Chapter I

1. Jabbir Ibn Haiyan is generally known as the father of chemistry.

2. Jabbir Ibn Haiyan prepared Hydrochloric acid nitric acid and white lead.
3. Muhammad Ibn e Zakariya Al Razi wrote 26 books.
4. Al-Razi was the first chemist to divide the chemical compounds into four types
and also divides the substances into living and nonliving origin.
5. Al Razi prepared alcohol by fermentation.
6. Al Beruni determined the densities of different substances.
7. Ibn e Sina is generally known as the Aristotle of the Muslim’s world.
8. Ibn e Sina was the first scientist who rejected the idea, that base metals can be
converted into gold.
9. Anything that has mass and occupies spaces is called matter.
10. The quantity of matter in a body is called its mass.
11. A piece of matter in pure form is called substance.
12. An element is a pure substance which cannot be split up into other simpler
substances by any ordinary physical or chemical process.
13. The fundamental unit of an element is called the atom
14. Scientists have discovered approximately 118 elements.
15. 92 elements are naturally occurring while rest have been artificially prepared in the
laboratory.
16. In 1814, Berzelius suggested the system for representing elements with symbols.
17. The shortest name of an element is called symbol.
18. Compound is a pure substance consist of two or more different types of elements
chemically combined together in a fixed ration by mass.
19. In the formation of a compound the component elements must undergo chemical
changes. The ration of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atom in water is 2:1.
20. A formula shows the symbols of the elements of which compound is made and
their combining ration to each other.
21. A mixture is made up of two or more substance that are not chemically combined.
A mixture may consist of elements, compounds or bother.
22. The components of a mixture are not in a fixed ratio.
23. A homogeneous mixture is one which has uniform composition throughout its
mass.
24. Table salt (NaCl) dissolved in water is an example of homogeneous mixture.
25. A heterogeneous mixture is one, which does not have uniform composition
throughout its mass.
26. Salad, dirt, sand and water are examples of heterogeneous mixture.
27. The number of electrons and protons are equal in an atom.
28. Atom is electrically neutral.
29. The number of neutrons in the atom of an elements is different and cannot be used
to characterized the atom.
30. Atomic number is represented by Z.
31. Atomic number of an element is the number of protons present in the nucleus of
one atom of that element.
32. Mass number is also called nucleon number.
33. The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons present in the nucleus.
34. The relative atomic mass of an elements is the mass of an atom of an element
1
relative to the mass of the mass of C – 12.
12
1
35. Atomic mass unit is the mass of the the mass of an atom of C – 12.
12
36. Average atomic mass is the weighted average of the atomic masses of the
naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
37. Chemical formula is an abbreviation used for the full name of a compound with
the help of symbols.
38. In other words, we can say that the symbolic representation of a molecule of a
compound is called chemical formula.
39. The simplest formula which shows the smallest whole number ration of the atoms,
of the different elements present in a compound is called empirical formula.
40. Chemical formula of benzene is C6 H6.
41. Empirical formula of benzene is CH.
42. Benzene has the simplest ration of 1:1.
43. The actual formula of glucose is C6 H12 O6.
44. Glucose has the simplest ratio of 1:2:1.
45. Empirical formula of glucose is CH2O.
46. Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of different elements
present in one molecular of that compound.
47. Formula unit is the smallest repeating unit of an ionic compound showing the
simple ratio between the ions.
48. Molecular mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in
the molecule.
49. Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses of ions (atom) present in the
formula unit of an ionic compound.
50. The particle that carries an electrical charge positive or negative due to the loss or
gain of one or more electrons is called an ion.
51. The atom which loss electron(s) from its outermost shell, a net positive charge is
appeared on that atom. This positively charged species is called cation.
52. The atom which gains electron(s), a net negative charge is appeared on the atom.
This negatively charged species is called an anion.
53. When a molecule loses or gain one or more electrons, it forms a molecular ion.
54. Molecular ions are also called radical.
55. Free radicals are atoms or group of atoms that has a single (unpaired) electron
(odd) in an outer shell with no charge.
56. A molecule is formed by the chemical combination of atoms. It is the smallest unit
of a substance.
