilities following the nerve injury.[1+6+5] [2013]

3. Enumerate the ligaments of shoulder joint. How is the stability of the joint
maintained? Mention the nerve supply of the joint. Discuss the mechanism of
elevation of arm above the head. Which type of dislocation is common and why?
[2+2+2+4+2] [2016]

4. Describe the brachial plexus under the following headings: roots, trunks, divisions
and cords. What do you mean by Erb's point? Add a note on Klumpke’s paralysis.
[6+3+3] [2015]

5. What are the palmar spaces? Describe the thenar muscles with their nerve supply
and actions. [3+9][2017]

6. a) Describe wrist joint under following headings: [2+2+3+2+3][2019] i)Type of

joint ii)Ligaments iii)Movements & muscles. iv)Applied importance.

7.Write in brief the movements of the shoulder joint with muscles assisting such
movements. What is the common dislocation seen in shoulder joint and what
structure(s) is/are vulnerable in such dislocation? [6+3+3][2018]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. A man presents with neuromuscular disability following the fracture of the surgical
neck of the humerus. Give a brief account of the nerve affected for its close relation to
that part of the bone. From your anatomical knowledge, mention the motor and
sensory defects that may arise. [5+2][2010][2015]

2. Enumerate the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What are the palmar spaces? What is
whitlow?[3+2+2][2019]

3. Radial nerve in radial groove. [7][2016 supple]

4. Describe axillary group of lymph nodes with their drainage area. What is axillary
tail? [5+2][2017 supple]

5. Describe the formation of brachial plexus from roots to cords. Which nerve is
known as musician's nerve? Describe claw-hand deformity and ulnar paradox briefly.
[3+1+3][2017 supple]

6. What is pronation and supination? In which joint pronation and supination occurs?
Give its axis of movement. Describe the muscles involved. [2+1+1+3][2018]

7. Name the nerve that is injured in fracture of surgical neck of humerus. What is the
origin and the effects of injury to the nerve? [1+4+2][2019 supple]

GROUP–C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Anatomical snuff box [2014]

2. Cephalic vein [2013]

3. Quadrangular and triangular spaces [2012][2019 supple]

4. Clavipectoral fascia [2010]

5. Painful arc syndrome [2014]

6.Midpalmar space [2016 supple]

7.Erb's palsy [2018 supple]

8.Claw hand [2019 supple]

GROUP–D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Clavicle is a modified long bone. [2013][2018 supple][2020 New Regulation]

2. Injury to the radial nerve in the cubital fossa will not cause wrist drop. [2012]

3. Injury to the long thoracic nerve causes winging of the scapula. [2012]

4. Upper end of the humerus is an example of a compound epiphysis. [2010]

5. Fracture of shaft of humerus causes wrist drop. [2017]

6. Winging of scapula. [2015 supple][2016 supple][2018 supple]

7. Anatomical basis of Peau d'orange appearance and retraction of nipple in case of
carcinoma of breast. [2016 supple]

8. Pulp space infection may lead to avascular necrosis of terminal phalanx. [2018
supple]

9. Basilic vein is preferred to cephalic vein in cardiac catheterization. [2018][2020

New Regulation]

10. In scaphoid fracture, proximal segment undergoes avascular necrosis. [2018]

HOTS:
• Lymphatic drainage of mammary gland,arterial supply and clinical anatomy
• Clavipectoral fascia
• Axillary artery course and relation
• Axillary lymph-node
• Brachial plexus, Erb's paralysis,Klumpke's paralysis, Clinicals
• Deltoid muscle origin insertion
• Rotator cuff muscles
• Triangular and quadrangular spaces
• Axillary nerve
• Anastomosis around scapula
• Cephalic Vein,Basilic Vein
• Median nerve,Ulnar nerve,Radial nerve( Wrist drop)
• Anastomose around elbow joint
• Cubital fossa contents
• Flexor retinaculum ,Palmar Aponeurosis,Dupuytren's fracture
• Intrinsic muscles of hand
• Superficial Palmar arch ,Deep Palmar arch
• Carpal tunnel syndrome ,Complete Claw hand
• Pulp spaces of Fingers, Mid Palmar Space ,Thenar space
• Anatomical snuffbox
• Winging of scapula
• Shoulder joint
• Elbow joint
• First Carpo-metacarpal joint
 INFERIOR EXTREMITY

GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)

1. Name the bones forming the knee joint. Describe the locking and unlocking
movements of knee joint. [2+10][2014]

2.What are the muscles exposed after cutting the Gluteus Maximus. Name the nerves
supplying these muscles. What are the actions of these muscles on hip joint?
[3+4+5][2012]

3. Following an automobile injury a person lost the adductor movement of his leg.
Describe the injured nerve under following headings: origin, branches and
distribution. [3+4+5][2011]

4. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i)Formation ii)Movements and
their axes iii)Muscles responsible iv)Applied [2+2+4+4][2016 supple]

5. Name the different arches of the foot. How are medial and lateral longitudinal
arches formed? Describe the factors maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the
foot. Describe pes planus (flat foot) deformity in short. [4+2+2+2+2][2017 supple]

6. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i)Ligaments of the joint
ii)Muscles producing different movements iii)Blood supply. [3+6+3][2018 supple]

7. What is the type and subtype of hip joint? Name four ligaments of the hip joint.
What are the active movements permitted in the hip joint? What are the axes of these
movements and which muscles are responsible? What is the cause of avascular
necrosis of the head of femur? [2+2+2+4+2][2019 supple]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. Describe the factors maintaining the longitudinal arches of the foot. What are the
disadvantages of flat foot? [5+2][2013]

2. A bus conductor is having prominent veins in the leg during standing position.
What are the superficial veins present in the leg? What are the origin, termination,
tributaries of the short saphenous vein? What is varicosity of leg veins?
[2+4+1][2011]
3. A factory worker presents with swollen painful inguinal lymph nodes following an
uncared wound at the medial side of ankle. Explain the complication from your
anatomical knowledge. Write a brief note on inguinal lymph nodes. [2+5][2010]

4. Describe the perforating veins of the lower limb. Add a note on varicose veins.
[5+2][2016 supple]

5. Factors maintaining medial longitudinal arch of the foot. [7][2019 supple]

6. Describe the knee joint under the following headings: i)Enumerate 4 ligaments
ii)Locking and unlocking mechanism iii)Muscles producing movements of knee joint
iv)Unhappy triad [2+4+2+2][2020 New Regulation]

7. What is venous ulcer? Write in short the venous drainage of lower limb. [3+7][2020
New Regulation]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Femoral sheath.[2013][2018]

2. Deltoid ligament.[2011]

3. Popliteus muscle.[2010][2017 supple][2018 supple]

4. Hamstring group of muscle.[2019]

5. Spring ligament [2012 supple][2018]

6. Lumbar plexus. [2018]

7. Arteria dorsalis pedis [2019 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Foot drop after the fracture of the neck of the fibula. [2011][2020 New Regulation]

2. Peroneus longus muscle has effects on both longitudinal and transverse arches of
foot.[2010]

3. Tear of medial meniscus is more frequent than of lateral meniscus of knee joint.
[2019][2017 supple]

4. Injury at neck of fibula results in foot drop. [2011 supple][2016 supple]

5. Soleus is known as the peripheral heart. [2019 supple][2020 New Regulation]

HOTS:
• Knee joint:- Bones forming hip joint, ligaments and intra articular structures,
semilunar cartilages, locking and unlocking movement
• Hip joint:- Types of dislocation, factors maintaining stability, ligaments
• Ankle joint:- Type of joint, ligaments, factors maintaining stability
• Ischial spine
• Lesser sciatic foramen
• Femoral triangle and femoral sheath
• Nerve supply, origin and insertion,action:- hamstring muscles, popliteus, tibialis
posterior
• Muscles exposed after cutting gluteus maximus:- nerve supply, action
• Adductor canal
• Inversion and eversion
• Sole of foot
• Factors maintaining the arches of foot
• Femoral artery, profunda femoris artery, arteria dorsalis pedis
• Femoral vein, great saphenous vein, short saphenous vein(origin, termination,
tributaries),perforating veins
• Varicose veins
• Inguinal lymph nodes
• Femoral hernia
• Trendelenberg's sign
• Meniscal tear
• Foot drop

THORAX

GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)

1. Describe the transverse pericardial sinus with its development. What is its clinical
importance? [8+2+2][2014]
2. Give an account of pleura. Mention its nerve supply. What is the site of choice for
insertion of needle to drain pleural fluid and why? [6+3+3][2013]

3. Pleura: types, nerve supply, reflections/recesses, applied importance. [2017]

4. Write an account of the venous drainage of the thoracic wall. What is the fate of
sinus venosus? [9+3][2019]

5. Give an account of the subdivisions of different parts of parietal pleura with their
nerve supply. Mention the relations of its mediastinal and cervical parts. What are
open and tension pneumothorax? Why is the pain of pleural pathology mistaken as
pain of acute abdomen? [4+4+2+2][2017 supple]

6.Give an account of the Diaphragm under the following headings: i)Origin ii)Major
openings iii)Nerve supply iv)Clinical importance [4+4+2+2][2018 supple]

7. Describe the interior of right atrium of heart. Discuss the development of

interventricular septum. [7+5][2018]

8. Effect on thoracic diameters during inspiration [3+3+2+4][2019 supple]

9. What are broncho-pulmonary segments? Enumerate the broncho-pulmonary

segments of the left lung. Draw a labelled diagram illustrating the segments. Mention
the vascular supply of the segments along with clinical significance.
[2+4+4+2+3][2020 New Regulation]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. Give the development of atrioventricular septum. A pin pricked to the right side of
the septum reaches which part of the heart? [5+2][2014]

2. Describe the coronary arterial supply of heart. What is coronary dominance?

[6+1][2012]

3. A young patient with repeated vomiting and reflux on examination was diagnosed
with diaphragmatic hernia. Explain the condition from your anatomical knowledge.
Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of diaphragm. [2+5][2011]

4. A patient with history of cough, fever and breathlessness was diagnosed to be a case
of pleural effusion. Give a brief account of pleura with its recesses and nerve supply.
[2010]
5. Name the different parts of the pleura. Give the nerve supply and development of
pleura. What is the clinical importance of costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura?
[2+3+2][2019]

6. What are the different parts of the conducting system of the heart? What is the
applied anatomy of it? [5+2][2016 supple]

7. What is typical intercostal space? What are the contents of intercostal spaces?
Describe intercostal arteries. [2+1+4][2018]

8. Development of IVC. [7][2019 supple]

9. Mention origin, course and branches of left coronary artery. What do you mean by
coronary dominance? [2+2+3+3][2020 New Regulation]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Central tendon of diaphragm. [2015]

2. Bronchopulmonary segments of left lung.[2016]

3. Ligamentum arteriosum. [2014][2016 supple]

4. Nerve supply of apical pleura. [2014]

5. Inlet of thorax. [2013]

6. 1st intercostal nerve. [2012]

7. Left coronary artery. [2010]

8. Broncho-pulmonary segments. [2016]

9. S.A. Node. [2019]

10. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula. [2012]

11. Transposition of great vessels.[2011]

12. Root of the lung [2016 supple]

13. Azygos vein [2018 supple][2020 New Regulation]

14. Fallot's tetralogy. [2018][2019 supple]

15. Coronary sinus. [2018]

16. Posterior intercostal veins [2019 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Central tendon of thoraco-abdominal diaphragm is blending with the basal part of
fibrous pericardium. [2014][2018][2020 New Regulation]

2. Type of respiration in infants is abdominal, whereas thoracic in adult females and

thoraco-abdominal in adult males. [2012]

3. Segments 2 and 6 of lungs are sites of lung abscess. [2011]

4. Entry of foreign body is common to the right bronchus. [2011]

5. Intercostal nerves other than 3rd to 6th are-atypical. [2010]

6. 2nd intercostal nerve is an atypical nerve. [2019]

7. Phrenic avulsion at the root of the neck may produce alarming hemorrhage. [2017
supple]

8.Lung abscess is more common in the right lung. [2019 supple][2020 New
Regulation]

HOTS:

Walls of thorax
1. Muscles of upper limbs

2. Intercostal artery & vein

3. Azygos & hemiazygos vein

4. Pleura part; ligament,recesses,nerve, clinical

Lungs
1. Features & fissures

2. Root of lung- content... relation..vein...artery...nerve supply

3. Difference between left and right lung

4. Bonchopulmonary segments

5. Development of respiratory system & clinical

Mediastinum
1. Content & part & clinical

Pericardium and heart

1. Part ...sinuses of pericardium... content... blood supply and nerve supply and clinical

2. Parts, border, surface, crux of heart

3. Right atrium

4. Right , left ventricle

5. Conducting system of heart

6. Coronary artery

7. Cardiac dominance... clinical

8. Coronary sinus

9. Arch of aorta

10. Clinical of aorta

Trachea
1. Relation... structure...nerve...blood supply... development...and histology

2. Constriction of esophagus

3. Relation...blood supply...nerve... histology of esophagus

4. Thoracic duct
 ABDOMEN

GROUP–A (12/15 MARKS)

1. Give a brief note on ureter. Mention its microscopic structure & development. In
which clinical condition pain may extend from loin to groin involving ureter?
[5+2+2+4][2013]

2. A young married lady with the history of missed period, suddenly collapsed with
sharp lower abdominal pain & was diagnosed ruptured tubal pregnancy. What is the
commonest site of tubal pregnancy and its fate? Mention the parts of this tube, blood
supply, histological structure and development. [2+3+2+3+2][2012]

3. A 50 years old man was brought to OPD with a complaint of swelling at the midline
of anterior abdominal wall over an operative scar. Swelling was diagnosed as
incisional hernia through the rectus sheath.

A) Give its formation at different levels.

B) What are the contents of the rectus sheath?

C) Define the sheath.

Why is median incision not preferred over the anterior abdominal wall?
[2+5+3+2][2011]

4. An old man suffering from carcinoma of prostate with metastasis in vertebra. From
your anatomical knowledge explain this complication. Discuss briefly the capsules,
lobes, and relations of the prostate gland. Add a note on the interior of the organ.
[2+6+4][2010]

5. Prevaginal examination of an elderly lady suffering from pelvic inflammatory

disease reveals collection of fluid in the pouch of Douglas. Write a note on this pouch
and peritoneal as well as visceral relation of the uterus. Give a brief account of the
supports to this organ.[3+4+5][2010]

6. Describe the formation of rectus sheath. Name the contents of the sheath. What is
the function of tendinous insertions and at which level are they present?
[6+3+1+2][2016]

7. Describe the shutter mechanism of inguinal canal and mention the anatomical
differences between oblique and direct inguinal hernias. [6+6][2015]
8. Describe the internal features of anal canal with epithelial lining of each division.
Why is the pectinate line called watershed line of anal canal? What is the importance
of Hilton's line? Mention the development of anal canal.Define internal hemorrhoids
and mention their common sites. [4+2+2+2+2][2017]

9. What is anteversion and anteflexion of uterus? Give an account of the ligamentous,

muscular and visceral supports of uterus. What is prolapse of the uterus? Describe
lymphatic drainage of uterus in short and mention its importance. [2+4+2+3+1][2019]

10. Describe the internal features of the lumen of rectum with special reference on the
Houston's valves. What is the peritoneal relations of the organ? What are the different
curves seen here? What is anorectal sling? [6+2+2+2][2016 supple]

11.Describe pancreas under the following headings: i)Parts with blood supply
ii)Development with anomalies iii)Histology [4+4+4][2017 supple]

12.Mention the gross anatomy of portal vein. What are the different sites of portocaval
anastomoses? What is internal rectal piles? [5+5+2][2018 supple]

13.Describe different parts of male urethra in detail. What are hypospadias?

