CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Solar panel

Solar energy is now regarded as one promising solution to the global energy crisis due
to the grave pollution caused by fossil fuels and the impending demise of fossil fuels. Solar cells
are one of the most efficient methods for converting solar energy into usable electrical energy
among the various methods for generating energy from the sun. The global production of
photovoltaic cells and modules was 12.3 GW in 2009, and it reached over 20 GW the following
year. Numerous types of thin-film solar cells based on Si; or even organic materials are getting
better over time. The US Department of Energy states that large-scale production of solar energy
is only financially viable if the cost can be reduced to $0.33/Wp (Wp = wart peak). (Zhou Fang,
Xiao Chen Wang, Hong Cai Wu, Ce Zhou Zhao, 2011).

Newly developed methods of electricity production are also introduced in response to

the rising demand for electricity. Utilizing the sun's rays is one of the most effective methods for
producing electricity. The sun is a common energy source. Today's solar panels are only able to
use 15 to 18 percent of the sun's energy. The surface plating of discs on solar panels can use a
significant 22 percent of energy. so that we can increase the efficiency of the solar panel by as
much as 22 percent or more by surface plating it with the disc pattern. (Prashant Bansilal Patel,
2018).

Mid-range band-gap semiconductors, which absorb in the visible spectrum of the sun,
are typically utilized in photovoltaic devices. According to Mohamed and Hadia (2013), Green et
al., CdT and CD solar cells are regarded as the ideal cell for these devices and recently
demonstrated high efficiency of 18.3% and 20%, respectively. 2013) accordingly. However, for
photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion, narrow band-gap semiconductors are interesting
because they can absorb the "IR tail" of the solar spectrum, which is not absorbed by most PV
materials. These absorbers, which can also be used in IR and near-IR (NIR) photodetectors
(Gertman et al.,) allow for the integration of low-cost device configurations and a wide spectral
response in semiconductor sensitized solar cells. (H.A Mohamed 2014).
 Due to their rapid expansion as a sustainable energy source, researchers are becoming
more interested in the indispensability of thin-film-based solar cells as well as their innovations.
After it was discovered that sunlight could produce electrical energy that could be used, the
development of solar cells began in the 19th century. The solar cell currently occupies a
replaceable position in numerous applications. Solar cells offer a simpler approach to utilizing
the enormous supply of renewable energy.
(Karthikeyan Vijayan, S.P. Vijayachamundeeswari, Kalainathan Sivaperuman, Nazmul Ahsan, T
hirumalaisamy Logu, Yoshitaka Okada, 2022).

According to Kaur and Singh (2016), the most significant radiation-based heat source is
the Sun, to which the term "Solar" refers. The Sun, a natural and renewable energy source,
supplies 71% of Earth's energy needs. The utilization of photovoltaic solar cells was brought into
the picture as a result of the increasing demand for electricity in the modern era; According to
Rasukkannu (2019), it converts solar energy into electrical energy. The active part of each solar
cell in the current photovoltaic technology trend is made up of two layers of semiconductor
materials that form the junction of the p-n type, which is the fundamental principle of electron-
hole generation.

Related Literature

The primary applications of solar energy are the generation of heat and electricity. In a
comparison study of global energy consumption, the International Energy Agency (IEA)
demonstrates that the installation of solar arrays will meet approximately 45 percent of global
energy demand by 2050. One of the most significant renewable energy sources, solar energy
contributes significantly to energy solutions. As is common knowledge, there are many different
kinds of collectors and applications for solar energy made from copper wires or CDs.( Amal
Herez, Mohamad Ramadan, Bakri Abdulhay, and Mahmoud Khaled, 2016).

The CD is the primary product that this study promotes. Philips and Sony collaborated on
the development of the digital optical disc data storage format known as the compact disc (CD),
which was released in 1982. The compact disc, which has a surface that is semi-reflective, will
be used by the researchers for this project. This disc may be the key to making solar cells that
work better. Engineers already know that solar cells with non-smooth or quasi-randomly
patterned surfaces, like those that give discs and butterfly wings their distinctive shine, are better
at capturing light.