UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN

FACULTY OF ENG. & TECH.

DEPT. OF AGRICULTYRAL AND BIOSYSTEMS
ENGINEERING

ABE 573

LECTURER: Dr. R. A. Busari.

 Course Outline
• Philosophy of Science and Engineering,
• History of Engineering and Technology,
– the engineering profession
• engineering literacy
• professional bodies and engineering societies
• Engineers code of conduct and ethics
• The responsibilities and liabilities of an engineer
• Engineering and nation building
• Safety in engineering.
• Introduction to Risk Analysis 2
 ASSESSMENT
• Attendance, Assignments and Tests (CA) – 30%
• Exams – 70%
• Total – 100%
• Grading:
– >70 A
– 60-69 B
– 50-59 C
– 45-49 D
3
– <45 F
 REFERENCES
• Elements of Professional Engineering Practice (2007) by A.O.
Olorunnisola
• Compilation of Lectures on Topical Issues of Engineering
Practice by The Nigerian Society of Engineers, Lagos Branch
(); Edited by M.A.K. Adelabu & J.O. Akanmu
• Engineering Regulation Monitoring (ERM) Operational
Guidelines (2011) by Council for the Regulation of
Engineering in Nigeria. (Please access COREN/ERM website
for more information)
• Bye laws by The Nigerian Society of Engineers(2012). Please
see the NSE website: http//www.nse.org.ng
• Engineering Fundamentals, An introduction to Engineering4
(2008) by Saeed Moaveni, Chapters 1-2 & 5
 REFERENCES (Cont.)
• National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan, Keynote
address by Aare Afe Babalola, Nigerian Society of
Engineers (2015) Annual Conference, Akure, Ondo State
• An Interdisciplinary Approach: Research Methodology in
Education (1995) by S.A. Jimoh
• Overcoming Nigeria Monolithic Economy, 24th Engineering
Assembly COREN (2015), Garki, Abuja

5
 What is engineering?
• “Engineering is all around us, so people often take it
for granted, like air and water. Ask yourself, what
do I touch that is not engineered? Engineering
develops and delivers consumer goods, builds the
networks of highways, air and rail travel, and the
internet, mass produced antibiotics, creates
artificial heart valves, builds lasers, and offers
such wonders an imaging technology and
conveniences like microwave ovens and compact
discs. In short, engineers make overall quality of
6
life possible” (William A.Wulf, President of the
National Academy of Engineering)
 What is engineering? (Cont.)
• “Engineering is the application of science to
the common purpose of life” (Count Rumford)
• “Scientists study the world as it is, engineers
create the world that never has been”
(Theodore Von Karman)

7
 What is engineering? (Cont.)
• From all these definitions, engineering contents can be
further broken down into numerous details. Some of the
following are relevant in one way or the other:
• i. Engineering is an art
• ii. Engineering is an approximation
• iii. Engineering is measurement, estimation, forecast and
projection: River flow, noise and vibration from transport
system, earthquake, traffic volume, pollution and others.
• iv. Engineering is about modeling and simulation
• v. Engineering is a communication, technical report writing
and presentation
• Making presentations, producing technical manuals, co-8
ordinating team of large scale project are all fundamental
to engineering practice.
 Who is Engineer?

• i. A person who were trained in the design,

construction, and use of engines or machines, or in
any of various branches of engineering: a mechanical
engineer, civil engineer, electrical engineer, chemical
engineer, etc.
• ii. A person who operates or is in charge of a power
plant system in term of operation, repair and
maintenance.
• iii. A consultant in their respective area of expertise
• iv. A skillful manager who manages the implementation9
of the engineering related decision making processes.
 Who is Engineer?
DIFFERENT ROLES OF ENGINEERS
• Engineers as Managers
• Engineers as Scientists
• Engineers as experts
• Engineers as politicians
• Engineers as academics
• Engineers as salesmen
• Engineers as entrepreneurs
1
• Engineers as lawyers? 0
 History of Engineering and Technology
• Engineering is application of basic scientific
principles to solve human problems and ease of life.
For example, the use of a pulley, lever or wheels as
mechanical means of making movement of load
easier
• Therefore, in designing, construction and
maintenance of systems in engineering and
technology, the usual questions are:
– What is?
1
– What can be? 1

