Carlos Emilio González Flores Matricula: 1614636 Actividad #9

Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a long history, producing many important
figures and developments in the field. Major theorists from the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland include Isaac Newton whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have
been seen as a keystone of modern science and Charles Darwin whose theory of evolution by
natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology. Major scientific
discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish, penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the
structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and others. Major engineering projects and applications pursued
by people from the United Kingdom include the steam locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick
and Andrew Vivian, the jet engine by Frank Whittle and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee.
The United Kingdom continues to play a major role in the development of science and technology
and major technological sectors include the aerospace, motor and pharmaceutical industries.
England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century[1]
and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century, and has continued to
produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances. Some of the major theories,
discoveries and applications advanced by people from the United Kingdom are given below.

 The development of empiricism and its role in scientific method, by Francis Bacon (1561–
1626).
 The laws of motion and illumination of gravity, by physicist, mathematician, astronomer,
natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727).
 The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish (1731–1810).
 The steam locomotive, by Richard Trevithick (1771–1833) and Andrew Vivian (1759–1842).
 An early electric motor, by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely made electricity
viable for use in technology.
 The theory of aerodynamics, by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
 The first public steam railway, by George Stephenson (1781–1848).
 The first commercial electrical telegraph, co-invented by Sir William Fothergill Cooke
(1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).
 First tunnel under a navigable river, first all iron ship and first railway to run express
services, contributed to by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59).

The united kingdom is a country that has contributed a lot to the development of science and
technology through history. Most of the greatest inventions and discoveries have been done by
british scientists. Charles Darwin was an english naturalist who developed the theory of revolution
by natural selection. As a Young man he spent five years on a british ship thehms Beagle on witch
he visited coats and islands in the southern part of the world. The different types of animals and
plants that he found especially in the galapagos islands in the pacific led him to believe that living
things develop differently in different places over long periods of time (khan academy 2018),
Penicillin heralded the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before its introduction there was no effective
treatment for infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever. Hospitals were full of
people with blood poisoning contracted from a cut or a scratch, and doctors could do little for
them but wait and hope.
Antibiotics are compounds produced by bacteria and fungi which are capable of killing, or
inhibiting, competing microbial species. This phenomenon has long been known; it may explain
why the ancient Egyptians had the practice of applying a poultice of moldy bread to infected
wounds. But it was not until 1928 that penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by
Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Returning from
holiday on September 3, 1928, Fleming began to sort through petri dishes containing colonies of
Staphylococcus, bacteria that cause boils, sore throats and abscesses. He noticed something
unusual on one dish. It was dotted with colonies, save for one area where a blob of mold was
growing. The zone immediately around the mold—later identified as a rare strain of Penicillium
notatum—was clear, as if the mold had secreted something that inhibited bacterial growth.
Fleming found that his "mold juice" was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria, such as
streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus. He then set his assistants, Stuart
Craddock and Frederick Ridley, the difficult task of isolating pure penicillin from the mold juice. It
proved to be very unstable, and they were only able to prepare solutions of crude material to
work with. Fleming published his findings in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in June
1929, with only a passing reference to penicillin's potential therapeutic benefits. At this stage it
looked as if its main application would be in isolating penicillin-insensitive bacteria from penicillin-
sensitive bacteria in a mixed culture. This at least was of practical benefit to bacteriologists, and
kept interest in penicillin going. Others, including Harold Raistrick, Professor of Biochemistry at the
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, tried to purify penicillin but failed.

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The University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom, is the oldest English-speaking university in the
world. The founding date of the university is unknown, and perhaps it did not exist as a specific
event, but there is evidence of teaching activities since 1096. When in 1167 Henry II of England
prohibited English students from attending colleges of higher studies in Paris, Oxford began to
grow rapidly.

Oxford's long history is very much present today. Its colleges are beautiful centuries-old buildings,
its students use the same facilities as many illustrious figures in history, and the colleges share
traditions dating back to the 17th century. However, this historical legacy does not prevent it from
being a world-class modern university that always ranks among the best in the world.

As a result of its prestige, the admission criteria are extremely tough, but those who manage to
enter are guaranteed an exemplary education. At this university, 47 Nobel Laureates, 26 British
Prime Ministers, more than 30 foreign leaders, some 50 Olympic medalists and even 12 Saints
have studied. To get an idea of the entity of his students we will simply give you some of their
names: Albert Einstein, John Locke, Oscar Wilde, Bill Clinton, Stephen Hawking, Margaret
Thatcher, Tony Blair, Lawrence of Arabia, JRR Tolkien, Rupert Murdoch, Adam Smith and many
more.

Cambridge University is the second oldest English-speaking university in the world after Oxford,
and the fourth oldest in the world still in operation. According to history, the University of
Cambridge was founded in 1209 by academics who fled Oxford after a brawl with agents from that
city. King Henry III of England granted them a monopoly on education there in 1231.
Along with the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge trains a host of Britain's leading
scientists, writers and politicians. At an international level, it has great prestige and is always
ranked among the best universities in the world. Through its classrooms, either as students or as
academic staff, 90 Nobel laureates, 123 Olympic medalists and figures of the importance of Isaac
Newton, Francis Bacon, Charles Darwin, Alan Turing, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Thomas Malthus, Lord
Byron, have passed. Rosalind Franklin among others.

The university is made up of 31 colleges, which are independent and separate institutions from the
university itself, which enjoy a wide level of autonomy. All students have to belong to one and
their passage through the university is marked by the hallmarks and character of their college. The
university has eight museums, a botanical garden, and a library with a collection of 15 million
books. University buildings are scattered throughout Cambridge and some are of great historical
significance.

Harvard Founded in 1636 as New College or The College at New Towne, 5.5 km west of downtown
Boston. He changed the name to Harvard College on March 13, 1639, in memory of his benefactor
John Harvard, a young clergyman who donated his library of 400 books and £ 779 (which was half
his estate) to the institution. n the new Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, the name change
from Harvard College to Harvard University is found for the first time. During his 40-year tenure as
president of Harvard (1869-1909), Charles William Eliot radically transformed the model of the
university at Harvard, turning it into a modern research center; These reforms included elective
courses, small

Eliot was also responsible for the publication of the now famous Harvard Classics, a collection of
great books from multiple disciplines (published beginning in 1909), offering a college education
"in fifteen minutes of reading a day."

During his influential presidency, Eliot became so widely recognized as a public figure that at his
death in 1926, his name and that of Harvard became synonymous with the universal aspirations of
American higher education.

Uk university In London you’ll study business in a city with more headquarters of international
companies than any other European city, the biggest startup cluster on the continent, and a long-
standing reputation as a global trendsetter. At Hult, you’ll put theory into practice as you take part
in team projects and live client challenges as part of your everyday classroom experience.

Our Hult London Campus is an inspiring, modern space, walking distance from Tech City and at the
heart of the area known as London’s creative center. Everywhere you go around campus, you are
surrounded by the newest ideas and the most current trends—from business and tech to art and
music. The campus is just a five-minute walk from the Zone 1 Tube station Aldgate East and
transport links that take you to all parts of the city.