[9+3][2018]

14.Give the presenting parts and relations of ovary. Give a brief account of
development of ovary. Draw a labelled diagram of Graafian follicle. [5+4+3][2019
supple]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. Describe the common bile duct in short. What is the importance of Calot’s triangle?
[5+2][2014][2016]

2. What are the anatomical factors that prevent the gastro-esophageal regurgitation?
Give an account of histological structures of oesophagus. [4+3][2013]

3. Give an account of uterine cervix. Mention its lymphatic drainage. [4+3][2013]

4. Describe the histology of classical hepatic lobule. What is liver acinus? [5+2][2012]

5. Why is ischio-rectal abscess very painful when abscess is superficial? Write

boundaries and contents of the fossa. [1+4+2][2012]
6. Name the false ligaments of the liver. State within which mesogastrium
development of liver takes place and what are the remnants of it. Write from which
part of gut, liver bud develops? [4+1+1+1][2011]

7. Name the parts of the large intestine with their corresponding length in adults.
Describe the structures of large gut with diagrams.[2.5+4.5][2011]

8. A teenage girl suffering from acute appendicitis got an initial attack of pain around
umbilicus, which was finally localized in right iliac fossa.State the anatomical reasons
of pain in the areas. Give an account of positions of vermiform appendix.[3+4][2010]

9. Describe the interior of anal canal alongwith its histological structure. [4+3][2015]

10. Describe the cervix uteri. What is its clinical importance? [5+2][2016]

11. Describe the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Why does Virchow’s lymph nodes
get enlarged in carcinoma of stomach? [5+2][2017]

12. Compare the relations of the anterior surface of both the kidneys. Give outlines of
development of metanephric kidneys. [4+3][2019]

13.Blood supply of stomach with its applied importance. [5+2][2016 supple]

14.Write the blood supply of suprarenal gland. Draw and label the histological
structure of the gland. [3+4][2018 supple]

15.Define hernia with types of inguinal hernias. Name the structures forming the
boundaries of inguinal canal. [2+5][2018 supple]

16.Give an account of formation and tributaries of portal vein. Discuss in brief the
development of portal vein.[4+3][2018]

17.Embryology and histology of pancreas. [4+3][2019 supple]

18.Compare the relations of anterior surfaces of the kidneys. Write a note on

development of metanephric kidney. [5+5][2020 New Regulation]

19.Write briefly the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Draw a diagram and mention the
clinical importance of lymphatic drainage of stomach. [5+2+3][2020 New Regulation]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall. [2013,‘07]
2. Epiploic foramen. [2012,‘11]

3. Umbilical cord. [2012]

4. Left renal vein. [2011]

5. Inter-vertebral disc.[2010,‘08]

6. Physiological umbilical hernia.[2010]

7. Mackenrodt’s ligament. [2012]

8. Perineal body.[2019]

9. Internal trigone of urinary bladder.[2014]

10. Broad ligament of uterus.[2014]

11. 11.Prostatic part of male urethra.[2015]

12. Caput medusa. [2015]

13.Ligamentous supports of uterus. [2017 supple]

14.Spermatic cord [2018 supple]

15.Deep inguinal ring [2019 supple]

16.Meckel's diverticulum [2019 supple]

17.Polycystic kidney [2019 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Varicocele of testis is common. [2014]

2. Carcinoma of head of pancreas may produce jaundice. [2014][2016 supple]

3. A newborn baby presents with imperforate anus. [2013]

4. Pain of appendicitis is referred to umbilicus. [2013][2016 supple]

5. Cholecystitis causes pain in right shoulder. [2011]

6. Urinary fistula at the level of umbilicus in a newborn baby. [2011]

7. A patient is detected to have horse-shoe shaped kidney. [2010]

8. A patient of cirrhosis of liver presents with “Caput Medusa”. [2010]

9. Appendix of testes is embryologically diferent from appendix of epididymis. [2017]

10. Pleural sac may be accidentally opened during exposure of kidney from the back.
[2017]

11. Newborn baby passes urine through umbilicus. [2016]

12. Pubic tubercle is important landmark for femoral and inguinal hernia. [2016]

13. In prostatic carcinoma, X-ray of lumbosacral vertebrae is to be advised. [2016]

14. Dropping of the kidney is not followed by suprarenal gland. [2016]

15. Inner layer of myometrium acts as a living ligature of uterus during menstruation
& parturition. [2015]

16. Carcinoma of head of pancreas may cause Jaundice. [2019]

17. Appendix is said to be abdominal tonsil. [2019][2020 New Regulation]

18.Formation of polycystic kidney. [2012 supple][2018 supple]

19.Caput Medusa. [2016 supple]

20.Renal colic radiates from loin to groin. [2017 supple]

21.Inflammation in ovary may present with low back pain. [2018 supple]

22.Low back pain in prostate carcinoma. [2018]

23.Which ureter is more prone to injury in cervical cancer in women and why? [2018]

HOTS:

Introduction
1.Intervertebral disc

Anterior abdominal wall

1. Superficial fascia

2. External oblique,internal oblique muscle

3. Inguinal ligament

4. Rectus Sheath

5. Inguinal canal

5. Structure passing through inguinal canal

6. Mechanism of inguinal canal

7. Spermatic cord

8. Hernia

Male external genitalia

1. Scrotum

2. Testes -- covering... histology of seminiferous tubule ... clinical

3. Development of male reproductive system

Abdominal cavity and peritoneum

1. Peritoneum

2. Greater omentum....lesser omentum

3. Mesentery

4. Epiploic foramen

5. Lesser sac

6. Hepatorenal pouch

Stomach
1. Clinical of esophagus

2. Stomach--blood supply... relation...nerve... lymphatic drainage... external features...

clinical

3. Histology of stomach
Intestine
1. Parts of duodenum

2. Ligament of treitz

3. Meckel's diverticulum

4. Ileocecal valve

5. Appendix

6. McBurney point

Blood supply of gut

1. Common hepatic artery

2. Portal vein

Gall bladder
1. Parts ...duct... clinical

2. Histology

3. Calot's triangle

Spleen,pancreas,liver
1. Spleen -- border,ends, surface, angle, hilum, relations , visceral relation, blood
supply nerve supply, function... clinical

2. Pancreas--parts,border, relations, blood supply nerve supply

3. Liver.-- relations, lobe, surface, ligament, artery, nerve supply, hepatic segment

4. Histology of liver , development

Kidney
1. Relation

2. External features
3. Renal fascia

4. Histology of kidney ...clinical

5. Constriction of ureter

6. Blood supply of ureter

7. Histology of ureter

8. Development of kidney and ureter... clinical

9. Anomalies of kidney and ureter

Diaphragm
1. Opening of diaphragm

2. Diaphragmatic hernia

Posterior abdominal wall

1. Muscles

Perineum
1. Relation

2. Boundaries

Urinary bladder
1. External features

2. Relation

3. Ligament

4. Interior of bladder

5. Artery...nerve

6. Clinical
7. Male urethra

Female reproductive organs

1. Fallopian tube

2. Uterus... parts, ligament, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, support of uterus

3. Histology and clinical

4. Development of female reproductive organs

Male internal genitalia

1. Prostate—all

Anal canal
1. Support of rectum

2. Clinical of rectum

3. Interior of anal canal

4. Blood supply, lymphatic drainage of anal canal, nerve supply and clinical

Wall of pelvis
1. Levator ani

2. Pelvic fascia

HEAD AND NECK

GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)

1. A man suffering from hypertension, bleed from Litle’s area of nose. Give an
account on the formation, arterial supply, nerve supply, and lining epithelium of the
nasal septum with a note on Little’s area. [4+2+2+2+2][2012]
2. Following thyroidectomy, a patient may develop hoarseness of voice. Explain the
statement. Give a brief account of intrinsic muscles of larynx and their action on Rima
glotidis. [2+10][2012]

3. A child came to the OPD with a complaint of injury to the external ear. On
examination, a perforation was found in the tympanic membrane. Discuss the gross
anatomy, arterial supply, and nerve supply of tympanic membrane & external auditory
canal .[3+1+2+3+1+2][2011]

4. A person with history of inability to close his mouth immediately after yawning.
What is the anatomical basis of it? Describe the muscles and ligaments related to the
anatomical site affected. [2+5+5][2011]

5. Following an operation of right parotid gland, a patient develops weakness of facial

muscles of that side. State the relations of the affected cranial nerve with respect to the
parotid gland. Give a brief account of the functional components, intracranial course
and distribution of the nerve. [2+10][2010]

6. A patient is brought to the physician presenting right sided ocular signs of ptosis,
strabismus, diplopia and a loss of accommodation as well as the light reflex with
contralateral hemiplagia. From your anatomical knowledge, explain the lesion. Give a
brief account of the cranial nerve affected. [2+10][2010]

7. Describe cavernous sinus under the following headings:

A) General informations; B) Structures passing through the sinus; C) Tributaries; D)

Communications. [2017][3+3+3+3]

8. Describe the parotid gland on following headings: [2+2+3+2+3][2019]

i) Covering.ii) Relation iii) Nerve supply iv) Arrangement of structures passing

through gland. v) Frey’s Syndrome.

9.What is Waldeyer's ring? Describe the palatine tonsil with its relations, blood supply
and nerve supply. Why is pain in tonsillitis referred to middle ear? [2+7+3][2016
supple]

10.Enumerate the muscles of the tongue. Describe the nerve supply of tongue on
embryological basis. What are the features of hypoglossal nerve palsy? Write the
structure of taste bud. What is ankyloglossia? [2+3+3+2+2][2017 supple]
11.Describe the location, coverings, relations, nerve supply and microanatomy of the
parotid gland. [2+2+3+2+3] [2016]

12.Enumerate muscles of soft palate. Give their origin, insertion, nerve supply and
functions. What is Passavant's ridge? [2+8+2][2018]

13.Describe the palatine tonsil under the following headings:

1. Location 2. Relations 3. Histology 4. Blood supply 5. Development

[1+3+3+3+2][2019 supple]

14.A patient develops hoarseness of voice following thyroidectomy operation. Explain

hoarseness of voice anatomically. Mention nerve supply of intrinsic muscles of larynx.
[5+2+8][2020 New Regulation]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. Name the paranasal air sinuses. Mention the factors which help to drain out the
contents of the maxillary air sinus. Why are these sinuses developed around the nose?
[2+3+2][2014]

2. Mention the muscles of pharynx. Give their nerve supply. What is Kilian’s
dehiscence? [3+2+2][2014]

3. Enumerate the paired venous sinuses in skull. Write brief note oncavernous sinus.
[3+4][2013]

4. Fishbones badly stuck in pyriform fossa of pharynx was removed with prolonged
effort causing laceration of tissue. Give boundaries of pyriform fossa, its sensory
nerve supply and possible deleterious effects of tissue damage. [2+2+2][2013]

5. Describe the development of tongue. Correlate the nerve supply of tongue with its
development. [4+3][2012]

6. An old man presents an ulcer along the margin of tongue which was diagnosed as
carcinoma of the tongue. Which groups of lymph nodes are likely to be enlarged?
Discuss briefly the lymphatic drainage of tongue. [2+5][2011]

7. A patient with increased intracranial tension presents with medial squint/strabismus.

Explain the reason for medial squint. Give a brief account of the anatomy of the
structures involved. [2+5] [2011]
8. During surgical operation of thyroid gland, a surgeon must be careful to avoid
injury to some nerves. Mention the components, distribution and effect of lesions of
these nerves. [2+3+2][2010]

9. Enumerate the extra-ocular muscles with their nerve supply and functions.
[4+3][2017]

10. Nerve supply of the tongue with developmental explanation. What is tongue tie?
[6+1][2019]

11.Name the paranasal air sinuses. Give their nerve supply and opening. Why are they
situated around the nose? [2+3+2][2016 supple]

12. Enumerate the peripheral parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck region.
Add a brief note on ciliary ganglion. [2+5][2016 supple]

13. Mechanism of phonation. [2017 supple]

14. Describe extra-cranial course and distribution of facial nerve. What are the
features of Bell's palsy? [5+2][2017 supple][2018]

15.Describe the medial wall of middle ear cavity. [7][2017 supple]

16.Boundaries of orbit with clinical importance. [7][2018 supple]

17.Name the pharyngeal arches with examples. [7][2018 supple]

18.Describe the external auditory meatus with clinical significance. [5+2][2019

supple]

19.Name the muscles of tongue with their nerve supply. What is lingual tonsil?
[6+4][2020 New Regulation]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Branchial cyst.[2013]

2. Otic ganglion.[2013][2017 supple][2018]

3. Temporo-mandibular joint.[2013]

4. Dangerous area of face.[2013][2020 New Regulation]

5. Ciliary ganglion.[2012]
6. Lacrimal apparatus.[2012]

7. Tympanic membrane.[2012]

8. Ansa cervicalis.[2012]

9. Inlet of larynx.[2011]

10. Development of soft palate[2011]

11. Spine of sphenoid.[2011]

12. Thyroglossal duct.[2010]

13. Middle meatus of nose.[2010]

14. Circulation of aqueous humor.[2010]

15. Ciliary body.[2004][2016]

16. Pyriform fossa with clinical importance.[2014]

17. Muscles of the first branchial arch with their nerve supply.[2014][2017]

18. Dangerous area of scalp.[2014][2016]

19. Styloid apparatus.[2014, 2011 supple, 2013 supple, 2016 supple]

20. Spinal accessory nerve.[2017]

21. Speech area of brain.[2015]

22. Structure and nerve supply of tympanic membrane.[2015]

23. Rima Glottidis.[2016][2018][2019 supple]

24. Nasolacrimal duct.[2016]

25. Cavernous sinus with connections.[2019]

26. Structure of cornea.[2019]

27. Ciliary ganglion.[2019]

28. Sensory innervations of face.[2019]

29. Meckel's cartilage [2010 supple][2019 supple]

30.Movements of temporomandibular joint [2011 supple][2016 supple]

31.Little's area of epistaxis [2014 supple][2017 supple]

32.Cornea [2016 supple]

33. 1st pharyngeal arch [2017 supple]

34. Sinus of Morgagni [2019 supple]

35. Cleft Palate [2019 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Pain is referred to the middle ear in ulcer of posterior part of the tongue. [2014]

2. A patient having fracture of sphenoidal spine complains of loss of taste sensation at

a later date. [2014]

3. Inflammation of parotid gland is very painful. [2014][2016 supple]

4. In tonsilitis, pain is referred to the middle ear. [2013][2015]

5. Superior parathyroids are inferior in position [2013,’11]

6. Optic disc in eye-ball is known as blind spot. [2013,‘06]

7. Postero-inferior part of tympanic membrane is chosen for myringotomy. [2013]

8. Macular vision is generally spared in lesion/thrombosis of posterior cerebral artery.

[2012][2016 supple][2018 supple]

