TOPIC / TITTLE LAB REPORT :

THE HYBRID VEHICLES

NAME : AMENDA ALEYSIA WONG

NO. MATRIX / IC : CSC20220700086

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 29th NOVEMBER 2022

SUBJECT LECTURER’S NAME :SIR ZAKARIA AMIN

NO. CONTENTS PAGES

1. Introduction 1

2. Disadvantage & advantage 2-3

3. Dicuss about the Importance. 4-6

4. References (at the end of the lab report) 7

5. Pictures or diagram 8
INTRODUCTION

Recently there has been much excitement regarding the release of the first hybrid
electric vehicles into the American consumer market. It may seem as though the
hybrid concept is relatively new to the automobile industry, but this is untrue. Almost
a century ago, in 1904, the concept was conceived by American engineer H. Piper.

For many years, the concept was widely ignored, primarily because of the high
development costs and the uncertainty regarding the widespread acceptance of
electric automobiles. Although Piper’s initial concept was unsuccessful, his idea
would later spark the beginning of a revolution.

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DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES

What are the disadvantages of a hybrid vehicle?

Hybrid vehicles also have a few disadvantages compared to those with internal
combustion engines or only electric motors:

 They are more expensive to purchase than ICE vehicles, because the design of
the double drive technology is more complicated. However, this disadvantage is
balanced out over time by lower fuel consumption.

 The vehicle is heavier due to the two power sources and the additional battery.
With some models, fuel consumption can be higher in certain situations where
only the IC engine is working.

 The additional battery takes up space. This can mean that the trunk is smaller
than in a conventional car.

 With plug-in hybrids, the overall carbon footprint depends on the electricity that is
used to charge the battery – the more green electricity, the better.

 As opposed to pure electric vehicles, hybrids are still dependent on fossil fuels,
and they produce emissions

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What are the advantages of a hybrid vehicle?

 Compared to vehicles with just an internal combustion engine, hybrid drive

systems or pure electric motors have many advantages:

 Depending on the driving situation and type, a hybrid vehicle can use the
optimum drive, such as in the city and on rural roads.

 Fuel consumption is 15 to 50% lower depending on the type of vehicle. This

applies especially to driving in city traffic with a lot of stop and go.

 The lower consumption and, in some cases, pure electric mode result in fewer
emissions.

 The vehicle drives more efficiently. Less energy is lost than with gasoline or
diesel, because energy from braking and coasting is captured and used.

 It is also possible to go on longer trips as the range is better than with a pure
electric car.

 Compared to a conventional drive system, acceleration is increased by 10 to

20%. An internal combustion engine needs higher speeds for more torque. With
an electric motor this is high from the start.

 Apart from plug-in hybrids, the vehicles do not have to be charged with electricity
– consequently, drivers do not have to search for a charging station.

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DISCUSS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE

What is a plug-in hybrid?

A plug-in hybrid is a vehicle with an internal combustion engine and an electric

motor. As opposed to other hybrid models, its battery is charged not only through
recuperation when braking and coasting; if required, a plug-in hybrid can also be
supplied with electricity from a charging station or a wall socket, which explains the
name, “plug-in” hybrid. The battery of a plug-in hybrid is larger than in other hybrid
vehicles, which is why it is possible to drive for longer using only electricity – on
average 50 kilometers or in some vehicles even up to 100 kilometers.

Which is better: hybrid or plug-in hybrid?

Whether a mild, full, or plug-in hybrid is most suitable for a driver depends on the
actual situation. With a plug-in hybrid, drivers can expect to drive longer using only
electricity. The battery can also be charged at a charging station or through a wall
socket. This is not possible with the other hybrid types: The electric energy is
generated solely by recuperation and with the aid of the internal combustion engine.
Other hybrids can be driven solely on electricity only for short distances, if at all.
Apart from that, the electric motor increases the efficiency of the internal combustion
engine.

How does a hybrid vehicle charge?