– of what of use? and

 History (cont.)
• Therefore, what for?
– Implies Engineering & Technology has moved
beyond natural science including identifying
– How good?
• Therefore, Engineers investigate not only a
systems, physical structures but its existence
also its functions, quality, safety and services to
ease life.
1
2
 History (cont.)
• Engineering science had occurred 60 years
before social sciences.
and became important after world war II
• The relevance of engineering science
became more obvious with the advent of
R&D
• Thus opening avenues for more engineering
disciplines 1
3
 EMERGENCE OF ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES
• Engineering Disciplines had emerged from historical sources and are

marked by revolutions.

• 5 phases of revolutionary activities include:

a. Pre-Scientific Revolution – Leonardo Da Vinci (various structures in

Italy)

b. Industrial Revolution – 18 – 19th Century - Artistry to scientific (e.g;

use of frictional forces to develop weapons to prosecute wars)

c. 2nd industrial revolution – before world war II,

chemical and electrical engineering developed essentially

d. IT revolution developed after world war II 1

4
e. Material Revolution – gives room for collaboration between science
engineering
 History based on Discipline

• The oldest profession is Civil Engineering

and emerged in 2550 BC
• When the 1st Engineer built the stepped
pyramid in Egypt using simple mathematical
tools, the structure still exists today.
• Engineering education of ancient times was
developed by Vitruviv’s De architectura
1
5
 History based on Discipline
• Other disciplines are:
– Military Engineering – using military and civil skills
during conflicts – simple fighting tools, like catapult,
battering rods, towers to develop enemy forts and
encampment
– Civil Engineering: oldest of all known disciplines
– First is Natural School of Bridges of Highways in
France, 1747
– 1st Civil Engineer was John Silvester for structures,
water supply and several roads, highways and cities
1
– 1st Engineer was in 1828, a Civil Engineer in England 6
 History based on Discipline
• R&D also led to the development of:
– Mechanical Engineering– 2nd Engineering Discipline to be
developed in 1700s along with the era of industrial revolution.
Mechanical Engineering thus became recognized in 1847 to
build miscellaneous tools and fuel engines
– Electrical – Interest grew in Electrical Engineering in order
to provide power to run the engines & lighting the
environment.
Allasandro Volta developed the voltaic cell in 1800
• In 1872, electrical motor was invented
• Transistor and vacuum tube were invented in mid 1900s
1
• Electrical/Electronics Engineering grew in 1900s 7
• Software Engineering among several others were also
developed
 History based on Discipline
– Chemical Engineering – In 1800, with the advent of
industrial Revolution, chemical processing in metals,
food and textile production became important thus
the development of chemical industries and chemical
engineers started to design chemical plants.

– Agricultural Engineering began late 19th and early 20th

as a result of agricultural revolution and shortage of
manpower after the 1st world war. Other engineering
field developed a long too, out of circumstances and
necessities.
1
8
 History based on Discipline
• Other Engineering disciplines developed on the basis of
needs such as:
– Polymer Engineering,
– Materials Engineering,
– Metallurgical, Ceramic, Mining Engineering,
– Petroleum and petrochemical Engineering,
– Biomedical Engineering.

1
9
 History based on Discipline
• Assignment
– Assess the relevance of your discipline to
other disciplines going by the new
technological revolution.