9. Optic nerve cannot regenerate after injury. [2012][2017 supple]

10. A patient of pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.[2014,’10][2016]

11. Layer of loose connective tissue of scalp is known as dangerous area of

scalp.[2010,’08]

12. Repeated throat infection, if neglected, may cause mastoiditis. [2010,'08]

13. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around right subclavian artery while the left
one rounds the ligamentum arteriosum. [2008][2016][2018]

14. Parotiditis is very painful. [2017]

15. Syringing of external ear may sometimes cause vaso-vagal atack of the patient.
[2016]

16. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint. [2015]

17. Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle acts as safety muscle of larynx. [2015][2020 New
Regulation]

18. Dry mouth in fracture of spine of sphenoid. [2019]

19.Hyperacusis due to lesions of intrapetrous part of the facial nerve. [2012

supple][2018 supple]

20.Thyroid swelling moves up and down with deglutition. [2014 supple][2018]

21.Cadaveric position of Rima Glottidis. [2016 supple]

22.Patient after thyroidectomy complains of hoarseness of voice. [2017 supple]

23.Trauma over forehead may produce black eye. [2017 supple]

24.Inferior parathyroid is developmentally superior. [2017 supple]

25.Inflammation of tubal tonsil gives rise to difficulty in hearing. [2018 supple]

HOTS:

Scalp, Temple and Face

1. Layers of scalp

2. Bell's palsy

3. Dangerous area of the face

4. Parts of lacrimal apparatus and nerve supply

Skin, Superficial Fascia and Deep fascia of the neck

1. Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

2. Carotid sheath
Back of the neck and cervical spinal column
1. Hangman's fracture

2. Suboccipital triangle

Parotid Region
1. Boundaries of parotid bed

2. Parotid capsule and relations of parotid gland

3. Parotid duct

4. Nerve supply of parotid gland

5. Frey's syndrome

Submandibular Region
1. Mylohyoid and genioglossus muscle

2. Submandibular ganglion

Joints and Fossas of Head

1. Boundaries and communications of infratemporal fossa

2. Mandibular nerve

3. Chorda tympany nerve

4. Otic ganglion

5. Temporomandibular joint ( ligaments and relations)

6. Muscles of mastication ( name and work)

7. Pterygopalatine ganglion

Thyroid Gland
1. Location and capsules of thyroid gland. Relations of thyroid lobe
2. Arterial supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland

3. Goitre

4. Development of thyroid gland

5. Location and development of parathyroid

Pre and paravertebral regions

1. Ansa cervicalis

2. Phrenic nerve

Oral cavity
1. Papillae of tongue

2. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue

3. Arterial supply, lymphatic drainage and development of tongue

4. Nerve supply of tongue

Pharynx and palate

1. Passavant's ridge

2. Piriform fossa

3. Waldeyers ring

4. Constrictor muscles of pharynx

5. Palatine tonsils

6. Muscles of soft palate

7. Development of palate and cleft palate

Larynx
1. Cricoid cartilage
2. Intrinsic muscles of larynx

3. Safety muscles of larynx

4. Nerve supply of larynx

5. Rima glottidis

Blood supply of head and neck

1. Vertebral artery ( course, parts and branches)

Nose
1. Parts of nasal septum

2. Openings on superior, inferior and middle meatus

3. Lining of nasal cavity and Arterial supply of nasal septum

4. Nerve supply of nasal septum

5. Paranasal air sinus ( development, features and function)

6. Maxillary air sinus

Ear
1. Tympanic membrane

2. Middle ear

Orbit and eye ball

1. Extraocular muscle

2. Cilliary ganglion

3. Cilliary body and iris

4. Ciculation of aqueous humour and glaucoma

 NEUROANATOMY

GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)

1. Give the arterial supply of the superolateral surface of the brain. What is macular
sparing? [10+2][2014]

2.What is arterial circle of Willis? Describe the arterial supply of superolateral surface
of cerebral hemisphere. [5+7][2016]

3.Enumerate the white fibres in the brain.Describe the internal capsule under the
following headings:Parts with relations, fibres passing through different parts and
blood supply. What is stroke? [2+3+4+2+1][2017]

4.Describe the extent and boundaries of different parts of the lateral ventricle of the
brain. Where and how is its third content formed? [10+2][2016 supple]

5.What are the different types of white fibres in the brain? How is internal capsule
formed? Write in brief different parts of internal capsule with clinical importance and
arterial supply.[3+2+3+4+3][2020 New Regulation]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. CT scan of the brain of a patient suffering from cerebro-vascular accident shows a
lesion in the internal capsule of the brain. State why this part is called “Internal
Capsule”. Mention the diferent fibres passing through the internal capsule. Add a note
on its blood supply. [1+3+3][2010]

2.Describe the walls and communications of 3rd ventricle. What is non-

communicating type of hydrocephalus? [4+1+2][2016]

3.Describe the floor of the 4th ventricle with proper diagram. [7][2017]

4.What are the different parts of cerebellum? Mention their blood supply. What is
cerebellar ataxia? [4+2+1][2015]

5.Draw a labelled diagram of the section of Midbrain at the level of

superior colliculus. What is Weber's syndrome? [5+2][2019]

6.Write a note on internal capsule of brain with its blood supply. What is hemiplagia?
[5+2][2012]
7.Blood supply of superolateral surface of cerebrum. [7][2018 supple]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Thalamic nuclei. [2011]

2. Boundaries and communications of 3rd ventricle of the brain. [2010]

3.Blood supply of spinal cord. [2017]

4.Speech area of brain. [2015][2018 supple]

5.Fornix [2017 supple]

6.Medial medullary syndrome [2017 supple]

7.Third ventricle of brain [2018 supple]

8.Pia mater of spinal cord [2018 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Patient with pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia. [2016][2018]

2. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint. [2015]

3. In anterior spinal artery syndrome there is bilateral loss of pain and temperature
sensation but conscious proprioceptive sensations are intact.[2015]

4.Increased pressure of CSF in subarachnoid space is easily diagnosed by

ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes. [2017][2016 supple]

5.Ischemic damage to anterior limb of internal capsule may affect recent memory
tracing.[2019]

6.Abducent nerve palsy is a common manifestation of increased intracranial pressure.

[2019][2019 supple]

7.Obliquity and length of the spinal nerve roots increase progressively from above
downwards. [2016]

8.Lumbar puncture is done at the level of L3 -L4 interspinous space. [2016 supple]

9.Optic disc of the eye is called blind spot. [2018 supple]

HOTS:
• Cavernous sinus

• Second cranial nerve

• Occulomotor nerve

• Trigeminal nerve

• Facial nerve

• Glossopharyngeal nerve

• Interpeduncular fossa

• Basal ganglia

• T.S. of midbrain at level of superior colliculus

• T.S. of midbrain at level of inferior colliculus

• Cerebellum- subdivisions, functions, ataxia

• Floor of Fourth ventricle

• Nuclei of Thalamus

• Third ventricle

• Corpus callosum

• Internal capsule

• Lateral ventricle

• Circle of Willis

• Arterial supply to Different Surfaces of Cerebral Hemisphere

• Blood Brain Barrier

 GENERAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY & GENETICS

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

1. Describe the development of placenta in short. What is placenta previa?
[2+5][2014]

1. What is metaphysis of a growing bone? Give its importance. [2+5][2014]

2. Mention the main structural characteristics of a synovial joint. Classify synovial

joint with example of each type. [3+4][2012]

3. 4. Describe the histology of a classical Hepatic lobule with a diagram. What is liver
acinus?[5+2][2019]

4. Define long bone. Describe the different parts of young long bone. Describe the
blood supply of long bone. [1+3+3][2016]

5.Enumerate the layers of placental barrier chronologically and mention its clinical
significance. [5+2][2017 supple]

6.Enumerate structural classification of joints. Write different types of fibrous joints

with appropriate examples. [5+2][2018 supple]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Difference b/w transitional and stratified squamous epithelium. [2014]

2. Capacitation. [2014]

3. Placental barrier. [2013]

4. Non-disjunction. [2013]

5. Epiphyseal cartilage. [2012]

6. Down’s syndrome. [2011,‘04][2018 supple]

7. Klinefelter’s syndrome. [2011][2020 New Regulation]

8. Plasma cell. [2010,‘05]

9. Notochord. [2007][2016]
10. Sarcomere. [2016]

11. Karyotyping. [2016][2018 supple]

12. Blastocyst. [2015]

13. Turner’s syndrome. [2015]

14.Laws of ossification. [2015]

15. Translocation. [2019]

16. Blastocyst. [2019]

17. Classification of glands with one example of each.[2019]

18. Metaphysis [2011 supple][2016 supple]

19.Transitional epithelium [2012 supple][2018]

20.Somites [2016 supple]

21.Barr body. [2016 supple]

22. Histology of lymph node [2016 supple]

23. Hyaline cartilage [2017 supple]

24. Sex-linked inheritance [2017 supple]

25. Derivatives of neural crest. [2017 supple]

26. Sesamoid bone. [2018]

27. Pivot joint [2019 supple][2020 New Regulation]

28. Neuroglial cells [2019 supple]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Osteoclast. [2014]

2. Double Barr body in Klinefelter’s syndrome.[2012,'11, '19]

3. Monozygotic twins are identical while dizygotic twins are non-

identical.[2012][2020 New Regulation]
4. An elderly female (38yrs) gave birth to a baby who is examined to have a rounded-
face, epicanthic folds and characteristic single palmar crease (Simian Crease) on the
palm. Explain the genetic cause of the event. [2011]

5. Annular pancreas. [2016]

6.Ectopic pregnancy. [2015 supple][2017 supple]

8. Capacitation is necessary for fertilization. [2017 supple]

9. Monozygotic and dizygotic twins. [2019 supple]

HOTS:
• Epiphysis

• Metaphysis

• Metaphysis of growing bone and its importance

• Transitional epithelium vs Stratified squamous epithelium

• Osteoclast

• Epiphyseal cartilage

• Synovial joint - Structural characteristics, classification and with example of

each type

• Plasma cells

• Intervertebral disc

• Upper end of humerus is an example of compound epiphysis is explain

• Respiratory epithelium

• Notochord

• Light microscopic structure of lymph node

• Lysosomes are also known as 'suicidal bags' of the cell

• Cardiac muscle

• Laws of ossification
General Embryology and Genetics
• Development of placenta

• Placental barrier

• Placenta previa

• Capacitation

• Blastocyst

• Neural crest cells

• Describe the formation of secondary mesoderm with formation of extra-embryonic

coelom

• Lateral plate mesoderm

• Down's syndrome

• Turner syndrome

• Klinefelter syndrome

• Nondisjunction

• Double Barr body in Klinefelter syndrome- explain anatomically

• Monozygotic twins are identical whereas dizygotic twins are non identical-explain

• An elderly female aged 38 years gave birth to a baby who is examined to have round
face, epicanthic folds and a characteristic single crease < simian crease>. Explain the
genetic cause of the event.

MCQ (2020 NEW REGULATION)

1. Which one is NOT a covering of testis?

a) Tunica Vaginalis

b) Tunica albuginea
c) Tunica vasculosa

d) Tunica media

2. Conjoint tendon is formed by -

a) External and internal oblique

b) External oblique and transversus abdominis

c) Internal oblique and transversus abdominis

d) Internal oblique alone

3. Nerve piercing and lying on psoas major is

a) Ilioinguinal

b) Iliohypogastric

c) Femoral

d) Genitofemoral

4. The 2nd part of duodenum is derived from

a) Foregut and midgut

b) Midgut and hindgut

c) Only foregut

d) Only midgut

5. Following structures are related to mediastinal surface of left lung except

a) Left atrium

b) Ascending aorta

c) Arch of aorta

d) Esophagus

6. Following are the contents of carpal tunnel except

a) Median nerve
b) Ulnar nerve

c) Flexor pollicis longus

d) Flexor carpi radialis

7. All of the following are lateral branches of abdominal aorta except

a) Inferior phrenic artery

b) Superior phrenic artery

c) Renal artery

d) Gonadal artery

8. Ligamentum teres hepatis is a remnant of

a) Ductus venosus

b) Obliterated left umbilical vein

c) Ductus arteriosus

d) Right umbilical vein

9. Nerve directly related to humerus include all except

a) The axillary nerve

b) The radial nerve

c) The ulnar nerve

d) The musculocutaneous nerve

10. Shortest and least dilatable part of male urethra is

a) Preprostatic part

b) Prostatic part

c) Bulbous part

d) Membranous part

11. Paracentral lobule is located on

a) Medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

b) Superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere

c) Tentorial surface of cerebral hemisphere

d) Orbital surface of cerebral hemisphere

12. All the following structures lie deep to the fascial carpet of posterior triangle
except

a) Trunks of brachial plexus

b) Spinal accessory nerve

c) Third part of subclavian artery

d) Occipital artery

13. The following muscles form the boundaries of popliteal fossa except

a) Biceps femoris

b) Semitendinosus

c) Plantaris

d) Soleus

14. Pituitary tumor causes

a) Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia (Tunnel Vision)

b) Homonymous hemianopia

c) Quadrantanopia

d) Total blindness

15. Detachment of retina following blow on eye

a) Between rods and cones

b) Between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

c) Between neural and pigment layers

d) Any one of the above

16. All are sensory speech area except

a) Area 22

b) Area 39

c) Area 40

d) Area 44 & 45

17. All muscles of soft palate are supplied by cranial root of accessory nerve except

a) Palatopharyngeus

b) Palatoglossus

c) Levator veli palatini

d) Tensor veli palatini

18. Frey's Syndrome is a clinical condition which results after healing of wound of
face over

a) Parotid gland

b) Lacrimal gland

c) Submandibular gland

d) Sublingual gland

19. Which layer of scalp is known as dangerous layer?

a) Subcutaneous layer

b) Aponeurotic layer

c) Layer of loose areolar tissue

d) Pericranium

20. Which of the following nerves supply structures derived from 2nd pharyngeal
arch?

a) Glossopharyngeal nerve b) Recurrent laryngeal nerve c) Trigeminal nerve d) Facial

nerve
PAPER DISTRIBUTION-

PHYSIOLOGY:

PAPER 1:

• General and Nerve Muscle Physiology

• Blood.
• Cardiovascular Physiology
• Respiratory Physiology
• GIT Physiology
• AETCOM.

PAPER 2:

• Renal Physiology
• Endocrine Physiology
• Reproductive Physiology
• Central Nervous System
• Special Senses.

Special Tips:
1) Students who will be approaching the chapters for the first time are hereby advised to master our HOTS
section first from your available textbooks itself.

2) Students appearing for their 1st MB in few days must hold a better grip on previous year questions.
 GENERAL & NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
GROUP-A
1. Describe the neuro muscular junction with proper diagram and labelling.
Describe how an Action potential in motor nerve produces an AP in
muscles.What is Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton Syndrome?
[4+5+3][2010]

GROUP-B
1. Discuss the role of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation. What is rigor
mortis? [5+2] [2011] [2014 supple.]

