FAME ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (FAST)

Calle A Delas Alas St, Zone 5, Taal, Batangas

GENERAL/INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 6 (PART 1) GRADING POINTS
PROTEINS IDENTIFICATION (ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES)
Performance
NAME: Norbert II S. Ilagan (10 pts)
Knowledge
GRADE LEVEL/SECTION: XI - Maxwell (5 pts)
Accuracy
DATE: 12/17/05 (5 pts)
TOTAL
(20 PTS)
Introduction:
Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are
required for the structure, function and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Proteins are built as chains of amino acids,
which then fold into unique three-dimensional shapes. Bonding within protein molecules helps stabilize their structure, and the
final folded forms of proteins are well-adapted for their functions.

Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long
chains. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein. The sequence of amino acids
determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function. Amino acids are coded by combinations of
three DNA building blocks (nucleotides), determined by the sequence of genes.

An example of proteins are ANTIBODIES and ANTIGENS. Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles such as viruses and
bacteria, to help protect the body. They are responsible for the immunity of our body from illnesses. They are macromolecules
of proteins that attack antigens (harmful microorganisms) and change the chemical properties of these to make them harmless
while antigens are either sugars or proteins, and they are attached to various components in the red blood cell membrane.

Objectives:
For you to complete the activity, you should be able to:
1. Identify the antibodies and antigens found in your red blood cells
2. Demonstrate the procedure how to do the identification of antigens and antibodies
3. Interpret the results of FORWARD and REVERSE groupings.

Materials:
1. Centrifuge
2. Microscope
3. ABO reagents like A and B Typing sera for Forward Grouping
4. Known A and B cells for Reverse Grouping
5. Slides
6. Applicator Stick

Procedure:

A. FORWARD GROUPING (identification of ANTIGENS or AGGLUTINOGENS)

1. In the slides, put a drop of blood in a small amount.
2. In each drop of blood, place a drop of the reagent (typing sera).
3. Then mix with the use of applicator stick.
4. Agitate in a continuous manner your slide.
5. Then look for CLUMPING or agglutination reaction.
6. Identify where this clumping of red cells occur.
7. Interpret properly the macroscopic results.
8. If possible, you may use microscope to verify the clumping thru STACK OF COINS.
Observations:
Write your data below
Name of Patient Typing Sera Typing Sera Interpretations/Explanation Blood Type
Anti-A Anti-B Results
Liansel Luistro Non-clumping Clumping He has A antigens with anti- Type A
B antibodies in the plasma.
The agglutination occurred in
reaction with the reagent
anti-A

Guide Questions:

1. Why do you think it is very important to understand these macromolecules like PROTEIN?
- Gigantic molecules, called macromolecules, populate a cell and provide it with vital life-supporting functions.
Macromolecules, for instance, offer structural support, a source of long-term energy, the capacity to store and
retrieve genetic information, and the capacity to quicken metabolic processes.

2. In the experiment done, in what field very important the identifications of antigens or antibodies?
- Blood typing is done so you can safely receive a blood transfusion. Your blood type and the type of blood you
are receiving must be identical. Your immune system will identify the donated red blood cells as foreign if the
blood types do not match

3. What will happen if someone receives wrong type of blood component?

- A strong reaction to transfusion with the incorrect blood type might have life-threatening consequences. You
are more prone to immune system reactions if you frequently receive blood transfusions. The new blood cells
are attacked by antibodies that your body produces in response. Testing, though, can help prevent this

NOTE: This is PART 1 only. This will be continued next face to face activity. The complete concept of ANTIGENS and
ANTIBODIES as proteins will be completed next week. Please stand by. THANK YOU.

Prepared by:
Mr. Sherwin M. Hernandez, RMT, CDA, PSM, MSPH
Instruction Specialist