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(1)Schwartz , M .(2009) ," Smart Materials", CRC Press , Taylor & Francis Group , Broken Sound
Parkway NW, Suite , p 18
(2) Ritter, A. (2007) ,"Smart Materials In Architecture, Interior Architecture And Design",
Architectural Press , Berlin , p 87 .
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ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﻮء ﻣﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ ـ .Fiberﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺴ ﻤﺢ ﺑﻤ ﺮﻭﺭ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻀ ﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺗﺴ ﻤﺢ Light-Transmitting Concrete :
ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺼ ﺒﺢ ﺳ ﻤﻜﺔ ٥٠ﻗ ﺪﻡ .ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻊ ﻭﺟ ﻮﺩ
ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺒ ﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻧﻜﺴ ﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻀ ﻮء ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻣ ﻊ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺎﺋﻂ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ).(١
) (١ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﺽ " ، ( ٢٠٠٩) ،ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ /ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻓﺎﻕ " ،ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ
ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
(2) http://www.eviee.co.uk/DuPont Energain
(3) Ritter , A. (2007) ,"Smart Materials In Architecture, Interior Architecture And Design ",
Architectural Press , Berlin .
(4) Ritter , A. (2007) ," Smart Materials In Architecture, Interior Architecture And Design ",
Architectural Press , Berlin .
(5) http://downloadbook.net/index.php?keyword=smart+material+building&filetype=ppt&page=results
(6) Addington, M & Schodeck, D. (2004), " Smart Materials and Technologies for the architecture and
design professions ", Architecture Press , an imprint of Elsevier , Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford,
UK. P 6.
(7) Deck, F. (1992)" Improving the thermal Performance of Vinyl. Framed Windows in the Proceeding
of Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings " . Florida.
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ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺮﻭﺟﻴﻞ"، "Airogel ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﻯ": "Aeragel Glazing
ﻟﻤﻠﻰء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻭﺃﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺿﺎءﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻫﺞ ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻔﻰ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻋﻄﺎء ﺃﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺩﺓ
ﺻﻴﻔﺎ.
) (١ﺃﻣﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٧ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ" ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪ ﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ . ١١٩
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ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻓ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ :
Aero Formed Aluminum :ﺍﻟﺴ ﻤﺎﻛﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺼ ﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﺃﻧﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻘ ﺔ ﺗﻘ ﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳ ﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴ ﻄﺢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻷﺷ ﻌﺔ ﻓ ﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴ ﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫ ﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ ).(١
ﺍﻟﺰﺟ ﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻲ ﺑﻤ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻛﺴ ﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘ ﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟ ﻮﺍﺡ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟ ﺎﺝ ﻣﻄﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻤ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺛ ﺎﻧﻰ ﺃﻛﺴ ﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘ ﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺘ ﻰ
ﺗﺴ ﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺍﻟ ﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻠﺰﺟ ﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛ ﺎﺕ ): (TIO2
)(٢
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ .
(1) Brownel , B. (2005) , " Transmaterial 2: A Catalog of Materials That Redefine Our Physical
Environment " , Architectural Press , NewYork , P 33.
(2) Ritter ,A.(2007)," Smart Materials In Architecture, Interior Architecture And Design", Architectural
Press , Berlin , P 101.
(3) Addington, M & Schodeck, D. (2004), " Smart Materials and Technologies for the architecture and
design professions ", Architecture Press , an imprint of Elsevier , Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford,
UK.
) (٤ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻠﻒ ﻋﻄﻴﺔ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٩ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء " ،ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ " ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ " ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ .
) (٥ﺭﺿﺎﺏ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٩ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ – ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ – ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ،
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ . ٨
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ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ .ﻓﺎﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻴ ﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑ ﻰ ﻗﻠﻴ ﻞ : Electro Chromic Materials
،ﻭﻳﻌ ﻮﺩ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘ ﻪ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺯﻳ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﻰ .٤ﻫ ﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ.ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮ ﻟ ﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺎﺩﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ،ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋ ﺪﺓ ﻁﺒﻘ ﺎﺕ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﺗﻨﻘ ﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴ ﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻁﺒﻘ ﺔ ﻣﻮﺻ ﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻦ
ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﻁﺒﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ـ) ، (Electro Chromic Layerﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻐﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋ ﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻳ ﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻌﺘ ﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟ ﺎﺝ .ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ
ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ). (٥
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) (١٨ - ٢ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ
. (٣) Electro chromic Material
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ :
Liquid Crystal Technologyﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ،ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ""Liquid Crystal
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ
ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺘﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ
) (٦
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) (١٩-٢ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ .ﻭﺑﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء " "Scatterﻟﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻛﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺘﺔ ﺗﺤﺠﺰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ،ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ
ﻣﺸﻤﺴﺎ ). (١
(1)Ritter,A. (2007)," Smart Materials In Architecture, Interior Architecture And Design ", Architectural
Press , Berlin , P 75.