2
0
 Major Engineering Feats of this
Era 6000-3000BC
• Production of fire at will
• Production of copper and bronze
• Invention of the wheel and axle
• Development of a system of symbols
for written communication
• Origination of a system of mathematics
and Construction of irrigation works 21
 History of COREN
• The Council for the Regulation of
Engineering in Nigeria, COREN, was
established by decree 55 of 1970 and
amended by Decree 27 of 1992, now
the “Engineers (Registration, etc) Act,
CAP E11 of 2004” Law of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria.
2
2
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• MANDATE OF COREN
The Decrees empowered the Council to
regulate and control the training and practice
of engineering in Nigeria and to ensure and
enforce the registration of all engineering
personnel (i.e. Engineers, Engineering
Technologists, Engineering Technicians, and
Engineering Craftsmen) and consulting firms
2
wishing to practice or engage in the practice3
of engineering.
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• COREN has been able to regulate, as
contained in its publication CP3, that a
person desiring to become a registered
Engineering Personnel must, after obtaining
the approved/accredited required academic
qualification, must have four (4) years post-
graduate experience which must be under
the supervision of a senior registered
Engineer. 2
4
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• COREN still needs to satisfy itself that the academic
qualification is registrable for the category applied for.
• The decree specifies the abbreviation to be used by each
cadre as follows:
• A Registered Engineer shall use the abbreviation "Engr."
before his name
• A Registered Engineering Technologists shall use the
abbreviation "Engn. Tech." after his name.
• A Registered Engineering Technician shall use the
abbreviation "Tech" after his name.
2
• A Registered Engineering Craftsman shall use his full title5
"Craftsman" with his trade in bracket under his name.
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS
INTO ENGINEERING CADRES.
S/N ENGINEERS ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGISTS
1 B. Sc, B. Eng, B. Tech in HND in Engineering from
Engineering COREN accredited
Polytechnics or Monotechnics.

2 HND in an Engineering field Degrees in Engineering from

+ COREN accredited PGD East Bloc. translated as B. Sc
in the same field e.g. HND in Engineering
Civil Engineering + PGD
Civil Engineering
2
3 Diploma – Engineer from Diploma Grad from Continental
6
Continental Europe. Europe.
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS
INTO ENGINEERING CADRES.
S/N ENGINEERS ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGISTS
3 Degrees in Engineering B. Tech in Engineering
from the East Bloc from some accredited
translated as M. Sc. American Universities as
contained in ABET list.
4 New B. Sc. in some
countries in Eastern Bloc
as degree
2
For B.Sc., B. Eng. – 4 years of experience, 7
For HND, PGDE – 2 years of experience
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS
INTO ENGINEERING CADRES.

S/N ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

TECHNICIANS CRAFTSMEN
1 ND in Engineering WAEC
from accredited Technical/NABTEB
Polytechnics or
Monotechnics.
2 Full Technological Trade Test or Craft
Certificate (FTC). Certificate from City
2
Advance Technician & Guilds. 8
Diploma.
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• Requirements for the Registration Of Consulting Firms;
Council is empowered to register Consultancy Firms in the
following categories:
 Sole ownership;
• This must be owned by a COREN registered Engineer who
must be up to date in the payment of his practicing fee
• The firm must be registered by Corporate Affairs
Commission with a Certificate of Registration.
• Documents for submission must include:
• (i)Corporate Affairs Form 2 (form of application for
registration) 29
• (ii)Brochure of the firm
• (iii)CV of owner
 History of COREN (Cont.)
• (iv)Payment of an appropriate processing fee
• (v)Corporate Affairs Form CAC 10 (Annual
Returns)
• (vi)Completed COREN Firm Application Form

Partnership
Limited Liability Firms/Companies

30
 NSE (Nigerian Society of Engineers)
• The Organization was Founded on 16th
February, 1958
• major challenge by a group of young Nigerian
graduate engineers and students in the UK,
• the Society was inaugurated at the Nigerian
House in London.
• The NSE is registered with the Corporate
Affairs Commission as a company Limited by
guarantee.
• It was incorporated as a Company limited by 31

guarantee and not having a share capital in 1967.

 NSE (Cont.)

• The original Memorandum and Articles of

Association were amended on 1st December
1998. Like some of its counterparts in other
professions, the Society has distinguished
itself through progressive and imaginative
programmes to become the avenue for the
professional development of its members as
well as technological development of the
country. 32
 NSE (Cont.)

• VISION:
• The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall be
one of the very best Engineering Professional
bodies in the World
• MISSION:
• The Nigerian Society of Engineers is
dedicated to providing quality service aimed
at enhancing professional competence and
33
development of its members at all times
 NSE (Cont.)