2. Describe briefly the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. What is

Myasthenia Gravis?[5+2][2014]

3. What is the differences b/w AP curves of skeletal muscles and working myocardial
cells?[7][2015]

4. Write the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Write a short note on
neuromuscular blockers. [4+3][2012] [2016]

5. Discuss the mechanism of action of different neuromuscular blockers.[7][2017]

6. Enumerate the muscle proteins. Explain briefly the sliding filament theory of
muscle contraction. What is Rigor Mortis?[1+4+2][2019]

7. Draw a diagram of neuromuscular junction. Explain the mechanism of transmission

across neuromuscular junction. Name three neuro-muscular blockers and mention
their mechanism of action. [3+4+3] [NEW PATTERN 2020][5+2] [2013 supple.]

8. What do you mean by AP in nerve? State the ionic basis with diagram. [2+5] [2016
supple.]

9. Define RMP. Discuss the ionic basis of generation of AP in skeletal muscle. What
is tetanus?[2+4+1] [2018 supple.]

10. Compare and contrast the transmission of electrical activity at a NM junction with
that at a synapse. What is myasthenia gravis? [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C(Short Notes)
1. Secondary Active Transport.[3] [2010] [2014]

2. GLUT.[2011] [2016 supple]

3. Rigor mortis.[2012]

4. Na+-K+ATPase. [2012] [2016]

5. Facilitated diffusion. [2013] [2009]

6. Gap junction.[2013]

7. Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. [2014]

8. Ion channels. [2014]

9. Nernst equation.[2017]

10. Molecular motors.[2017]

11. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium. [2018]

12. Presynaptic inhibition. [2019]

13. Pacemaker potential. [2019]

14. Tetany. [2019]

15. G-Protein. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

16. Differences b/w fast and slow muscles. [2017 supple.]

17. Active transport, [2017 supple.]

18. Phagocytosis. [2018 supple.]

GROUP-D (Explain Why)

1. Digitalis increases the strength of cardiac contractions. [2017]

2. ATP helps in the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. [2018]

3. Hypoproteinaemia causes oedema. [2019]

4. Tetanus can be demonstrated easily in a skeletal muscle. [2019]

5. Action potentials are propagative in nature.[4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

HOTS:

STRUCTURE OF CELL
1.Fluid mosaic model

2. Cell adhesion molecules

3. Intercellular junction (tight junction, gap junction)

4. Rransport protein (ion channels,pumps)

5.primary active & secondary active transport

Nerve muscle physiology

1. Rating membrane potential

2. Donnan equilibrium

3. Refractory period

4. Action potential

5. Mechanism & structure of neuromuscular jn

6. Myesthenia gravis

7. Mechanism of muscle contraction

8. Molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction

9. Rigor mortis
 BLOOD
GROUP-A
1. What is haemostasis? Name the different coagulation factors required for
coagulation and draw a brief outline of the events of coagulation. Write in short, the
role of platelets in haemostasis. Justify the role of aspirin for prevention of
stroke.[1+5+3+3] [2011] [2016]

2. Discuss the role of neutrophils in defence. What is innate immunity? [8+4] [2012]

3. Describe the role of lymphocytes in immunity. What is acquired immunedeficiency

syndrome (AIDS)?[8+4] [2013]

4. What is haemophilia? Enumerate the steps of haemostasis. Describe the intrinsic

pathway of coagulation.[2+3+7] [2013] [2014 supple]

5. Describe the structure of platelets. Mention the contents of their granules and their
functions. What are the functions of platelets? [4+5+3][2014]

6. What is erythropoiesis? What are the sites of erythropoiesis? List with diagram the
various stages of development of RBC. How is erythropoiesis regulated? What is
polycythaemia? [2+2+4+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2013 supple.]

7. Define hemostasis. Describe the sequence of events leading to hemostasis. What is

the role of platelets in clotting? Enumerate the common lab tests for investigation of
bleeding disorders. [2+4+3+3] [2019 supple.]

GROUP-B
1. What do you mean by immunity? What are the different types of immunity? Give
an account of humoral immunity.[1+2+4][2010,2007]

2. Define jaundice. Compare obstructive and haemolytic jaundice. [2+5][2010]

3. What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What are the hazards of mismatched blood

transfusion?[2+5] [2013]

4. Describe the preservation injuries in stored blood. Mention the deleterious effects of
repeated blood transfusion.[4+3] [2017]

5. What is the role of platelets in haemostasis? [7] [2018]

6. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin. Write briefly about the different types of
immunoglobulins. [3+4] [2018]

7. Draw a flow chart showing different stages of erythropoiesis with diagrammatic

representation. Add a note on erythropoietin. [5+2] [2019]

8. How does Rh incompatibility occur? Describe the hemolytic disease of new born
with its prevention. [4+3] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]

9. Hazards of matched and mismatched blood transfusion. [3+4] [2016 supple.]

GROUP-C (Short Note)

1. Erythropoietin.[3][2010]

2. ESR.[3] [2012]

3. Erythroblastosis fetalis.[3][2016]

4. Hemoglobinopathies.[3][2017]

5. ESR [3] [2018]

6. Rh incompatibility.[2019]

7. B and T lymphocytes. [2016 supple.]

8. Tissue macrophage system. [2017 supple.]

9. Megaloblastic anaemia. [2019 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Inhaemolytic jaundice, urine is not coloured. [3] [2011]

2. Aspirin in low dose prevents intravascular coagulation. [3] [2012] [2016]

3. Low plasmaprotein causes oedema. [3] [2012]

4. Normal plasma proteins prevent oedema.[3] [2014]

5. Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy. [3] [2013] [2015]

6. Coagulation time is prolonged in obstructive jaundice.[3] [2015]

7. Anaemia occurs in chronic renal failure. [3] [2016]

8. Bleeding tendency occurs in obstructive jaundice. [3] [2018]

9. RBCs in venous blood are larger than in arterial blood. [3] [2018] [2016 supple.]

10. Coagulation is an example of positive feedback mechanism. [4] [NEW PATTERN

2021]

11. Low dose aspirin is used in prevention of myocardial infarction. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]

12. Relative lymphocytosis occurs in bone marrow depression in adults. [2019

supple.]

13. Cyanide poisoning causes high pO2 in venous blood. [2019 supple.]

HOTS:

Hematology
1. Plasma protein

2. C reactive protein

3. Morphology of RBC

4. Erythropoiesis

5. Factors influencing erythropoiesis

6. Pernicious Anemia

7. Structure of Hb

8. Fate of Hb

9. Sickle cell anemia

10. Thalassemia

11. Morphology of WBC

12. Morphology of platelets+ content

14. Function of platelets

15. Platelet plug

16. Role of aspirin

17. Blood coagulation

18. Anti-coagulating mechanism

19. Purpura

20. Blood group (abo,Rh)

21. Hazards of blood transfusion

Immunity
1. B, T, lymphocytes

2. Role of macrophages

3. Delayed type hypersensitivity

4. Cell mediated cytotoxicity

5. Immunoglobulin

6. Structure of Ab (diagram)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the transport of oxygen from atmosphere to tissue.What is P50 and its
significance? [10+2] [2010]

2. Give an account of the cardio-respiratory changes that occur during isotonic

exercise. What are the effects of training? [8+4] [2018]

3. What are the different types of chemoreceptors regulating ventilation? How are they
stimulated? List the pathways by which increased pCO2 stimulates
ventilation.[3+4+5] [2019]
4. Give a brief account of neural and chemical regulation of respiration. Explain the
changes in the respiratory system during exercise and during acclimatization to high
altitude. [3+3+3+3] [2016 supple.]

5. Describe the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Factors shifting the curve. [8+4] [2017
supple.]

GROUP-B
1. What is hypoxia? What are the adaptations that occur when a person ascends to an
altitude of 12000 feet? [2+5] [2012] [2013 supple]

2. What is Bohr’s effect? How CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs.
[2+5][2013] [2016]

3. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors influencing it. [3+4] [2014]

4. What is pulmonary surfactant? Explain its role in the maintenance of stability of

alveoli. [2+5] [2015]

5. Compare and contrast b/w static and specific compliance of the lungs. What is the
role of surfactant in maintaining compliance of the lungs?[3+4] [2017]

6. What is VA/Q ratio? Explain the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in

different regions of the lungs in erect posture. Why tuberculosis is common at the apex
of lungs? [1+4+2] [2018]

7. How is oxygen transported in blood? Explain with a diagram the effect of PO2 on
haemoglobin saturation. Comment on the effect of Carbon Monoxide on oxygen
binding to haemoglobin. [2+3+2] [2019]

8. Explain how oxygen is transported from lungs to tissues in details. Add a note on
P50. [6+4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. Apneustic centre.[3] [2010]

2. Lung compliance.[2013]

3. Haldane effect.[2014]
4. Maximum ventilation volume. [2014]

5. Peak expiratory flow rate.

6. Timed vital capacity.[2015]

7. Ventilation perfusion ratio. [2016]

8. Roles of O2 therapy in hypoxia.[3] [2018]

9. Dead space. [2017 supple.]

10. Water hammer pulse. [2018 supple.]

11. Hypoxic hypoxia. [2018 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Increase in pulmonary ventilation occurs even after exercise is over. [3][2010]
[2011]

2. RBC in venous blood is larger than arterial blood.[3] [2010] [2014]

3. In anaemic hypoxia, O2 therapy is not of much importance.[3][2011] [2014 supple.]

4. There is increased respiratory rate during exercise.[3] [2016]

5. In COPD, O2 therapy should be intermittent and of low concentration. [3] [2017]

6. Pulmonary ventilation is not affected till pO2is below 60 mm Hg. [3] [2018]

7. Hypoxic hypoxia causes polycythaemia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

8. Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]

HOTS:
1. Lung volume and capacity

2. Alveolar ventilation

3. Ventilation perfusion ratio

4. Fick's law
5. Mechanism of breathing

6. Compliance

7. Surfactant

8. Oxygen & CO2 transportation

9. Reverse chloride shift

10. Haldane effect

11. Oxygen-Hb dissociation curve

12. Neural regulations of respiration

13. Chemical regulations

14. Hypoxia

15. High altitude sickness

16. Cyanosis

17. CO poisoning

18. Oxygen debt

19. Asthma

20 . Emphysema

21. Cystic fibrosis

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. What is cardiac cycle? Describe with suitable diagram the pressure and volume
change in left ventricle in the different phases of cardiac cycle. Enumerate the
differences b/w 1s t and 2nd heart sounds.[2+6+4][2011]
2. Describe in brief the regulation of blood pressure. What is malignant hypertension?
What is vasomotor reversal of Dale?[8+2+2] [2012]

3. Describe the different waves of ECG and segments with its neat diagram. Mention
their importance. What is heart block?[6+2+4] [2014]

4. What is cardiac output? Discuss the effects of various factors regulating cardiac
output. Write two clinical findings with explanation of aortic
incompetence.[2+6+4][2015]

5. What are the functional tissues of the heart? How cardiac impulse is generated and
transmitted across the heart. Describe cardiac AP and skeletal muscle AP. What is
idioventricular rhythm?[2+4+4+2] [2016]

6. Describe briefly the cardio vascular reflexes.[12] [2017]

7. Describe the physiologic anatomy of the different regions of the systemic

circulation and mention how correlate with their functions. What is Poiseuille-Hagen
formula?[8+4] [2017]

8. Define cardiac output. Describe the factors affecting cardiac output. How does
Fick’s principle determine cardiac output? [2+6+4] [2018]

9. What is systemic arterial blood pressure? How it is kept within normal range? What
is hypertension and what are the basic physiological principles of the treatment of
hypertension? [3+6+2+4=15] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

10. Define ECG. How augmentation occurs in augmented leads? What is PR interval?
How can you diagnose various types of AV block from ECG? [1+4+2+5] [ 2018
supple.]

11. What are baroreceptors? Describe role of baroreceptors in maintaining BP. What is
hypertension? [2+7+3] [2018 supple.]

12. Identify receptors, afferent pathways, integrating centre, efferent pathways and
effectors in the arterial baroreceptor reflex. When the arterial baroreceptors decrease
or increase the rate of firing? What changes in the autonomic outflow &
cardiovascular function occur? Explain how tachycardia occurs in cardiovascular
shock. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is baroreceptor reflex? Describe the role of baroreceptor in maintenance of BP
with proper diagram and labelling.[2+5] [2010]

2. What is the Marey’s law? What is its physiological basis? Name two conditions
when it is not observed.[2+4+1]

3. What is cardiac output? Describe one method for estimation of cardiac output. [2+5]
[2011]

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. Augmented limb leads during ECG.[3] [2010]

2. CVS adjustments during exercise. [3] [2011]

3. Standard leads in ECG. [3] [2011]

4. PR interval in ECG.[3] [2015] [2019 supple.]

5. 2nd degree AV nodal block.[3] [2016]

6. Subendocardial region of the left ventricle is specially vulnerable to ischemia. [3]

[2019]

7. Normal ECG waves. [2017 supple.]

8. Sinoaortic reflex. [2018 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Brief period of straining causes tachycardia and increase in peripheral resistance.
[3] [2011] [2010] [2017]

2. Vasodilation occurs in the blood vessels of skeletal muscles during exercise.[3]

[2012]

3. Maximum blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole.[3] [2013]

4. Diastolic pressure rises on assuming standing posture from supine position.[3]

[2014]

5. In cardiac disease, pulse rate can be lesser than the heart rate. [3] [2015]
6. Coronary blood flow is more in diastolic phase than the systolic phase in Cardiac
cycle.[3] [2016]

7. SA Node is the pace maker in heart. [2015 supple.] [2017 supple.]

8. Digitalis increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle. [2018 supple.]

9. Capillaries are also called ‘exchange vessels. [2019 supple.]

HOTS:
1. Fast response action potential

2. Slow response action potential

3. Auto rhythmicity

4. Origin of cardiac impulse

5. Factors affecting the force of contraction

6. Preload afterload..Frank- Starling law

7. Inotropic state

8. Refractory period

9. Ventricular event during cardiac cycle

10. Factors controlling the venous return

11. Jugular venous wave

12. Factors controlling the cardiac output

13. Cardiovascular reflex ...

14. Regulation of BP ( short & long term)

15. The effect of exercise on bp

16. Hypertension

17. Factors controlling the heart rate

18. ECG
19. Heart block

20. Arrhythmias

21. Hypovolemic shock

22. Neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic shock

GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Give an account of the composition, function & control of secretion of the
pancreatic juice. Describe the pancreatic exocrine function test. [3+3+3+3][2005]

GROUP-B
1. Write down the different inestinal movements. What is adynamic ileus? [5+2]
[2012]

2. What is gastric mucosal barrier? Discuss the physiological basis of management of

peptic ulcer.[2+5] [2013]

3. Define jaundice. Describe the differences between haemolytic & obstructive

jaundice.[2+5] [2014] [2017 supple.]