57. Molecule is the smallest particle of matter which can exist free in nature and may
be composed of like or unlike atoms.
58. He is mono atomic molecule
59. O2 is di-atomic molecule.
60. H2O is tri-atomic molecule.
61. S8 is a poly-atomic molecule
62. Avogadro’s number is defined as the number of particles (Atoms, molecules,
ions) in one mole of any substance and is numerically equal to 6.023 x 1023.
63. Avogadro’s number was determined by an Italian scientist Amedo Avogadro.
64. Avogadro’s number is represented by NA.
65. A mole is defined as the amount(mass) of a substance which contains Avogadro’s
number (6.023 x 103).
66. Mole is represented as “mol”.
67. The mole can be quantitatively defined as the atomic mass or molecular mass or
formula mass of a substance expressed in gram is called mole.
68. When the relative atomic mass is expressed in grams, we call it the gram atomic
mass.
69. One-gram atom of any element is the relative atomic mass of that element
expressed in grams. This is called mole.
70. The molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called gram molecular
mass or gram molecule of that substance. It is also called mole.
 Chapter II
1. A Greek philosopher Democritus (460 – 370 B.C) for the first time suggested that all
matter can be ultimately broken down into tiny particles that cannot be further divided.
2. Atom is derived from Greek word “atomos” means indivisible.
3. John Dalton in 1808 presented his theory under the title “A new system of chemical
philosophy”.
4. Rutherford performed an experiment to determine the internal structure of the atom
in 1911.
5. For this purpose, he used a thin (0.00004 cm) gold foil.
6. Rutherford’s atomic model is based on the laws of motion.
7. In 1913 Neil Bohr presented a new theory to overcome the defects of Rutherford’s
atomic model.
8. Bohr considered Hydrogen atom as a model.
9. According to Bohr the energy difference between two levels is given by;
∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏
𝒉
10.Angular momentum (mvr) of an electron is an integral multiple of .
𝟐𝝅
𝒏𝒉
11. 𝒎𝒗𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅
12.The orbit defined by Bohr, is also called a shell or an energy level.
13.Electron is negatively charged particle.
14.Mass of electron is 0.000548597 amu or 9.11 x 10-31 kg.
15.Charge on electron is 1.6022 x 10-19 coulomb with negative sign.
16.Electron revolves around the nucleus.
17.Proton is a positively charged particle.
18.Mass of proton is 1.0072766 amu or 1.6726 x 10 -27 kg.
19.Charge on proton is 1.6022 x 10-19 coulomb with positive sign.
20.Proton is 1837 times heavier than electron.
21.Proton is present in nucleus.
22.Neutron is a neutral particle because it has no charge.
23.Mass of neutron is 1.0086654 amu or 1.6749 x 10-27 kg.
24.Neutron is 1842 times heavier than electron.
25.Neutrons are present in nucleus.
26.The distribution of electrons around the nucleus in orbits or shells is called the
electronic configuration.
27.The maximum number of electrons in a particular orbit is given by the formula 2n2 .
28.Orbits are also called energy levels.
29.There are four subshells.
30.s-subshell can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons.
31.p-subshell can accommodate a maximum of 6 electrons.
32.d-subshell can accommodate a maximum of 10 electrons.
33.f-subshell can accommodate a maximum of 14 electrons.
34.Electrons fell first the lowest energy subshell available to it and then higher energy
subshells.
35.Isotopes are the atoms of the same element which have same atomic number but
different mass number.
36.Isotopes are the atoms of same element which have same number of protons and
electrons but different number neutrons.
37.Isotopes have same chemical properties.
38.Isotopes have different physical properties.
39.Hydrogen has three isotopes.
40.Protium (P) is the most abundant isotope of hydrogen (99.985%).
41.The number of neutrons is in Protium is zero.
42.The number of neutrons is in Deuterium is one.
43.The number of neutrons is in Tritium is two.
44.There are three isotopes of carbon in nature. Carbon – 12, carbon – 13, carbon – 14.
45.Iodine – 131 ( 𝟏𝟑𝟏
𝟓𝟑𝑰) become concentrated in the Thyroid gland is used as cure for
goiter.
46.Iodine – 123 ( 𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝟓𝟑𝑰) is used for brain imaging.