• The Nigerian Society of engineers is

committed to focus collaboration with,
influencing and providing quality advice to the
various arms of Government, Industry,
Commerce, academia and the Society at
large, for the purpose of uplifting the
country as a whole.
• The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall make
meaningful contributions to the advancement34

of technology worldwide.
 NSE (Cont.)

• OBJECTIVES OF THE SOCIETY

• The objective of the Society is to promote
the advancement of engineering education,
research, and practice in all its ramifications.
Naturally.
The objects for which the Society is
established are:
• To provide a central organization for
35
engineers in Nigeria
 NSE (Cont.)

• To promote, protect, encourage and maintain

a high standard of engineering study,
• To present to the Government of Nigeria the
views of the Society on any subject of
concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria,
• To represent to any other individual or
bodies or organization the views of the
society on any
36
• subject of concern or interest to engineers
in Nigeria,
 NSE (Cont.)

• How to become a Member

• A Member of the Society is expected to be
current and committed in the payment of his
dues and levies as may be imposed by Council.
All subscriptions are due on the 1st day of
July each year.
• A Member whose subscription is in arrears
for one year shall lose his membership of or
37
affiliation to the Society.
 NSE (Cont.)
FELLOW
Election into the Fellowship Grade shall either be by
direct application or by invitation of the Council.
a. FELLOWSHIP BY DIRECT APPLICATION
• CONDITIONS BEFORE APPLICATION.
i. 15 years post qualification experience.
ii. Membership of the Society for at least 10 years.
iii. Contributions to the development or promotion of
the engineering profession. 38
 NSE (Cont.)
• iv. A type-written report on professional
experience.
• Three copies of the report should be submitted on
A4-size paper with soft covers.
• v. Candidates with exceptional professional or
public service achievements may be exempted
from (a) and (b) above by
• the President but shall be required to pay any
stipulated fees before consideration. They will be
required to submit one copy of a paper read or39
book published in the past.
 NSE (Cont.)
FELLOWSHIP BY INVITATION (REQUIREMENT
• A person to be invited to the Fellowship Grade of
the Society is expected to have satisfied the
following requirements:
i. Must be a corporate member of the Society.
ii. Shall satisfy all membership conditions as
stipulated in the Society’s memorandum& Articles of
Association.
iii. Must be COREN registered.
iv. Shall normally have had not less than twenty (20) 40
years outstanding experience in the practice of
Engineering.
 NSE (Cont.)

• v. Must have been consistent in the payment

of the NSE annual subscriptions/dues/levies
etc.
• vi. Shall have rendered valuable and selfless
service to the Society over a period of time.

41
 NSE (Cont.)
CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP
• Admission into the membership grade of the
Society can be through seven (7) routes:
• A1: Candidates who are holders of the
Bachelor’s degree in engineering whose
institutions’ programmes are accredited by
COREN and with such candidates having
been registered by COREN as professional
Engineers are admitted without sit for NSE
42

examination/interview.
 NSE (Cont.)
A2: Candidates who are already corporate members
(Licensed as Professional, Chartered or Registered
Engineer) recognized by COREN are admitted
without having to sit for NSE Professional
examination/interview.
B1: Candidates who are holders of Bachelors’ degree
in engineering or any overseas accreditation Board
recognized by COREN. Such candidates who must
have acquired a minimum of 4 years post-graduation
relevant engineering experience are admitted by
43
sitting for NSE Professional examination/interview
 NSE (Cont.)
B2: Candidates who have obtained HND in Engineering before
proceeding to do an accredited Master’s degree programme or
Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) in Engineering. Such candidates
who must have acquired a minimum of four (4) years post HND
experience and two (2) years post PGD relevant experience
are admitted by sitting for NSE Professional
examination/interview
C1: Candidates who are holders of basic academic
qualifications by COREN standards, who are 40 years and
above. Such candidates, who as at the time of application must
have a minimum of 10 years post graduation experience, are
expected to appear in person for an interview.
44
 NSE (Cont.)
• C2: Top executives in government or parastatals,
Industries etc., who are not only 45years and
above, but who, as at the time of application, have a
minimum of 15 years post-graduation experience
are expected to appear in person for an interview.
However, the following combination was also approved
by Council, for holders of:
- HND (15years) + PGD (4 years) or
- HND (20years) + PGD (2years)
45
 NSE (Cont.)
• GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR B1 & B2
PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEW.
1. Regular NSE Professional Exams and Interviews,
shall be held twice in a calendar year, that is, in April
and September