4. What is the mechanism of HCL secretion in the stomach? Give the physiological
basis of treatment of peptic ulcer with omeprazole. [5+2][2016]

5. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl in stomach. Enumerate the neural and
chemical mechanisms that control gastric secretion. [5+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

6. What is gastric mucosal barrier? What are the changes in it that lead to peptide
ulceration? [2+5] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]

7. Why is intestine not digested by enzymes? Name the GI hormones. [2014]

8. Discuss the factors preventing autodigestion of stomach. [7] [2017 supple.]

9. Mechanism of HCl synthesis and secretion in stomach. What are the paracrine and
endocrine regulators of HCl secretion? [4+3] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. BER.[2010]

2. Bile salt.[2011]

3. Mucosal barrier of stomach.[2012]

4. MMC. [2013]

5. Gastrin.[2015]

6. Dumping syndrome.[2017]

7. Cells found in stomach. [2018]

8. Migrating Motor Complex. [2018]

9. Salivary secretion. [2019]

10. Gastro-colic reflex. [2019]

11. Enterohepatic cycle. [2014 supple.]

12. Dietary fibres. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]

13. Postprandial alkaline tide. [2016 supple.]

14. Functions of saliva. [2016 supple.]

15. CCK-PZ. [2019 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Thought of delicious food induces salivary secretion.[2015]

2. Coagulation time is prolonged in Obstructive jaundice.[2015]

3. Fatty meal delays gastric emptying.[2017]

4. Alcohol intoxication can be avoided if it is consumed with fatty food. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]

5. Oedema is seen in chronic liver disease. [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]

6. Absence of bile salts in small intestine causes steatorrhea. [2019 supple.]

HOTS:
1. Gastric hormone

2. Salivary content

3. Constitution of gastric juice

4. Mechanism & regulation of HCl secretion

5. Pepetic ulcer

6. Gastric mucosal barrier

7. Constituent of pancreatic juice

8. Steatorrhea

9. Composition of liver bile

10.enterohepatic circulation

11. Jaundice

13. Basal electric rythm

14. Migrating motor complex

15. Gastro esophageal reflex

16. Movement of small intestine

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the various sites and mechanisms by which water is reabsorbed from
then ephrons. Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes insipidus. [3+7+2][2009]
GROUP-B
1. What is the normal pH of urine? How the normalcy of pH is maintained in
urine?[1+6] [2010]

2. Define polyuria. What are the causes of polyuria? Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes
Insipidus?[2+2+3][2011]

3. What is the site of production of Renin? Name the stimulants for Renin secretion.
What is the sequence of events in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System?[1+2+4] [2013]

4. Differentiate b/w cortical & juxta-medullary nephrons. Briefly discuss the counter-
current mechanism in the kidney.[2+5] [2014]

5. Describe the mechanism of concentration of urine. What is anuria? [5+2][2017]

6. State briefly how urine is acidified. How excess acidification is prevented? What
are the advantages of having acidic urine?[2+3+2] [2015]

7. What is the role of kidney in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body? [7]
[2016] [2018 supple.]

8. Mention each part of nephron in relation to its histological structure. [7] [2018]

9. Describe how the counter current mechanism in the kidney operates to produce
hypotonic or hypertonic urine. Add a note on micturition reflex. [5+5] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]

10. Outline the process involved in secretion of H+into the tubules. What is the
significance of these processes in regulation of acid-base balance? [4+3] [2019
supple.]

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. Creatinine clearance test.[2010]

2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.[2010]

3. Renal clearance.[2011]

4. Renin.[2011]

5. Counter current multiplication.[2013]

6. Vasa recta.[2015]

7. Endocrine functions of kidney. [2018]

8. Osmotic diuresis.[2019]

9. Tubulo-glomerular feedback. [2018 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Osmotic diuresis occurs in Diabetes Mellitus.[2012]

2. Chronic renal failure patients have anaemia.[2012]

3. Albuminuria occurs in nephritic syndrome.[2014]

4. Volume of urine can increase after drinking a large volume of water. [2015]

5. Furosemide is used as a diuretic.[2016]

6. Chronic renal disease may lead to brittleness of bones. [2018]

7. pH of urine rises after a heavy meal.[2019]

8. Actual renal threshold for glucose is less than predicted value. [2017 supple.]

9. ‘Automatic bladder’ is produced in complete transection of spinal cord. [2019

supple.]

10. GFR is measured by creatinine clearance test. [2019 supple.]

HOTS:
1. Messengial cell

2. Nephron diagram

3. RAAS

4. Glomerular filtration rate

5. Reabsorption of sodium

6. Difference between juxtaglomerular & cortical nephron

7. Reabsorption of urea

8. Counter current mechanism

9. Concentrated urine production

10. Diuretics

11. Acid base balance

12. HCO3- reabsorption

13. Constitution of urine

14. Micturition

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GROUP-B
1. Describe the female sexual cycle. What is LH surge?[6+1][2013][2011][2015]
[2017]

2. Describe the spermatogenesis. What is blood-testis barrier?[5+2][2014] [2012]

3. What is spermatogenesis? Describe the hormonal control of it. [2+5] [2010]

4. What are the hormones of placenta? Though genetically different, why is not foetus
rejected immunologically? [3+4] [2018]

5. Define ovulation. How does interplay of different hormones lead to ovulation? How
is it detected?[2+3+2] [2019] [2014 supple.]

6. What is menstrual cycle? Explain the ovarian changes taking place during menstrual
cycle. [3+7] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

7. What is fetoplacental unit? [7] [2018 supple.]

8. Name the key hormones secreted by Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Steps involved
in spermatogenesis. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Ovulation.[2010]

2. Contraceptive pills. [2012]

3. Secretion and ejection of milk. [2013] [2016 supple]

4. OCP.[2014]

5. Evidences for ovulation. [2015]

6. LH surge. [2016] [2014 supple.]

7. Safe period method for contraception.[2016]

8. Hormonal regulation of testicular activities.[2017]

9. Corpus luteum. [2018]

10. Hormonal control of lactation. [2019]

11. Oral contraceptive pills. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2018 supple.]

12. Progesterone. [2018 supple.]

13. Placental hormones. [2019 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. During lactation, menstrual bleeding does not occur up to six months. [2010]

2. Sterility is more common in men working in heat surrounds.[2010]

3. Prolonged breast feeding is helpful in family planning.[2013] [2012]

4. Pregnancy is associated with stoppage of menstruation.[2014] [[2013]

5. Conversion of testosterone to dihydro-testosterone is essential for full sexual

maturity in male. [2014]

6. Pregnancy usually does not occur during lactation.[2016]

7. Patients with sexual precocity are dwarfs. [2018]

8. Cryptorchids are usually infertile. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

9. Lactation is a natural method of contraception. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

10. Removal of ovaries before 6 weeks of pregnancy leads to abortion. [2016 supple]
[2018 supple.]

HOTS:
1. Spermatogenesis

2. Factors influencing spermatogenesis

3. Menstrual cycle & ovarian cycle

4. Oogenesis

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the functions of
thyroxin. Write a brief note on Cretinism. [2+7+3] [2010]

2. Name the various layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from them.
What are the effects of glucocorticoids? Describe Cushing’s syndrome.[2+7+3] [2011]

3. What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex? Describe the principal functions
of the mineralocorticoids. What is Conn’s syndrome? [3+7+2] [2014]

4. Enumerate the functions of calcium in our body. How its homeostasis is maintained
by involving different hormones? What are the sources of these hormones? Name the
features of Rickets and Osteomalacia. [2+4+2+4] [2013] [2017]

5. What is blood calcium level? Name the physiological functions of Ca2+ in the
body. Discuss briefly how the blood calcium level is maintained? [1+3+8] [2017]

6. Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones.What is thyroid

storm?[10+2] [2012] [2017]

7. Name the hormones of islets of Langerhans. State the functions of insulin. Why
polyphagia occurs in diabetes mellitus?[2+7+3] [2015] [2017 supple.]
8. Enumerate the layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from them.
Explain how aldosterone controls extracellular fluid volume. What is aldosterone
escape? [3+7+2] [2019]

9. Describe the mechanism of action of growth hormone. Enumerate the factors

influencing the secretion of growth hormone. [10+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

10. Describe the functions of calcium in the body. How homeostasis is maintained by
involving different hormones? Name the features of rickets and osteomalacia. [4+4+4]
[2018 supple.]

11. Summarize the effects of insulin on various tissues. What is glucose tolerance test?
What is the major diff. b/w type I and type II DM? [5+3+4] [2019 supple.]

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. ADH.[2014]

2. Cretinism.[2013]

3. Glucocorticoids. [2013]

4. Acromegaly. [2011]

5. Cushing’s syndrome. [2010]

6. Tetany. [2017]

7. Adission’sdisease. [2016]

8. Permissive action of hormones. [2017]

9. Dwarfism. [2018]

10. Acromegaly [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

11. Aldosterone escape. [2017 supple.]

12. Vit D. [2017 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by polyphagia. [2010]
2. Exercise is good for diabetes mellitus.[2013]

3. Metabolic acidosis may be found in diabetes mellitus. [2013]

4. Pigmentation is found in Addison’s disease. [2018]

5. Acromegaly may be associated with visual field defect. [2019]

6. Thyroid dwarfs are usually mentally retarded. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2017
supple.]

7. Persistent hypokalemia may lead to hyperglycemia. [2018 supple.]

8. Low serum sodium level increase aldosterone secretion. [2019 supple.]

HOTS:
1. G-protein

2. Second messenger

3. Mechanism of action of growth hormone

4. Gigantism

5. Dwarfism

6. Acromegaly

7. Prolactin

8. LH...FSH

9. Vasopressin & oxytocin

10. Synthesis of Thyroid hormone

11. Function, action, regulations of thyroid

12. Disease associated with thyroid

13. Glucocorticoid

14. Cushing syndrome, conns syndrome, Addison disease

15. Function of aldosterone

16. Catecholamines

17. Parathormone

18. Calcitonin

19. Tetany & rickete ... osteomalacia

20. Insulin

21. Diabetes mellitus

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

GROUP-A
1. With diagram write the components of limbic system. What are the vegetative
functions of the hypothalamus? What are the roles played by the hypothalamus in
Reward and Punishment?[3+5+4] [2014] [2017]

2. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? With a diagram show the to and
fro connections of the cerebellum. Enumerate the functions of the cerebellum and the
clinical manifestations following its lesion.[2+3+3+4] [2013]

3. Describe the nuclei, connections and functions of basal ganglia. What are the
features of Parkinsonism and how can these be reduced?[7+5] [2012] [2013 supple.]
[2018 supple]

4. Name the different components of basal ganglia. List the pathways that Interconnect
them. What are the functions of basal ganglia? Write down the features of Parkinson’s
disease and its remedy.[2+3+3+4] [2010] [2016]

5. Define synapse. What is synaptic potential? Give ionic basis of development of it

with proper diagram and labelling. Write about the important properties of synapse.
[1+5+6] [2011]

6. Give an account of origin, course and termination of the pyramidal tract with a
diagram. What is Babinski sign? [10+2] [2015]

7. Define muscle tone. How it is maintained? What are the types of hypertonia?
Mention their differences. [2+5+2+3] [2018]
8. With the help of a neat, labelled diagram trace the pathway of pain sensation. What
is stress analgesia and what is its physiological basis? [2+5+2+3] [2018]

9. Draw a diagram of neural connections in cerebellum. What are the different

functional divisions of cerebellum? Explain how it helps in smooth and coordinate
movement. Mention the abnormalities associated with damage to the
cerebellum?[3+3+3+3] [2019]

10. Name the components of basal ganglia. With a suitable diagram outline their chief
connections and functions. Briefly state the features and treatment of Parkinsonism.
[2+3+3+3+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

11. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Write the principal functions of
each division. Draw a diagram of internal circuit of cerebellum. What is cerebellar
ataxia? [2016 supple.]

12. What is stretch reflex? Describe the receptor involved with reflex arc and draw a
suitable diagram. What is reciprocal innervation? What is Renshaw cell inhibition?
[2+6+2+2] [2017 supple.]

GROUP-B
1. What is muscle tone? How is it regulated?[2+5] [2011]

2. Describe the central pain inhibiting mechanism.[7] [2010]

3. Name the main ascending tracts of spinal cord and enumerate their functions. What
is phantom limb phenomenon and describe the law governing it. [5+2] [2017]

4. Explain how the medullary interstial fluid becomes hyperosmotic. What is it’s
functional implication?[7] [2019]

5. What are photoreceptors? What are their functions? Explain briefly the mechanism
of photo-transduction. [1+2+4] [2019]

6. Define pain. Describe pain pathways. Write briefly endogenous pain control
mechanisms. [1+6+3] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. Fluent aphasia. [2014]
2. EPSP. [2012]

3. Brown-Sequard syndrome. [2012]

4. Paradoxical sleep. [2011]

5. Beta wave in ECG. [2011]

6. Decerebrate rigidity. [2010] [2017]

7. Alpha block. [2009]

8. EEG waves. [2014]

9. Synaptic inhibition. [2015]

10. UMN v/s LMN lesion. [2004]

11. Normal waves of EEG.[2016]

12. REM sleep. [2015]

13. Blood brain barrier. [2019]

14. Paradoxical sleep. [2019]

15. Referred pain. [2016 supple.]

16. Static tremor and intention tremor. [2017 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Babinski’s sign is a defining feature of UMN paralysis. [2014]

2. Finger nose test becomes abnormal in cerebellar disorder.[2013] [2017]

3. Speech becomes meaningless if arcuate fasciculus is damaged. [2012]

4. Dissociated anaesthesia is seen in syringomyelia.[2011] [2016]

5. Touching and shaking of an injured part can reduce pain sensation.[2009]

6. L-Dopa is a drug of choice for the treatment of Parkinsonism.[2015] [2017]

7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. [2017] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]

8. Golgi tendon reflex protects the muscle from tear. [2018]

9. Jendrassik manoeuvre is used to elicit a larger tendon jerk. [2019]

10. Hemi section of spinal cord affects both sides of the body. [4] [NEW PATTERN
2021]

11. UMN lesion is associated with spasticity. [2016 supple.]

12. Babinski’s sign is positive in infants. [2019 supple.]

SPECIAL SENSES
GROUP-B
1. Describe the photochemical changes that occur in the retina. What is night
blindness?[5+2] [2013]

2. Describe the auditory pathway with suitable diagram. How will you differentiate
b/w conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness?[5+2][2012] [2016 supple.]

3. Trace the neural pathways that transmit visual information from photoreceptors to
the visual cortex. Enumerate the visual field defects produced by lesions at various
levels of the visual pathway. [3+4] [2014]

4. Name the common errors of refraction. Explain the use of corrective lenses in each
of them.[2+5] [2015]

5. With a suitable diagram, explain the effects of lesion in the visual pathway at
various levels. What is Argyll-Robertson pupil? [5+2] [2016] [2018 supple.]

6. Enumerate the common errors of optical refraction. Explain the use of corrective
lenses in each of them. [2+5] [2017 supple.]

7. Draw a diagram showing optic pathways with proper labelling. What are the effects
of transection at different locations of optic pathways? What is macular sparing? [2+5]
[2019 supple.]

GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)

1. OrganofCorti.[2013] [2017]

2. Accommodationreflex. [2012]
3. Tastebuds.[2014]

4. LateralisationinWeber’stest.[2016]

5. Dark adaptation. [2018]

6. Cochlear microphonics. [2018]

7. cAMP. [2019]

8. Colour blindness. [2016 supple.]

GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)

1. Near point recedes with ageing.[2013] [2016 supple.]

2. In Argyll-Robertson pupil, light reflex is lost. [2011]

3. In retina, the fovea centralis is the point of greatest visual acuity. [2010]

4. When a person is exposed to some odour for some time, the perception of that
odour decreases. [2016]

5. Older persons show presbyopia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]

6. Near point of vision recedes as age advances. [2019]

7. Visual acuity is maximum at fovea centralis. [2019]

HOTS:
1. Action potential

2. Synapse

3. Nerve injury

4. IPSP & EPSP

5. Reflex ...stretch & inverse stretch reflex

6.pain & touch pathway

7. Pain inhibition mechanism

8. Pyramidal tract

9. Extra-pyramidal tract

9. Afferent & efferent of cerebellum

10. Cerebellar neuron circuitry

11. Sign of cerebellar lesions

12. Basal galnglia

13. Parkinson disease

14. Treatment of parkinsonism

15. Muscle tone

16. Rigidity

17. Function of hypothalamus

18. Sleep cycle

19. Layer of cerebral cortex

20. Photochemical changes in retina

21. Visual pathway & effect of lesion on various parts of it

22. Taste pathway

23. Auditory pathway

24. Organ of Corti

25. Color blindness

26. Taste buds

MCQ [2021]
Choose the correct option of each of the following:

1. Which of the following is true of the tubular fluid that passes through the lumen of
the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa ?
a) It is usually isotonic

b) It is usually hypotonic

c) It is usually hypertonic

d) It is hypertonic in antidiuresis

2. Which muscle is contracted as part of the pupillary light reflex?

a) Ciliary muscle

b) Pupillary dilator muscle

c) Pupillary sphincter muscle

d) Radial fibers of the iris

3. Factors that increase the secretion of humen prolactin:

a) Glucoae

b) L-Dopa

c) Sleep

d) Somatostatin

4. Paradoxical sleep consists of all except:

a) Rapid, low voltage EEG activity with PGO spikes.

b) Slow wave EEG with sleep spindles.

c) Hypotonia.

d) Roving movement of eyeball.

5. Vanilloid receptors are activated by

a) Touch

b) Pressure

c) Pain

d) Vibration

6. Sectioning the brainstem between superior and inferior colliculi will produce.

a) Decerebrate rigidity

b) Decorticate rigidity

c) Clasp-knife spasticity

d) Lead pipe rigidity

7. Which neurotransmitter is released by both rods and cones at their synapses with
bipolar

a) Acetylcholine

b) Dopamine

c) Glutamate

d) Serotonin

8. Which of the following is not an effect of efferent arteriole constriction.

a) Decreased GFR

b) Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure

c) Decreased blood flow in peritubular vessels

d) Increased oncotic pressure in peritubular vessels

9. Decídual cells are found in the:

a) Uterus

b) Prostate

c) Placenta

d) Hypothalamus

10. In human males, testosterone is produced mainly by the

a) Leydig cells

b) Sertoli cells

c) Seminiferous tubules

d) Epididymis.

1. All are true for Na", K -ATPase pump except:

a) Is responsible for BMR.

b) Has coupling ratio 3:2.

c) Is electrogenic

d) Is needed for generation of ATP.

2. The resting potential of myelinated nerve fibre is primarily dependent on the

concentration gradient of which of the following ions?

a) Ca++

b) CI

c) K+

d) Na+
3. Calmodulin is most closely related, both structurally and functionally, to which of
the following proteins?

a) G-actin

b) Myosin light chain

c) Tropomyosin

d) Troponin C

4. Salivary a-amylase (ptyalin) acting on starch produce all except

a) a-limit dextrin

b) Glucose

c) Maltose

d) Maltotriose

5. Junctional tissue in heart is concerned with.

a) Inotropic state

b) Force of contraction

c) Autorhythmicity

d) Excitibility

6. Which of the following has maximum smooth muscle as compared to wall

thickness?

a) Respiratory bronchiole

b) Alveoli

c) Terminal bronchiole

d) Alveolar ducts
7. Cell type which lacks HLA antigen is

a) Monocyte

b) Thrombocyte

c) Neutrophil

d) RBC

8. Fat digestion mostly begins in

a) lleum

b) Duodenum

c) Stomach

d) Jejunum

9. All plasma proteins are synthesized by liver except

a) Fibrinogen

b) Immunoglobulins

c) Lipoproteins

d) Transferrin

10. Hypokalemia causes

a) Increased amplitude of action potential

b) Hyperpolarization

c) Resting membrance potential becomes less negative

d) Tetany
PAPER DISTRIBUTION-

BIOCHEMISTRY:

PAPER 1:

• Enzyme and Membrane Transporters

• Chemistry and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
• Chemistry and Metabolism of Lipids
• Chemistry and Metabolism of Proteins
• Nucleotide Metabolism.
• AETCOM

PAPER 2:

• Molecular Biology
• Nutrition
• Extracellular Matrix
• Biological Oxidation
• Oncogenesis and Immunity.

Special Tips:
1) Students who will be approaching the chapters for the first time are hereby advised to master our HOTS
section first from your available textbooks itself.

2) Students appearing for their 1st MB in few days must hold a better grip on previous year questions.
 CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
CELL & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

GROUP-A
1.Discuss how the fluidity of plasma membrane largely depends on its lipid
composition. Describe how the macro molecules are transported across the plasma
membrane. Explain the role of ion channel, lipid rafts and caveolae.[6+4+2] [2017-S]

2.Discuss how macromolecules are transported across plasma membrane with

schematic diagram wherever applicable[8+4][2018-S]

GROUP-B
1.Discuss the role of phospholipid, cholesterol and carbohydrates in the structural and
functional aspect of plasma membrane. [2016-S]

2.State different types of transport of molecule across biomembrane. Mention

charecterestics of Carrier Mediated Transport. Differentiate between primary active
transport with that of secondary active transport.[2+2+3][2019-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1.Receptor mediated endocytosis[2014]

2. Ionophores [2014]

3. Secondary active transport [2017-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Colloids are biologically important having clinical significance.[2013]

2.Oral Rehydration Solution contains glucose.[2019]

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY- DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

GROUP-B
1. Indicate in details the chemical composition of glycosaminoglycans and
proteoglycans. Name the carbohydrates present in glycopreoteins and
glycolipids.[5+2][’13, ‘15]

2. Describe how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed from gut.[2014-
S,2016-S]

3.Classify polysaccharides. Indicate the structural and functional aspect of each of

them[2016-S]

4.Describe the various forms of isomerism exhibited by carbohydrates. Name the

carbohydrates present in glycoproteins.[5+2][2017]

5.Describe the different types of bond present in heterogeneous polysaccharides with

example. [2017-S]

6.Write down the oxidative phase of HMP shunt pathway & its
importance.[6+1][2019-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Blood group antigen.[’10,’16]

2. Glycemic index[‘17]

3. Invert sugar[‘17]

4.Glucose transporter[‘17]

5.Composition and function of hyaluronic acid[2017-S]

6.Discuss isomerism of glucose. [2018-S]

7.Glycosaminology [‘19]

8.Glycosides [2019-S]

9.RBC Group Antigen[2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1.Glucose and fructose form similar osazone crystals.[2011, 2018]

2. Defective lactose digestion may lead to a clinical condition.[2015]

3. Hyperurecemia occurs in Von-Gierke disease.[2018]

4.Thiamine deficiency is detected by measuring transketolase activity in blood’[2018]

5.Benedict test is used to identify reducing sugar.[2018-S]

HOTS:
• Stereoisomerism and different stereoisomers of glucose

• Mucopolysaccharides

• Glycaemic index

• Glucose transporter

• Mutarotation

• Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan

• Explain why sucrose is a reducing sugar

• Glycoprotein and glycolipid

LIPID CHEMISTRY-DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

GROUP-A
1. Classify phospholipids with examples. Mention their specific role in maintaining
the fluidity of plasma membrane. [10+2][2013, 2010-S 7 marks, 2018 7 marks]

2.Name the membrane phospholipids. Draw the structure of lecithin. Write the
products formed by the action of different types phospholipases on lecithin. State the
physiological role of lysophospholipids & fatty acids produced by the breakdown of
lecithin.[3+1+4+4][2019-S]
GROUP-B
1. Tabulate a detailed account of chemical composition of plasma
lipoproteins.[7][2010]

2. Classify the fatty acids in details & indicate their physical properties.[5+2][2010-S,
2017]

3. Indicate the chemical composition and methods of separation of plasma

lipoproteins. [2017-S]

4. Name ketones bodies. Outline the steps of synthesis & utilization of ketone
bodies.[1+6][2019-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Separation & identification of lipid by thin layer chromatography[‘13]

2. Omega-3fattyacids.[2015]

3. Glycosphingolipids[2017]

4. Sialic Acid [2017-S]

5. Plasmalogens [2017-S]

6. Sphingomyelin[2018-S]

7. Ecosanoids[2019]

8. Phospholipase [2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Arachidonic acid may not be considered as an essential fatty acid.[2010]

2. Lecithin is amphipathic as well as amphoteric in nature.[2014]

3. Acid number helps in the identification of rancidity in fats and oils.[2016]

4. Apolipoprotein is a ligand for cell rexeptors.[2016-S]

5. Trans fatty acid is injurious to health.[2018-S]

6. Dipalmitoyllecithin acts as surfactant of alveolar fluids[2019]

7. Cholesterol is essential for digestion of lipids[2021]

HOTS:
• Phospholipids examples and use
• Liposomes use
• Short notes: Sphingolipids,Gangliosides,Trans fatty acid,Essential fatty
acid,Omega-3 fatty acid
• Rancidity of fat (acid number)
• Iodine number

PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-AMINO ACIDS, HEMOGLOBIN

GROUP-A
1. Discuss the four orders of protein structures. Describe the alpha helical form of a
globular protein. State briefly how the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain can
be determined.[6+2+4][2010]

2. Discuss briefly how the chemical structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin

influence their biological activities. Describe the changes that take place in
hemoglobin on oxygenation.[6+6][2010]

3. Describe the peptide bond. What are the different forces that stabilize the protein
,structure at the different levels of organization? Give an example to explain the
primary structure that determines the functional state of proteins.[4+5+3][2011]

4. Describe how the amino acid composition, N-terminal & C-terminal residues of a
protein are determined & identified. Describe the bonds

responsible for the four structures of proteins. Briefly indicate how a molecular weight
of a protein is determined.[7+3+2][2013]

5. Describe the salient features of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet structure of
proteins. Mention the non-covalent interactions which stabilize protein confirmation.
Briefly discuss the role of peripheral & integral proteins in the network of plasma
proteins.[4+3+5][2014]

6. Compare and explain the oxygen binding curves of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Indicate the conformational changes that occur in hemoglobin on oxygenation.
Mention the basic variations in the chemical structures of HbS and HbM as compared
to the adult hemoglobin.[6+3+3][2014][2016]

7.Describe the bonds responsible to mention the four orders of protein structure.
Describe the physical methods by which the molecular weight of a protein can be
determined. Explain how a polypeptide can be synthesized to in the laboratory[6+4+2]
[2017-S]

8.Describe in detail how the number, kind and sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain are determined.[4+4+4]

9.Describe the methods of determination of primary structure of proteins. [2018]

10. Classify protein on the basis of their biological function and give one example of
each protein. Compare and contrast the structure of keratin, myoglobin and
haemoglobin. Draw O2 dissociation curve of HbA (adult haemoglobin) and HbF
(foetal haemoglobin) and explain the difference between them.[3+6+3][2019]

11.Write down different levels of organization of protein. Write down the steps of
haem degradation.{5+5][2021]

GROUP-B
1. Describe the principles of electrophoresis. Illustrate with diagram the
electrophoretic separation of the serum proteins indicating the significance of each
separated band. Explain the importance of acute phase reactants. [3+2+2][2014]

2. Classify L-amino acids present in the proteins. Explain how amino acids are
separated and identified from a mixture of amino acids. [2+5][2015]

3. Write down the synthesis of bilirubin. Explain the term direct bilirubin, indirect
bilirubin and Van der Berg reagent. Mention the changes that take places in serum
bilirubin (direct) and bilirubin(indirect) level in haemolytic and obstructive
jaundice.[4+2+1][2019]

4. Outline the process of synthesis of ammonia in human system. Stae different routes
of disposal of ammonia from human body.[4+3][2019-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Glycosylated Hemoglobin.[2011, 2018]
2. Prions.[2011]

3.Selenocystine.[2015]

4.Beta pleated sheet.[2017]

5.Classification of amino acid[2018-S]

6.Discuss secondary structure of protein[2018-S]

7. Peptide bond[2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. 2,3BPG helps in delivery of Oxygen to the tissues.[2011]

2. Glycine solution cannot rotate the plane of plain polarized light.[2012]

3. Patient with Hb-S often suffers from anemia.[2013][2017]

4. Myoglobin does not exhibit Bohr effect.[2015]

5. Chaperons play a very significant role in protein folding.[2016, 2018]

6. Hb-A1c provides valuable information for management of diabetes mellitus.[2016]

7. HbF has more affinity towards oxygen than HbA.[2019-S]

8. Hemoglobin is supposed to have all four levels of protein structure.[2021]

HOTS:
• Peptide bond
• Structure of proteins primary,secondary ,tertiary ,quarternary
• Chemical structure of haemoglobin in myoglobin
• Oxygen binding curve of haemoglobin and myoglobin
• What happens in haemoglobin on oxygenation
• What is the difference in chemical structure of HbS and HbM as
compared to adult haemoglobin
• How do I am I know acid composition in terminal and see terminal
residue of a protein are determined and identified?
• Protein folding and role of chaperons
• Chemical structure of collagen
 • Principles of electrophoresis
• 2,3-BPG on haemoglobin oxygen interaction
• How amino acids are separated and and identified from a mixture of
amino acids?

