The Science of Filipino

Psychology
Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the Realm of
Universal and World Psychology
 We put forward now that what is generally
considered as ‘‘universal’’ psychology is
based on the psychology of industrialized and
developed countries of the West.
 This psychology aims to be a science
comparable to that of the natural sciences, thus
approximating the laws of universality.
 Influenced by logico-positivist thinking to a
large extent, this psychology emphasizes
what is directly observable, measurable and
quantifiable.
 It has set some kind of “universal’’ standard
that has come to be accepted widely among
the social sciences.
 Its goal is to generalize research findings,
this brand of psychology seeks to apply
western theories and methods to non-western
societies and cultures.
 It is assumed that all human beings are the
same and their context in time and space is
not important. In so doing it became ‘‘the
Psychology’’ by which all other psychologies
are judged.
“Unfortunately, psychology (SikPil) is still
a far from that goal in spite of over a
hundred years of scientific research…”
- Enriquez (1987)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the Realm of
Universal and World Psychology

In an effort to understand and discover its own ‘‘particularities’’ not dictated by the West,
Sikolohiyang Pilipino attempts not only to test hypotheses based on western theories but
rather to generate its own set of hypotheses, theories and body of knowledge.

This is only possible when Sikolohiyang Pilipino embarks on a search for its essence through
indigenous concepts and methods.
 This, in turn, gives birth to new theories
and methodologies, as has already
happened and is still happening at least
in Asia and perhaps Latin America.
 Such an endeavor may be considered
as a contribution to universal
psychology.
 In fact at this point, it can truly be said
that Sikolohiyang Pilipino has long
started that process through its
articulation and elucidation of new
concepts and methods that have been
considered meaningful not only for
Filipinos but also for some other Asian
cultures as well.
Dr. Gloria D. Feliciano
Institute of Mass Communication Dean
“Maraming suliranin ang kinakaharap ng
isang mananaliksik sa Pilipinas na gumagamit
ng mga kanluraning metodo ng pananaliksik.
May mga limitasyon ang ganitong
pamamaraan na matatagpuan sa iba't
ibang antas ng pag-aaral, mula sa
pagpaplano, hanggang sa pagkuha at
pagsanay ng mga tagapanayam, sa pagpili
ng tagabatid hanggang sa pagsuri ng datos.
"
Indigenous Research Method
in Psychology
The Development of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge

Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)  development of indigenous psychological

 pagka-agham (science) concepts
 pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)  utilization of indigenous research methods
 creation of authentic and appropriate social
Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore,
scientific psychology
Inc.: Manila
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen
Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

Research Approaches
• Experimental - adherence to predetermined • Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as they arise
set of procedures • Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as one-
• Survey – conform to an informal agreement with-the-other
with respondents
Research Models
Self-orientation Model
The data collector and contributors relate to the
other only to the extent of waiting until the other
stops responding
E.g. laboratory-based studies of memory.
Communication is not taking place between them
through socially shared interpretations or common
constructs.
Reactive-orientation Model
The participants in the data collection are reacting
to what is currently taking place between them
E.g. verbal conditioning research; yet the
capacities of both data contributors and collectors
to construe are assumed to be unimportant and are
ignored.
Experimenter-orientation Model
The data collectors appear to influence while only
the data contributors appear to be influenced
E.g. Asch’s person perception study; an imbalance
of power in favor of data collectors who appear to
define the experimental situation.
Mutual-orientation Model
The data collector and contributor give something
to, and gain something from the data collection
E.g. Piaget’s early research on conservation.
Indigenous psychology research uses this model
as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer
himself.
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL Levels of Relationship

Scale of the Researcher (Iskala ng Mananaliksik)
These are methods used by the researcher in
generating data that are tried and tested and are
culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing
research with Filipinos.
There are eight levels of interaction which range
from the relatively uninvolved civility of pakikitungo
to the total sense of identification in pakikiisa.
• These eight levels of interaction can be divided
into two categories:
1. ibang-tao (outsider)
2. hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)

Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between

the Researcher and the Researchee (Iskala ng
Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok)
The level of interaction between the researcher and
the researchee significantly determines the quality
of data obtained.
Filipino Indigenous Research Methods

Approaches & Techniques

 Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)

 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)

 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)

 Pakikialam (concerned interference)

 Pakikilahok (participation)

 Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)

 Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques
Pakapa-kapa Approach
 An approach characterized by groping,
searching, probing into an unsystematized
mass of social and cultural data to be able to
obtain order, meaning, and directions for research.
 It implies an exploration into cultural, social or
psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical framework borrowed from
observations outside the focus of investigation.
 This can be related to unobtrusive techniques
because the actual procedures for collecting
information may range from observation,
documentation, intervention, participation.
Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking
questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-
tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is
truly determined to get answers to ones questions.
Major Characteristics
• Participatory in nature
• Equality of status
• Appropriate and adaptive
• Integrated with other indigenous methods
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques

Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions) Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong

a. Get to know the people, place, lifestyle
Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of b. Greet informants, give credentials (name
everyday casual interaction, researcher must the go between)
plan very well for certain conditions, consider c. Go tell them the purpose of the study
convenience and comfort of informants, their d. Give an estimate of the expected length of
language, norms, values, and background the session
(history, within/between group differences, e. Guide questions are used when
activities, policies). necessary
f. Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong
• The level of the relationship that exists between
the researcher and the informant significantly
influences the quality of data obtained
(Santiago-Enriquez Model).
• The language of the respondent is used in the
conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
• The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’
(cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher
knows when to ask or avoid questions,
interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.
• The equality of status is maintained, as it is a
dialogue (informant is a kausap or person spoken
with) not an interview.
• The issue of reliability: consistency of response
can be checked by repeating the question in a
different way.
• The problem of investigator bias and data
contamination can be solved by having more than
one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.
• Repeated sampling from as many informants as
possible can produce commonalities of lexical
domain which can then constitute a ‘construct.’
• Familiarity with the language, values, cultural
norms, will optimize accuracy and relevance of
interpretations.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques

Pakikipagkwentuhan (shared sensitivities)

Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of
information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it is a
sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences.
Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well as a
social process of exchanging information, thoughts,
and knowledge that is part of human daily activities.
Procedure of Pakikipagkwentuhan
• Initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before
living-in the community (panunuluyan)
• Introduce yourself to the community
• Invite yourself to community gatherings

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method • Initiate a conversation when in a natural

• Oral (pasalita) cluster
• Written (pasulat)
• Invest time in story sharing sessions
Delivered through:
• Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time
• Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques
Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
May pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan, May ‘paki’
ang kalahok sa kwento at may pakinabang sa
kwentuhan (libangan, linangan ng kaalaman, at
lunas sa karamdaman)
• Collective orientation (pananaliksik na sama-
sama)
• Contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
• Construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
• Cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali sa likas na
umpukan)
• With a topic to talk about but without a
theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)
• Worth or value of story produced from the
kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
• Validity: trustworthiness not truth
(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa
makatotohanan)
• Reliability: certification not consistency
(process of pakikipagkwentuhan indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques

Pakikipanuluyan Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at

Interaction techniques, levels of relationship mula pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig
paninimbang hanggang malalimang ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa
pakikipagpalagayang-loob. pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang
salita (talas ng pakiramdam).

Panunuluyan approach Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality

• Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at
teknolohikal.
• Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng
pakikipanuluyan.
• Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw,
paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.
• Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.
• Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan
ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob
disposition, as a situational behavior, as a coping
mechanism; closely related to many general
psychological concepts such as empathy and
sensitivity.
Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido komon)
ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang namasid, nadama,
o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos,
subalit iniisip ang kahalagahan at kabutihang
maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques

Pagsasakatuparan
Pamamaraan
• Panimulang pagsasanay
• Paglalakbay at pakikisuno
• Paghimpil sa pook
• Pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring
panuluyan
Suliraning Etikal
• Paghanap ng tulay
• Pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
• Pagbati at pagpapakilala
• Pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
• Pakikipagpalagayan
• Pagtulong-tulong
• Pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
• Paggawa ng pananaliksik pamamaalam at
pasasalamat
• Pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
• Pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
• Pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
• Paghingi ng pahintulot
• Pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques

Pagdalaw-dalaw at Pakikipag palagayang loob Pakikisama

(casual but repeated visits) (concerned interference)
• As opposed to the panunuluyan approach, this method is more
short in duration compare to the latter which it requires to live • It is one of the major sub-
and share roof with their subjects. concept of Kapwa of Virgilio
Enriques.
• The one advantage of Pagdalaw-dalaw at Pakikipag palagayang
loob is to lessen the intervention (intentional or unintentional) • More than just a research
brought by the researcher. method, this can also serve
as an element for all the
• Through this sense, the subjects will have time to replace and re- indigenous research
coordinate their feelings affected by the presence of the methods mentioned and an
researcher. integral part towards an
honest, reliable and valid
• This method best applies to the researches which were aimed responses.
to determine the changes the subjects’ experience due to an
existing event or phenomena
Katutubong Pamamaraan ng Pnanaliksik (KPP)
Bunga ng karanasan sa loob
ng SP, ang katutubong
pamamaraang pananaliksik
(KPP) ay mga pamamaraan
sa pananaliksik na may
pagkiling sa
pangangailangang sensitibo
sa mga Pilipino.
Ito ay naglalayong
pangalagaan ang tunguhin ng
mananaliksik at kalahok na
hindi isinasaalang-alang ang
kapakanan ng kalahok at ang
datos sa ngalan ng agham.
Mga Pinapalagay ng KPP
1. Itinatakda ng antas ng interaksyon o ugnayan sa pagitan ng mananaliksik
at kalahok ang bisa at husay ng mga datos na makukuha sa pananaliksik
2. Mahalagang pantay ang paturing ng mananaliksik sa kalahok—isang
kapwa tao at hindi “guinea pig” na ang tanging papel ay ang pagbibigay
ng datos.
3. Inuuna ang kapakanan ng mga kalahok kaysa sa datos na makukuha
mula sa kanila.
4. Kailangang piliin ang metodo ng pananaliksik batay sa kaangkupan nito
sa mga tao at konteksto, at kailangang iangkop ito sa kultura at
kaugalian.
5. Kailangang ang wika ng taumbayan ang maging wika ng pananaliksik.