2. The Technical Report should be in two Volumes (I

& II), each not exceeding 100 pages; otherwise
candidates can increase the number of Volume to
three.
46
 NSE (Cont.)
3. The Volume I should comprise Postgraduate
Experience Report, while Volume II comprise
Detailed Project Report and BEME.
4. The Detailed Project Report must be one of the
projects enumerated in Postgraduate Experience
Report, and should contain the actual report of
design/fabrication/installation carried out by the
candidate.
5. All drawings generated from designs (in respect to
the work executed by the candidate within the
47
pupilage period) must be prepared/drawn with
AutoCAD, in minimum drawing size of A3 sheet.
 NSE (Cont.)
6. Reports must be endorsed by a Registered
Engineer who supervised the candidate and
should be in the same discipline with the
candidate.
7. Candidates are to submit three (3) spiral
bound sets of the Report
8. In addition to the Technical Report,
candidates would be tested on National &
Technical Essays, Computer Proficiency as well
48
Objectives questions.
 NSE (Cont.)
ASSOCIATES
• A person seeking election as an associate of
the society shall possess an academic
qualification at the level of (i) a university
degree in the sciences allied to Engineering
or (ii) HND in core Engineering without any
post graduate degree in relevant engineering
discipline . Such a candidate who should have
been engaged on work related to the practice
49
of Engineering for minimum period of 4 years
is expected to apply only for associate
 NSE (Cont.)
STUDENTS
• A student member shall be a person who
is undergoing an approved Engineering
course of training leading to a degree in
an institution recognized by the Council
of the Society.

50
 NSE (Cont.)
Members Benefits
• Courses/Workshops/Conference
The Society offer courses and workshops regularly
for professional improvement and continuing
education of members.
• Careers and Employment Advice
The Society provides advice to members on job
placement and career progression through her Job
placement unit.
51
 NSE (Cont.)
• Liaison with the Council for the Regulation of
Engineering in Nigeria (COREN)
The Society is represented on the Council of
COREN and maintains close relations with the body
on all issues relating to the engineering profession.
These include Engineering Regulations Monitoring
(ERM), Mandatory Continuing Professional
Development (MCPD) and Engineers remuneration.
• Forum
The Society provides a forum for engineers to
exchange ideas and update their knowledge on 52
contemporary and future developments in eng.
 NSE (Cont.)
• Code of Ethics
The Society has established a Code of Ethics to control the
professional conduct of her members. Disciplinary actions
are instituted under this code.
• Advisory services
The Society provides guidance to members on a wide range
of matters relevant to their involvements with and
development in the profession.
• Awards and Prizes
Grants/Fellowships/Awards and Prizes for papers, research
and other contributions to the profession are awarded by
the Society from time to time to those who distinguished
53
themselves in the profession.
Professional Bodies within COREN Family

• Each of the Engineering family has its own Professional body

– The Engineers, family is Nigerian Society of Engineers
(NSE)
– The Engineering Technologist, family is National
Association of Technologists in Engineering (NATE)
– The Engineering Technician – the family is National
Association of Engineering Technicians (NISET)
– The Engineering Craftsman – National Association of
Engineering Craftsmen (NAEC)
– Each has its representative in COREN Council. 54
 Code of ethics
• “engineering ethics” refers to justified moral values
in engineering, but what are moral values? What is
morality? Dictionaries tell us that morality is about
right and wrong, good and bad, values and what
ought to be done.
• It refers to moral values that are sound or
reasonable, actions or policies that are morally
required (right), morally permissible (all right), or
otherwise morally desirable (good). Accordingly,
engineering ethics consists of the responsibilities
and rights that ought to be endorsed by those 55
engaged in engineering, and also of desirable ideals
and personal commitments in engineering.
 Code of ethics
• All Engineers must act always to enhance the
reputation of Nigeria Engineers and the profession
in public interests.
• Must be faithful to his Client, Co-Engineers,
lawyers and others related professional bodies that
are affiliated to engineering.
• A member shall not practice in a dual capacity as a
consultant and as a contractor for the same project
except with the prior written consent of the client.