ENZYMES

GROUP-A
1. Explain the Michaelis Menten equation and explain the role of substrate
concentration on the rate of enzyme catalyzed react ion with the help of graphs.
Illustrate how Vmax and Km are affected by competitive and non-competitive
inhibition of enzymes. “The Km value for glucokinase is much higher than that for
hexokinase though both act on glucose” explain the statement.[6+4+2][2017][2013]

2. Name 5 enzymes whose catalytic activities are altered by covalent phosphorylation-

dephosphorylation and indicate their functions. According to International Union of
Biochemists, enzymes are classified into six major groups. Indicate in which groups
the following enzymes belong: i)Adenylatecyclase, ii)DNA dependant RNA
polymerase. iii)Aldolase, iv)Chymotrypsin, v)Reverse Transcriptase, vi)Enolase
vii)Acetyl CoA carboxylase.[5+7][2017][2015]

3. Describe different types of enzyme inhibition. Write the clinical importance of

enzyme inhibitors.[8+4] [2018]

4.a) State the class in which the following enzyme do belong:

i) Acetylcarboxylase. ii)Fumarase iii)Phosphoglucomutase. iv)Aldolase. V)pepsin

vi)RestrictionEndonuclease.

b)Classify the regulatory enzyme. Explain the process of covalent regulation of rate
limiting enzyme with suitable example.

c) State at least one pathological condition with rise in activity of the following
enzymes in blood: i)SGPT ii)Alkaline Phosphatase. iii)Amylase. iv)RBC
Transketolase. v)Creatine phosphokinase. vi)LDH[3+6+3][2019]

5.A) State atleast one pathological condition which increase the activity of following
enzyme in blood: Lipase, CPK-MB, RBC glutathione reductase, SGOT
B) Explain with the help of enzyme velocity curve how following factors regulate the
enzyme activity: Concentration of enzyme, Concentration of substrate, pH,
Temperature. [4+8][2019-S]

6. Classify enzymes according to IUB with example of each. Differentiate between the
lock and key model & induced fit model for enzyme catalysis. What factors effect
enzyme activity. Briefly discuss different mechanism of enzyme inhibition.
[6+3+2+4][2021]

GROUP-B
1. Define isoenzymes. Write the clinical significance of serum isoenzymes in cardiac
disorder.[2+5][2012-S]

2. Describe in details hpw covalent modification and repression/depression

mechanism can regulate the enzyme action in vivo.[7][2014-S]

3. Explain the mechanism of allosteric regulation of enzyme activity using PFK as an

example. Mention the other mechanisms by which the enzyme action is
regulated.[4+3][2016]

4. Describe the oxido-reductase group of enzymes. [2018]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Km of enzyme[2012-S]

2. Co-enzyme[2012-S]

3. Ribozyme [2014-S][2016-S][2018]

4. Non-functional enzyme[2016]

5. Michalis-Menten equation[2016-S]

6. Isoenzyme [2018-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. The mode of action of metallo-enzymes and metal activated enzymes are
different.[2013]
2. Isoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatase are of diagnostic significance.[2014]

3. Nonfunction plasma enzymes are important only for clinical purposes.[2014]

4. Methotrexate is a competitive enzyme inhibitor.[2014-S]

5. Apolipoproteins are enzyme cofactors.[2014-S]

6. In competitive inhibition, larger amount of substrate can overcome the effect of

inhibition.[2014-S]

7. Isoenzyme assay is helpful in the diagnosis of MI.[2015]

8. Metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes are not similar. [2016-S]

9. Allopurinol is called suicide inhibitor.[2018-S]

10. Coenzymes act as co-substrate in the enzyme catalyzed reaction.[2019]

HOTS:
• Enzymes definition classification with examples
• Coenzymes and cofactors
• Mode of action of enzymes lock and key induced fit model & Michelis menten
theory
• Factors influencing enzyme activity
• Michelis menten equation significance of Km
• Various modes of enzyme inhibition and clinical importance of enzyme
inhibition
• Competitive and non-competitive suicide allosteric feedback inhibition
examples
• Classify regulatory enzymes
• Explain process of covalent regulation of rate limiting enzyme with suitable
examples
• Define isoenzymes. Various examples and their clinical importance.
 GENERAL METABOLISM
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

GROUP-A
1. Describe in a flow diagram the metabolic pathways of glycogen formation and
degradation in the body. Describe in separate chart show cyclic AMP regulates this
process by enzyme modification. [4+8][2013]

2. In a flow diagram describe the metabolic steps of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

in muscle and show how cAMP integrates their regulation.[6+6][2010,2018-S]

3. Describe the metabolic steps of citric acid cycle in a flow diagram indicating the
enzymes and co-enzymes involved and highlighting the steps where the energy is
produced. Mention the steps in the cycle which are irreversible in nature. Indicate how
propionate is converted to one of the intermediates of this cycle.[8+2+2][2013]

4. In a flow diagram ,indicate the metabolic steps by which propionate can be

converted to glucose and show how key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are
controlled.[6+6][2010]

5. On complete oxidation, glucose leads to production of carbondioxide and water.

Mention those metabolic steps where carbondioxides are evolved. Give a detailed
account of enzymes, co-enzymes and control mechanisms involved in these steps.
Mention three examples of metabolic reactions where carbon dioxide is utilized in this
process.[6+3+3][2016]

6. Describe in detail how glycogenic amino acids are converted into glucose in the
body by TCA cycle and reverse pathway of glycolysis. [2016-S]

7.Describe the role of insulin and glucagon on gluconeogenesis process in fed and
starved state. [2018-S]

8. Describe differences between the anaerobic and aerobic pathways of glycolysis.

Explain how RBCs can continue glycolysis without any synthesis of ATP’ Explain
how metabolic pathway of galactose and fructose are linked to glycolytic
pathway.[6+3+3+3][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Describe multi-enzyme complex and various reactions involved in the oxidation of
pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA.[7][2011]

2. Describe the process of formation of glucose from lactate indicating the regulatory
steps.[4+3][2012-S, 2018]

3. Describe in details how pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA in the body.[7][2013].

4. Give a brief account of glycogen storage disease.[7][2014].

5. Describe the hormonal control of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in a flow

diagram. [2016-S]

6. Explain with a flow diagram how glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver are
controlled by fructose 2,6 bis phosphate & the bifunctional enzyme6-phosphofructo-2-
kinase.[7][2017]

7. With flow diagrams, indicates the normal and abnormal metabolism of fructose and
galactose the body.[7][2017-S]

8. Write down the non-oxidative process of HMPShunt Pathway and it’s

importance.[6+1][2019]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Rapoport Leuberin cycle[’11,’17]

2. Essential Pentosuria [’10,’16]

3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase [‘19]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Long chain fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose in human body though the
reverse is possible.[2010]

2. Impairment of pentose phosphate pathway(PPP) leads to erythrocytic

hemolysis.[2011]

3. Phosphofructokinase-I is known as pacemaker of glycolysis.[2012]

4. Von-Gierke’s disease is associated with hyperuricemia.[2012][2017]

5. G6PD deficiency develops anemia.[2012-S][2017-S]

6. Fat can be synthesized from glucose but glucose can’t be synthesized from
fat.[2016]

7. Galactosemic patients are often associated with congenital cataract.[2016]

8. Uncontrolled DM causes cataract. [2018-S]

HOTS:
• Glycolysis pathway and key regulatory Enzymes
• Cori'scycle or lactic acid cycle and it's significance
• Rapoport Leubering Cycle & it's significance
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction pyruvate dehydrogenase complex its
regulation and significance
• Gluconeogenesis steps and regulation by cAMP in flowchart
• Glycogen storage disease
• HMP shunt flow diagram and physiological significance
• Metabolic role of glucoronic acid
• Essential Pentosuria
• Galactose metabolism galactosaemia
• Fructose metabolism and disorder associated
• Conversion of propionate to glucose
• Citric acid cycle-steps,coenzyme, cofactor,enzyme,CO2 generating steps
• Electron transport chain
• Malate Aspartate Shuttle
• ATP synthesis mechanism and theories

LIPID METABOLISM

GROUP-A
1. Give an account of fatty acid synthase complex. Describe the metabolic pathway for
de-novo synthesis of palmitate in the body.[3+9][2014]
2. Describe the metabolic steps of biosynthesis of cholesterol.Discuss the control
metabolism associated with HMG CoA reductase. Explain reverse cholesterol
transport.[8+2+2][2017]

3. Describe how palmitic acid is oxidised in the body completely and calculate it's net
gain in energy. Explain how the complete oxidation of oleic acid different from that of
palmitic acid.[8+2+2] [2017-S]

4. Write the metabolism of VLDL. Explain the reverse-cholesterol transport.

[8+4][2018]

5. Write down the steps of beta-oxidation of fatty acid. Why defective beta oxidation
may lead to hypoglycemia.[6+4][2021]

GROUP-B
1. Give the exact chemical composition of very low density lipoprotein. Explain their
formation and fate inside the body.[2+5][2013]

2. Describe how ketone bodies are formed & subsequently degraded in the
body.[3+4][2015]

3. Describe with the help of a diagram digestion of a triglyceride and it’s absorption
from intestine, with special reference to the role of bile in the process.[2019]

4.Write down the β-oxidation of palmitic acid and mention problem that arise out of
medium chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase deficiency.[6+1][2019]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Control of HMG-CoA reductase.[2013]

2.Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism.[2015]

3.Fatty acid synthase complex.[2017]

4. Fatty liver[2017-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Statin group of drugs(atorvastatin) act as cholesterol lowering agent.[2012-S, 2019-
S]

2. Ketone bodies are degraded in the extra hepatic tissues only.[2013]

3. Both uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and prolonged fasting produce ketosis but its
magnitude is less in the case of prolonged fasting.[2014]

4.HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport.[2015, 2019]

5. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency may lead to hyperglyceridemia.[2015]

6.Consumption of alcohol leads to fatty liver.[2015-S, 2016-S]

7.Citrate plays an important role in fatty acid synthesis.[2017, 2018-S]

8.Increase intake of fructose leads to formation of more VLDL.[2017-S]

9. Ketone bodies are not waste material. [2018-S]

10. HDL C is good cholesterol.[2018-S]

HOTS:
• Beta oxidation of fatty acids
• De Novo synthesis of Fatty acid
• Metabolism of ketone bodies---Ketogenesis; Ketolysis
• Biosynthesis of cholesterol and regulation of cholesterol Synthesis
• Ketosis in diabetes mellitus
• HDL,LDL,VLDL metabolism
• Lipoprotein is called a little rascal why?
• Short note: fatty acid synthetase complex
▪ Role of Carnitine in fatty acid metabolism
▪ Role of citrate in fatty acid synthesis
• Digestion of lipid and role of Colipase
PROTEIN METABOLISM

GROUP-A
1. Name the aromatic amino acids. Outline the catabolic pathway of phenylalanine
mentioning the disorders relating to that.[Describe how catabolism of haem produces
bilirubin. Indicate in details the process of uptake, conjugation and secretion involved
in transfer of bilirubin from blood to bile.[6+6][2014]

2. Discuss an essay on biosynthesis of urea. How it is regulated. Add a note on the

clinical significance of uremia. [2018-S]

3. Describe the reaction of transamination and oxidative deamination of amino acids in

the body. What are the effects of hyperammonemia?[3+3+4][2021]

GROUP-B
1. Describe how catecholamines are synthesized and degraded inside the human
body.[3+4][2010]

2. Write the synthesis, transport and degradation of catecholamines.[7][2011]

3. Describe the process of transamination and oxidative deamination in the

body.[4+3][2014]

4. Explain the role of glutamic acid in removal of ammonia from amino acid. Why
ammonia is toxic to central nervous system. [2018]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Maple Syrup Urine Disease.[2010]

2. Polyamines.[2010]

3. S-Adenosyl Methionine.[2013]

4. Acute intermittent porphyria.[2014]

5. Phenylketonuria [2016-S, 2018-S, 2019-S]

6. Hyperbilirubinemia [2016-S, 2018]

7. Oxidative & non-oxidative deamination. [2017-S]

8. Alkaptonuria [2019]

9. Transmethylation [2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Urine turns black on standing in Alkaptonuria.[2010]

2. Phototherapy (exposure to blue light) helps in treatment of neonatal Physiological

jaundice.[2011][2017-S]

3. Ammonia is toxic to Central Nervous System.[2012, 2016-S]

4. Patient with carcinoid syndrome may exhibit pellagra.[2013]

5. Alkaptonuria is often associated with generalized pigmentation of Connective tissue

(Ochronosis).[2013]

6. Drugs may precipitate attacks of porphyria in some patients. [2017-S]

7. Hartnup disease gives rise to pellagra like syndrome.[2019]

8. Hemoglobin is supposed to have all four levels of protein structure.[2021]

HOTS:
• Transamination and oxidative deamination
• Urea cycle steps,intermediate and bioenergetics
• Ammonia is toxic to CNS ;Role of glutamine in ammonia removal
• Glycine cleavage system
• Products derived from glycine
• SAM
• Formation of glutathione and its function
• Role of glutathione in RBC membrane integrity
• Polyamines
• Synthesis and degradation of catecholamine
• Phenylketonuria
• Alkaptonuria
• Metabolic product of tyrosine
• Hartnup's disease
• Catabolism of phenylalanine
 • Maple syrup urine disease

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

GROUP-A
1. Describe all the complexes with their components of the respiratory chain in
mitochondria with the probable sites of ATP synthesis. Indicate the names of different
inhibitors with their sites of inhibition. Name some uncouplers associated with
respiratory chain and indicate their significance.[8+2+2][2014-S, 2018]

2. Describe the organisation of electron transport chain mentioning the components of

all four complexes and the reaction catelised by them. Explain the mechanism of ATP
synthesis in the mitochondria by ATP synthase. [2016-S]

GROUP-B
1. Describe the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis of oxidative
phosphorylation.[7][2010]

2. Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain. How the inhibitors of ETC
differ from uncouplers of oxidative phosphrylation?[5+2][2011]

3. Describe the operation and significance of glycerophosphate shuttle and malate

shuttle.[3+4][2014]

4. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Differentiate it from substrate level

phosphorylation. Illustrate with a diagram how ATP is synthesized in
mitochondria?[2+2+3][2014]

5. Name the components of the electron transport chain with the help of a diagram.
Explain how the electron flows from the NADH+H+ to the molecular oxygen through
the different components of ETC.[2+5][2019-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.[2019]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Brown adipose tissue promotes thermogenesis.[2011,‘10]
2. G6PD is responsible for erythrocyte membrane rigidity.[2014]

3.Brown fat is responsible for non-shivering , genesis in newborn. [2016-S]

4.F0F1 ATPase give rise to ATP synthesis in intact mitochondria.[2019-S]

5. TCA is known as amphibolic pathway.[2021]

CLINICAL & APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY

ACID-BASE BALANCE

GROUP-A
1. Describe in detail how pH of the blood is regulated by lung and kidney. Give an
account of metabolic acidosis and anion gap.[4+4+2+2][2014-S, 2018-S]

GROUP-B
1. Describe the renal mechanism for regulation of acid base balance.