All hybrid vehicles obtain electric energy via recuperation: the kinetic energy from
braking and coasting is not completely lost; instead, part of it is converted into
electricity and stored in the battery. This is a great advantage compared to cars with
conventional internal combustion engines. The power of a gasoline or diesel engine
can also be utilized to generate electricity. Plug-in hybrids can also be charged at
home or at a charging station.

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What types of hybrid car are there?

The two drive systems in a hybrid vehicle can work together in different ways and the
drive types can be weighted differently.

Micro hybrid, mild hybrid, and full hybrid

 Hybrids differ with regard to their levels of electrification. According to the

German automobile association ADAC, fuel savings of 15 to 25% are possible
compared to an ICE vehicle, and even more with a plug-in hybrid.

Micro hybrid

 A micro hybrid uses an automatic start-stop system to recuperate braking energy

and store it in a classic 12V starter battery. However, the vehicle is driven
exclusively by the internal combustion engine, which explains why micro hybrids
are not listed as a hybrid concept in many drive classifications. In other words,
micro hybrids are cars with an ICE drive system and well-engineered drive
electronics. The level of fuel saving is low.

Mild hybrid

 As opposed to micro hybrids, mild hybrids (Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle, MHEV)
have an electric motor in the drive system – but it never works on its own and is
used only to support an internal combustion engine. It boosts the engine during
acceleration, for example. In addition to the usual 12V battery, mild hybrids also
have a 48-volt battery. Because of the higher voltage, a mild hybrid can
recuperate more braking energy than a micro hybrid. The automatic start-stop
system is also more efficient as the motor can be stopped more frequently and
for longer. Mild hybrid vehicles consume up to 15% less fuel than those with
conventional internal combustion engines.

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Full hybrid

 In a full hybrid (Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle, FHEV), an electric motor and an IC
engine work together intelligently and flexibly. Pure electric driving is also
possible, but usually only on short trips of a few miles. As opposed to mild
hybrids, full hybrids do not have an additional 48V battery but have a high-
voltage traction battery with several hundred volts. The power of the electric
motor is also higher than that of a mild hybrid. The German Federal Environment
Agency says that fuel savings of more than 20% compared to a pure ICE vehicle
are possible.

Plug-in hybrid

 Plug-in hybrids (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV) are a further

development of full hybrids. What set them apart from all other hybrids is that in
addition to recuperation the battery can also be charged at a charging station or
a wall socket, which explains the name, “plug-in” hybrid.

Parallel versus series hybrid

 In addition to their level of electrification, a distinction between hybrid vehicles is

also made according to how they are constructed. These days, the most
common are parallel hybrids, which include the above-mentioned mild, full, and
plug-in hybrids. Series hybrids are also available, and power split hybrids are a
combination of both concepts.

Parallel hybrid

 These vehicle types have two drive systems – an electric motor and an IC
engine. Both can move the vehicle forwards and are connected with the driving
axle. They are deployed as required: the vehicle can be driven purely electrically,
with only the IC engine, or with a combination of both. With this type of drive
system, the powers of the electric motor and the ICE are added together to form
the total power

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REFERENCES

 V. Wouk. “Hybrid Electric Vehicles”. Scientific American, pp. 70-74, Oct. 1997.

 R. Ford. “Auto makers unveil high-mileage hybrids.” The Boston Globe, Dec. 6,
1999.

 J. Bruggers. “Electric hybrids jolt auto industry, but models are tough to find in”.
The Courier-Journal, Mar. 6, 2000.

 J. Yamaguchi. “Tech Briefs.” Automotive Engineering, pp. 55-58, Jul. 1997.

 C. Mendler. “Taking a new look at hybrid electric vehicle efficiency.” Automotive

Engineering, pp. 67-70, Feb. 1997.

 W. Moeller and S. Ochs. “Electric vehicle drive systems.” Automotive

Engineering, pp. 259-265, Feb. 1998.

 D. Chao. “Insight hybrid gets eco-friendly.” The Toronto Sun, Feb. 17, 2000.

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PICTURES OR DIAGRAM