56
 Code of ethics
• Must not exert influence or accept
gratifications for purpose of effecting
negotiation on an contract engagement.
• Must not use the advantage of your position
to compete with other engineers.
• Must not attempt to suppliant another
engineer in a particular engineering
engagement after definite steps have been
taken towards his employment. 57
 Code of ethics
• Must not accept remuneration for services
other than from the client or employer
• Must not review works of another engineer
for the same client unless with the consent
and knowledge of that engineer or such
engagement must be terminated or subject
to restitution.

58
 Code of ethics
• Must not accept remuneration for services
other than from the client or employer
• Must not review works of another engineer
for the same client unless with the consent
and knowledge of that engineer or such
engagement must be terminated or subject
to restitution.

59
ETHICS & CODES OF CONDUCT IN
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
“Code” is simply defined as systematic collection
of regulations & rules of procedure.

‘’Conduct’’ is just an act of directing.

What is a profession? it is a type of job that

needs a high level of education/training.
Therefore, a Professional is a Specialist in
his/her field.
 IMPORTANCE OF CODES OF ETHICS
Most of the Engineering codes of Ethics
hinge on:
• Public Safety
• Public welfare & health
• Environmental integrity.
Engrs. should adhere to their professional codes & standards
because:-
(i) It will help protect people & Environment from being
injured by what they do.
(ii) Adhering to the codes will increase public confidence in
the profession
(iii) It will assure Engineers better working environment
 Obligations to Client and Employer
Engrs. should always act in a manner that
is in the best interest of their Employers and
Client, consistence with public interest. As
appropriate, they should:
(i) Provide service only in their area of
competence
(ii) Should not knowingly use designs that are
obtained illegally or unethically.
(iii) Should use property of his Client or Employer
62

only in authorized manner or with their consent.

 Obligations to Client and Employer
(iv) Maintain confidentiality of any information
gained the professional work where such is in
the public interest and consistent with the
law.
(v) Report to Client or Employer promptly, if a
project is likely to fail, prove too expensive,
violate intellectual property law or considered
problematic.
(vi) Accept no outside work detrimental to the
work being performed for the primary
Employer.
(vii)Inform client or employer or appropriate 63
authority when a higher ethical concern is
being compromised.
 Engineering Failure
Although Engineers designs are expected to be “fail
proof” but since Engineers are human, failures do
occur as a result of:
(i) Human factors
(ii) Design factors
(iii) Material fatigues due to aging
(iv) Extreme conditions of operation
(v) Environmental factors

64
 Inherently Safer Design
– The intent of Inherently Safer Design is to
eliminate a hazard completely or reduce its
magnitude significantly

– Thereby eliminating / reducing the need for

safety systems and procedures

65
Principles of Inherent Safety

Eliminate

Simplify Minimise
Inherent
Safety
Principles

Moderate Substitute
66
 Principles of Inherent Safety
– Examples - Minimise
– Minimise storage of hazardous gases, liquids and solids

– Minimise inventory by phase change (liquid instead of gas)

– Eliminate raw materials, process intermediates or by-products

– Just-in-time deliveries of hazardous materials

– Hazardous materials removed or properly disposed of when no

longer needed

– Hazardous tasks (e.g.67 working at height or above water, lifting

operations) combined to minimise the number of trips
 Principles of Inherent Safety
– Examples - Substitute
– Substitute a less toxic, less flammable or less reactive
substance