2. What is the biomedical importance of anion gap?[4+3][2014]

3. Name the blood buffers. Explain the role of blood buffers in the maintenance of
normal pH of blood.[2019]

4. Write down the Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Explain the role of kidney in the
maintenance of acid base balance in our body.[1+6][2019-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Respiratory acidosis[2013]

2. Henderson – Hasselbach equation [2013-S]

3. Alkali reserve[2018]

4. Bicarbonate buffer system[2021]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Cellular exchange of ion maintains hydrogen ion homeostasis. [2017-S]

FUNCTIONAL TEST

GROUP-B
1. Describe the methods of determining the chemical structure of any unknown
biomolecule.[7][2017]

2. Describe the principles of different forms of chromatography and indicate their role
in clinical diagnosis. [2017-S]

3. Enumerate the difference between autosomal dominant and recessive disorders

giving examples. [2017-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Electrophoresis.[2016, 2018-S]

2.Ion exchange chromatography. [2016-S]

3.Enzyme assay by coupling to a dehydrogenase[2016-S]

4.Abnormalities of thyroid function.[2018-S]

5.Biochemical function of ascorbic acuid.[2018-S]

6.Thin Layer Chromatography.[2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Renal clearance study is a nearly predictor of impending renal failure.[2014, 2018]

2.Levels of hepatic enzymes can differentiate b/w hemolytic, hepatocellular and

obstructive jaundice.[2013]

3.Urinary urobilinogen is increased in hemolytic jaundice. [2018]

4. Phototherapy is better alternative than Phenobarbital in treatment of Crigler Najjar

syndrome type I.[2021]
FREE RADICALS, ANTIOXIDANTS & XENOBIOTICS

GROUP-B
1. Explain the different phases of metabolism of xenobiotics. [7][2016-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Super-oxidedismutase.[2013]

2. Role of Cyt-P450 in hydroxylation reaction.[2013]

3. Lipid peroxidation reaction [2013-S][2016-S]

4. Biochemical functions of peroxisomes.[2014]

5.Antioxidant enzymes.[2014]

6.Reactive oxygen species[2019]

7.Cyt-P450[2014-S, 2019]

8. Phase II reaction of Xenobiotics.[2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Glutathione plays a vital role in detoxification. [2016-S]

2. Hydroxylation reactions often require the presence of ascorbic acid. [2017-S]

3. Macrophages shows beneficial effects by generating free radicals.[2021]

VITAMIN, MINERALS & NUTRITION

GROUP-A
1. What is a balanced diet? What is the nutritional importance of dietary proteins?
Discuss the protein energy malnutrition with special reference to kwashiorkor
disease.[3+6+6][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Indicate the factors which modified absorption of calcium from the gut. Discuss in
detail how calcium metabolism is controlled by calcitriol and parathyroid hormone.
Enumerate the biochemical role of intracellular calcium.[3+4] [2016-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Folic acid as coenzyme[2016-S]

2. Folate trap[2018]

3. Nitric oxide having various role.[2018-S]

4. Biochemical function of ascorbic acid[2018-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Transamination reaction cannot take place without pyridoxine.[2017-S]

2. Vitamine K deficiency is responsible for haemorrhage disease of newborn.[2019]

3. Normal function of the kidney is essential for the synthesis of active Vitamin
D3.[2019-S]

4. Deficiency of ascorbic acid causes fragility of blood vessels.[2021]

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
NUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY

GROUP-A
1. Describe the Watson Crick model of DNA structures enumerating its salient
features. Explain the role of Histone Protein in the organisation of DNA. Indeed gate
how denaturation of DNA is used to analyse its structure. [2016-S]

GROUP-B
1. Indicate the functional aspect of all varieties of RNA. [2016-S]
2. Describe Watson crick model of DNA structure. Draw and label structure of
tRNA[4+3] [2018-S]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. t-RNA[2011]

2. Bonds in polynucleotides.[2017]

3. sn RNA, mi RNA, si RNA [2017-S]

4. Melting of DNA [2018]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. RNA is alkali labile while DNA is alkali resistant.[2012, 2013-S, 2019-S]

2. DNA with higher GC content have relatively higher Tm.[2014]

3. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]

4. DNA is more stable than RNA.[2016]

5. Adenine nucleotides have various functions beside making nucleic acids.[2017]

6. Nucleotide analogs are used as anticancer agents.[2018]

NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Gout.[2013]

2. Source of nitrogen and carbon atoms of the purine ring.[2013]

3. Purine Salvage Pathway.[2018]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]

2. Intake of alcohol may aggravate the symptoms of gout.[2016]

3. Allopurinol lowers the uric acid concentration of blood.[2012-S, 2019]

4. Gout is precipitated by alcohol intake.[2012-S, 2016-S, 2018-S, 2021]

HOTS:
• Basic structure of purines and pyrimidine Ring
• PRPP in purine synthesis
• Purine salvage pathway
• Lesch Nyhan syndrome
• Uric acid formation and gout

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS

GROUP-A
1. Describe the stage of initiation of translation process with the help of a diagram.
State the mechanism of action of the following antibiotics in the inhibition of
translation: A) Streptomycin, B) Erythromycin, C) Chloramphenicol.[6+6][2011]

2. Write down the different types of DNA damage. Explain the mechanisms of:
Mismatch DNA repair, Base excision repair, Nucleotide excision repair.[6+6][2011]

3. Define operon. Describe the Lac-operon model for regulation of gene expression in
E.Coli.[2+10] [2018]

4. Write with the help of a diagram, describe the stage of initiation and elongation of
translation process in E.coli. State the mechanism of streptomycin and puromycin in
the inhibition of translation process on prokaryotes.[9+3][2019]

5. Write down with the help of a diagram stage of initation and elongation of
replication process. Differentiate between DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase
III[3+9][2019]

6. Name the different types of DNA damage. Mention different types of DNA repair.
With the help of diagram differentiate between ‘Mismatch repair’ & ‘Base Excision
Repair’[2+2+8][2019-S]

7. With the help of asuitable diagram explain the ‘Lac-operon model’ of regulation of
gene expression in bacteria. Differentiate between the mono-cistronic & poly-cistronic
mRNA.[10+2][2019-S]
8. Explain replication of a DNA molecule in the context of initiation, elongation and
termination in prokaryotes with suitable diagrams. Enumerate the difference b/w DNA
polymerase I, II & III.[10+5][2021]

GROUP-B
1. Describe how ribonucleic acid is synthesized. Indicate the difference b/w DNA
Polymerase III and RNA polymerase.[5+2][2010]

2. Describe the initiation, elongation and termination phase of transcription in

eukaryotes. Name the antibiotics which specifically inhibit the microbial protein
synthesis.[5+2][2015-12marks][2013]

3. Enumerate different types of DNA repair.[7][2015-S, 2018]

4. Give an account of negative and positive regulation of lac operon in

E.Coli.[2015][7]

5. Enumerate the DNA damageing agents and indicate the types of damages made by
them.[7][2017]

6. Expand the term PCR. Describe different steps for a PCR reaction. Enumerate any
four uses of the PCR.[1+7+2][2021]

7. Enumerate the different modes of repair of DNA damage in humans. Explain the
mechanism of any one of them with the disorder arising due to the defects on that
pathway.[4+4+2][2021]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).[2011]
2. Monoclonal antibodies.[2011]
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction.[2012-S, 2015-S. 2018]
4. Base excision repair of DNA.[2013]
5. Frame shift mutation.[2013]
6. Eukaryotic topoisomerase.[2014]
7. Polyclonal antibodies.[2014]
8. Radioisotopes.[2014]
9. DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.[2015]
10.RNA editing.[2015]
 11.Use of in vitro DNA amplification process in the laboratory[2015-S]
12.Post translational modification of proteins[2015-S]
13.Point mutation.[2012-S,2016]
14.Restriction endonuclese[2017-S]
15.Eukaryotic DNA polymerases[2017-S]
16.Satellite, minisatellite and microsatrllite DNA.[2017-S]
17.Point mutation.[2019]
18.Genome of retrovitus.[2019]
19.Genetic Code.[2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. RNA can act as enzyme.[2011]
2. Genetic code is degenerate.[2012-S, 2018]
3. DNA is much more stable than RNA.[2016]
4. Ribosome is the ultimate ribozyme.[2017]
5. Recombinant DNA technology is required for selective amplification of a
6. particular gene.[2017-S]
7. RNA editing mechanism is responsible for APO B48 synthesis in the
8. intestinal cells.[2019]

HOTS:
• Structure of DNA plus picture
• Eukaryotic and prokaryotic replication and difference plus picture
• Nucleosome
• DNA repair
• Types of RNA and their basic structure
• Transcription initiation plus picture elongation and termination
• Post transcriptional modification
• Genetic code plus mutation
• Wobble hypothesis
• Steps of translation along with picture
• Antibiotics interfering different steps of translation
• Post-translational modification
• Lac operon with picture
• Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
• Plasmid plus restriction endonuclease plus probes
• RFLP
 • PCR

ADVANCED BIOCHEMISTRY
IMMUNE-CHEMISTRY & CANCER

GROUP-B
1. Draw the representative structure of IgG. Classify immunoglobin and
mention the function of each class.[2017-S][2019]
2. Describe the structural characteristics of an Ig molecule in general with a
diagram. Explain the functional difference b/w T cell & B cell mediated
immunity.[5+5][2021]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Cell cycle regulators.[2010]
2. Structure & function of IgG [2011-S][2015-S][2018]
3. Tumor markers.[2012-S, 2014,2016-S, 2021]
4. Ceruloplasmin.[2014]
5. Proto-oncogenes[2014-S][2018]
6. Oncogenes[2016-S]
7. Radio isotope in treatment[2018-S]
8. Cell cycle[2021]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Methotrexate is used for anti-cancer therapy.[2012,2011, 2016-S, 2019-
2. S]
3. Radio Immuno Assay techniques has got demerits also.[2013]
4. Telomeric length is maintained in cancer cells and stem cells.[2016-S]
5. P53 is considered as “Guardian of the genome”.[2019-S]
6. Proto oncogenes are regulatory genes[2021]
7. Under some conditions immunity causes damaging effect[2021]
8.

MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY

GROUP-A
1. Classify hormones according to their mechanism of action. Indicate the
structure and function of thyroid hormone. Explain the inhibitor action

of iodine and thiocyanate on thyroid function. Explain mechanism inT3

toxicosis [4+4+2+2] [2017-S]

GROUP-B
1. In a flow diagram describe how insulin and glucagon regulate the process of
lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue.[7][2010]
2. Discuss the different types of G-protein coupled signal transduction
processes.[7][2010]
3. Explain the mechanisms of signal transductions by cAMP, calcium and
phosphatidyl inositol system with the help of diagrams.[7][2013]

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Mode of action of steroid hormone[2010-S]

2. G-Protein[2011]

3. cAMP[2012-S]

4. Insulin receptor.[2019-S]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Lipids can act as intracellular signals.[2012]

2. Endocrinal disorder may predispose to obesity.[2021]

EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Chemical structure of collagen[2010-S, 2016]

GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Ascorbic acid helps in the maturation of the immune collagen

molecule.[2019-S]
 MCQ [2021]
PAPER I
1. Which of the following enzyme is the marker enzyme for lysosomes?

A)acid hydrolase B)glutamate dehydrogenase C)glucose 6 phosphatase

D)Na+-K+ ATPase

2. Which of the following lipid is known as modulator of membrane fluidity?

A)lecithin B)cephalin C)cholesterol D)TGA

3. True statement about Km value of an enzyme

A) it signifies the rate of product formation.

B) it signifies the affinity of the substrate with enzyme

C) it signifies the amount of the substrate required for a

reaction to occur.

D) in competitive inhibition of enzyme its Km vslue decrease

4. All of the following amino acid take part in one carbon pool

except:

A) Serine B) Glycine C) Histidine D) Proline

5. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus produces:

A)metabolic alkalosis B)respiratory alkalosis C)metabolic

acidosis D)respiratory acidosis

6. The nitrogenous base present in lecithin is:

A) Serine B) Sphingosine C) Choline D) Ethanolamine

7. All are multienzyme complex except:

A) fatty acid synthase B) pyruvate dehydrogenase C) alphaketoglutarate

dehydrogenase D) glycogen synthase

8. HDL helps in transport of

A) free fatty acid from adipose tissue B)cholesterol from liver

to peripheral tissue C)TGA from intestine to adipose

tissue D)cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver.

9. Indole ring present in:

A)tryptophan B)tyrosine C)phenylalanine D)histidine

10. The tissue which cannot utilize ketone body as fuel is:

A) Cardiac muscle B) Liver C) Brain D) Skeletal muscle

PAPER II
1. Enzymes that protect DNA from aging:

A) Topoisomerase B) DNA ligase C) Telomerase D) RE

2. Which is not a transcription start signal:

A) CAAT box B) Hogness box C) Pribnow box D) Homeo box

3. Frameshift mutation result from:

A) Substitution of a single base B) deletion of a single base C)

addition of a codon D) Deletion of a codon

4. Which of these is a clinical feature of pellagra?

A) Dystonia B) Dysarthria C) Dementia D) Deafness

5. Connective tissue protein defective in Marfan’s syndrome:

A) Tubulin B) Fibrilin C) Connexin D) Keratin

6. Prion disease in human beings are:

A) Fatal familial insomnia B) Gullain-Barre syndrome C) Multiple

sclerosis D) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

7. In molecular biology, cloning vectors may include all except:

A) Plasmid B) Cosmid C) Human Artificial Chromosome D) Yeast

Artificial Chromosome
8. A capping of 7 methyl guanosine triphosphate is found at the 5’

end of which of the following types of RNA in eukaryotes?

A) tRNA B)rRNA C)mRNA D)snRNA

9. Which of the following is not a characteristics of genetic code?

A) Universal B) Un-ambiguous C) Non-degenerate D)Commaless

10. Which of the following antibiotics can inhibit protein

synthesis in eukaryotes?

A) Streptomycin B) Erythromycin C) Chloramphenicol D)Puromycin

Previous years questions:
1. Cadaver is our first teacher. [5] [Anatomy paper I]
2. Discuss the importance of communication skills for a doctor. [5] [Physiology paper
I]
3. Role of a physician. [5] [Biochemistry paper I]

1. What are the roles of of a physician? / What are the expected qualities of a
physician?
Hints :A physician must have certain roles or qualities

2. What is the role of a physician as Communicator?/

Hints—
Physician communication skills are associated with improved patient satisfaction,
better health outcomes, greater adherence to treatment, and more active self
management of chronic illnesses. Kalamazoo Consensus Statement (Kalamazoo I),
identified 7 key elements of communication in clinical encounters: build the
relationship, open the discussion, gather information, understand the patient's
perspective, share information, reach agreement, and provide closure.
It was hoped that by providing a common framework, this expert consensus statement
would facilitate the development of communications curriculum and assessment tools
in medical education.

3. What is the importance of lifelong learning of a physician?

4. How empathy can be shown to the patient?

5.How to communicate with a bereaved patient?/How to break a bad news to the

patient?
5. How to respect a cadaver?/Cadaver is our first teacher.
Hints--
Focusing on humanistic values in the medical curriculum has become increasingly
challenging, as medical care has grown to become more technical and medical
education has become more centred on procedures. Dissection still plays a key role in
the beginning of the medical curriculum as a means of learning the human anatomy.
Therefore, the dissection hall would be a logical starting point for humanistic
education.
Being aware of the ethical and humanitarian values of cadaveric dissection could
benefit students by widening their perspective on cadavers during the early stages of
their education. Cadaveric dissection is an ancient yet powerful learning tool for
medical students.The dissection of a body must be carried out in a respectful manner
to show continued reverence towards the deceased person until the very end.
The students undergo such training from the beginning of their curriculum with the
intention of sensitising them towards the handling of the cadavers and allowing them
to understand the significance of a body donor's contribution, thus creating a
remarkable impact on their attitude towards cadaver. Undergraduate medical
education has undergone considerable changes. Focus is not only directed on
acquiring knowledge and obtaining skills, but also on the attitude students develop
throughout the learning process. Cadaveric dissection continues to serve as a major
learning tool for medical undergraduates and it is sustained by the active voluntary
body donation programme, which is the medical schools' main source of cadavers.

6. What is the role of Indian Medical Graduate?

1. Clinician - preventive, promotive, curative, palliative and holistic care with
compassion
2. Leader and member of the health care team – collect, analyze, synthesize and
communicate health data
3. Communicator - patients, families, colleagues and community
4. Lifelong learner - continuous improvement
5. Professional - ethical, responsive and accountable .
7. What does it mean to be a patient?
Seek help for acute or chronic illness and must cooperate with a doctor
Must want to get better quickly .
Regarded as being in need of care
Patients need to define their problems in an open and full manner. The patient’s right
to seek care elsewhere when demands are not satisfactorily met..
Many issues may complicate or negatively affect the doctor- patient relationship if not
taken properly into consideration.The Doctor-Patient Relationship itself is part of the
therapeutic process. essential for the delivery of high-quality health care in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease. The doctor-patient relationship is at the core of the
practice of healthcare.
 DENTS
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