– Alternative way of moving product or equipment in order

to eliminate human strain

– Allergenic materials, products and equipment replaced

with non-allergenic alternatives

68
 Principles of Inherent Safety
– Examples - Moderate
– Dilute hazardous substances to reduce hazard potential
– Storage of hazardous gases, liquids and solids as far as
way as possible in order to eliminate risk to people,
environment and asset
– Segregation of hazardous equipment / units to prevent
escalation

– Relocate facility to limit transportation of hazardous

substances
• New / replacement
69
equipment that produces -
less noise or vibration
 Principles of Inherent Safety
– Examples - Simplify
– Simplify and / or reduce - connections, elbows, bends, joints, small
bore fittings

– Separate single complex multipurpose vessel with several simpler

processing steps and vessels

– Equipment designed to minimize the possibility of an operating or

maintenance error
– Reactors designed / modified to eliminate auxiliary equipment (e.g.
blender)

 Eliminate or arrange70equipment to simplify material handling

 SAFETY COLOUR
Safety Color Meaning Examples of use

Red Stop Stop signs

Prohibition Emergency
prohibition

Yellow Caution Indication of hazard

Risk of danger Warning of threshold
Low passages, obstacles

Green Safe condition Escape routes

Emergency exits
Emergency shower
First aid and rescue stations

Blue Mandatory action Obligatory to wear

Personal safety equipment
Examples of safety colours (Red)
Examples of safety colours (Blue)
Examples of safety colours (Green)
Examples of safety colours (Yellow)
 What is safety?
• Classical definition
Freedom from those conditions that can cause death,
injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of
equipment or property, or damage to the
environment.

• Alternative definition
Safety = Managing complexity without going crazy
and ensuring completeness and consistency.

• Safety culture is about ensuring that at every

step you ask “what could happen”.
 Safety (Cont.)

• Safety = protection of environment from the system.

• Security = protection of the system from the
environment.
• But, environment is a system as well. So both safety
and security represent a protection of one system
from another. . .
 Workplace Decision
Introduction Hazard Control Risk Assessment Review
Hazards Making

Workplace Hazards

Hazard is a potential source of danger that can result in death or

injuries when it is active.

Ergonomic Chemical

Psychosocial Biological

Physical Safety

78
High Risk
Activities
 Workplace Decision
Introduction Hazard Control Risk Assessment Review
Hazards Making

Hierarchy of Safety Controls or “Safeguards

Most Effective Elimination or substitution Most Expensive

Engineering Controls

Warnings

Administrative Controls

79
Personal Protective Least Expensive
Least Effective
Equipment
Hazard and Risk Management

What could
happen?

How often? How bad?

So what?

What
do I do?
80
 Hazard and Risk Management

Risk
Analysis
Hazard
Identification

Frequency Consequence
Analysis Analysis

Risk
Assessment Evaluation of
Hazard & Risk

Manage
Risk
Risk Residual Risk
Management 81
 Review – Risk Assessment
• With the goal of eliminating potentially dangerous
hazards, Below are some of the components that should be
taken into account for conducting risk assessment.

– Identification of hazards
– Consideration of different circumstances such as power
outage, shutdowns, emergencies and normal operational
situations
– Evaluation and monitoring of the risk to ensure it is
under control
– Evaluation of likelihood and severity of the injury or
illness
– Reviewing all the available health and safety
information about the hazard, manufacturers
literature, results of testing, etc. 82
– Keeping any necessary documentation or records that
include the detailed risk assessment technique outlining
evaluation details and conclusions.
Risk Management Development Tree

83
 Workplace Decision
Introduction Hazard Control Risk Assessment Review
Hazards Making

84
 Personal Protective Equipment
• Head Protection
• Hard Hats (Safety Helmets)
• Eye and Face Protection
• Safety Glasses (minimum requirement)

• Goggles - better protection for chemicals, splashes,\

• Face Shield - better for splashes or projectiles

 Hand and Foot Protection
• Gloves / sleeves • Shoes / Boots
– General duty – Steel toe
• Cotton, leather • Compression,
– Sharp objects puncture
– Cuts – Chemical resistant
– Chemical • Prevents contact
with chemicals
 Hearing Conservation
• Hearing Loss
– Disease
– Age
– Excessive Noise
• workplace
• environmental
• recreational
• Other Effects of Noise
– Elevated blood pressure, stress,
sleeplessness
 Noise Levels
• Measured in decibels (dB)
– Whisper - 10-20 dB
– Speech - 60 dB
– Noisy Office - 80 dB
– Lawnmower - 95 dB
– Passing Truck - 100 dB
– Jet Engine- 150 dB
• Limit - 85 dB
 Hearing Protectors

• Ear Plugs - preferred (NRR* 20-30 dB)

• Ear Muffs - 2nd choice (NRR 15-30 dB)
• Double Hearing Protectors (plugs and muffs)
(NRR 30-40 dB) used for levels over 115 dB

(*NRR = Noise Reduction Rating - an approximate

decibel reduction provided by the protector in
lab conditions. Subtract 7 dB for approximate
“real world” attenuation)
 Fall Protection
• Any open edge higher than six (6) feet
– Guardrail System
– Safety Net System
– Personal Fall Arrest System
• Any fixed ladder higher than 20 feet
– Ladder Safety Device (with body harness)
– Safety Cage with offset landings every 30 feet
• Personal Fall Arrest System
• Full Body Harness
• Shock Absorber
• Locking Snap Hooks (no single action)
Fall Clearance (not a sale!)
 Scaffolding
• Portable Ladders
• Erected by
• Use only approved
“Competent Person”
ladders
• Sound, rigid footing • Inspect before use
• No overloading • Use both hands
• No portable ladders • One person only
on scaffolding • Firm, level footing
• Do not use as
platform or scaffold
• Use fall arrest if > 6
ft. working from
ladder
 Good Safety Practices
• Inspect work area daily
• Be an observer - stay alert
• Use your best safety device - THINK
• If you’re not sure - ASK someone!!
• Report Injuries/Incidents/Illnesses
• Report safety issues to the safety committee
• Never stand on the chair or table to reach
anything.
• The top of your computer should be at eye level
to avoid neck strain.
Good Safety Practices
 NEW EMPLOYEE ORIENTATION
• The following topics will be • First Aid
covered in the Safety • Personal Protective
Orientation Session: Equipment
• Company History • Tool & Equipment Use
• Safety Program/Policy & • Material Handling
Work rules
• Machine Guarding
• Responsibilities
• Hazard Communication
• Safety Education/Training
• Emergency Action
• Safety Audit/Inspections
• Return-to-work & Light
• Accident Duty Assignments
Reporting/Investigation
Requirements
 SAFETY RULES
• All safety rules must be obeyed. • Only appropriate tools shall be
Failure to do so will result in strict used for specific jobs.
disciplinary action.
• All injuries must be reported as • All guards must be kept in place.
soon as possible.

• No spliced electrical cords/wiring

• No horseplay, alcohol, or drugs allowed.
allowed on premises.

• Only authorized personnel can

• No alcohol usage allowed during operate forklift vehicles.
lunch break.

• Smoking allowed only in lunchroom.

• PPE must be worn as prescribed by
management.
• Seat belt use required of all
drivers/passengers.
• All tools/equipment must be
maintained in good condition.
 Typical Questions
(a) A professional engineer on a multi-million naira project
had a disagreement with the contractor on certain
technical aspect of the work and both parties failed to
reach a conclusion. Some days later, the contractor
offered an all expenses paid trip to United Kingdom to the
Engineer to make-up for the disagreement. Is it ethical for
him to collect such an offer? Discuss your position.
(b) (i) Why should an engineer register with professional
body?
(ii) What are the steps you will take to ensure that you
are registered?
(iii) Name the government agency responsible for the
regulation of engineering practice in Nigeria.
2. (a) Define and state the roles of the different cadres
of the engineering family.
 Typical Questions

(b)Highlight sources of accidents and

suggest safety precautions to take in the
following places:
(i) Mechanical Engineering
workshop/laboratory
(ii) Civil Engineering construction site
(iii) Poultry farm
(iv) Brewery
Thank you for
your attention
99