(2) Durr,H&Laurent.(2003), " Photochromism: Molecules and Systems " , Elsevier Press , Amsterdam,
The Netherlands , P 903.
(3) Ritter,A.(2007) ," Smart Materials In Architecture, Interior Architecture And Design", Architectural
Press , An Imprint Of Elsevier, Berlin .
& (4) Lee, E &Carmody, J. (2004) , "Window Systems Of High – Performance Building", Norton
Company, Inc., Avenue, New York, P 93.
(5)Smith, P. (2005), "Architecture in a Climate of Change: aGuide to Sustainable Design", Architecture
Press , an imprint of Elsevier , Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford, UK , P 87.
) (٦ﺭﺿﺎﺏ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ) " : (٢٠٠٩ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ – ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ – ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ ﻛﻠﻔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺸ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸ ﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼ ﻮﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴ ﺘﻴﺮ ،ﻗﺴ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳ ﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ ،
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ . ٩
(7) http://www. Saint Gobain.com
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ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕSuspended Particle : "Suspended
p "Particle Display
p
Devicesﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ
ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ.ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ
ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺤﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻳﻤﻮﺕ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﺮﻭﻝ
ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ).(٢
(1)Carmody, J& et al . (2004) , "Window Systems For High Performance Buildings", Elsevier Press ,
London , p 95 .
) (٢ﺃﻣﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ) " : (٢٠٠٧ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ .١٢٠
(3)Brownel , B . (2005) , " Transmaterial 2: a Catalog of Materials That Redefine Our Physical
Environment " , Architectural Press , NewYork , p 109.
) (٤ﺭﺿﺎﺏ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٩ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ – ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ – ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺸ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸ ﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼ ﻮﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴ ﺘﻴﺮ ،ﻗﺴ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳ ﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ ،
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ . ١٠
) (٥ﺃﻣﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٧ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ . ١٢٠
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ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ،ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ :
ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ،ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﺮ : Suspended Particle Display
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻄﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء
ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺹ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ .ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ %١ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ %٢٢ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ،
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ( ٢٤-٢ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ،
ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻋﻦ ، %٥٧ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺒﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ (١).
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺘﻪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺎ
ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ % ١٢ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ
)(٢
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺘ ﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟ ﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝ ": " HOE
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﺿﺎءﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ).(٤
) (١ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﻯ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻔﺮﺍﻧﻰ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٦ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﻣ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﻲ
ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ" ،ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻣﺼﺮ ،ﺻـ
) (٢ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﻯ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻔﺮﺍﻧﻰ ) " ، (٢٠٠٦ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺷ ﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴ ﻲ ﻣ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﻲ
ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ" ،ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﺻـ .
) (٣ﻣﺎﺟﺪﺓ ﺑ ﺪﺭ ﺃﺣﻤ ﺪ ) " ، ( ٢٠١٠ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴ ﺔ ﻛﻤ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟ ﻮﺟﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷ ﻴﺪ ﺍﺳ ﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻣﺼﺮ
) (٤ﻣﺎﺟﺪﺓ ﺑ ﺪﺭ ﺃﺣﻤ ﺪ ) " ، ( ٢٠١٠ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴ ﺔ ﻛﻤ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟ ﻮﺟﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷ ﻴﺪ ﺍﺳ ﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ" ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻣﺼﺮ ،ﺻـ .
) (٥ﺃﻣﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٧ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ " ،ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ،ﺻـ . ١٢٠
) (٦ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﻯ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻔﺮﺍﻧﻰ ) " ، ( ٢٠٠٦ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺷ ﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴ ﻲ ﻣ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﻲ
ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ " ،ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﺻـ .
- ٦٧ -
ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺃﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻲء ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻲء ) ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ ( :
) ، (Luminous concreteﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻄﺴﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ،ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ ،
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻼﻁﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻴﻜﺲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﺼﻬﺎ
ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،
ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ،ﻭﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺯﺧﺮﻓﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) (٢٦ - ٢ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺰﻭﺝ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ). (٢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ). (١
ﻫ ﻮ ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻹﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺼ ﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ :
ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴ ﻴﻮﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻹﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴ ﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺗﻼﻧ ﺪﻯ .ﻳﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﻣﺘﺼ ﺎﺹ
ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮﻥ ،ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻁﻨ ﺎ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺍ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼ ﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﻟ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼ ﺎﺹ
٠.٤ﻁﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻛﺴ ﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮﻥ ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﻓﺘ ﺮﺓ ﺗﺼ ﻠﺒﻪ ). (٣
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻟ ﻪ ﻧﻔ ﺲ
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝ Carbon Sinksﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺗﻘ ﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﺎء ﺍﻟ ﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺎﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ %٧ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻏ ﺎﺯ
ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻛﺴ ﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺑ ﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴ ﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ
ﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ). (٤
ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮﻯ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟﻬ ﺎﺯﺍ ﻋﺼ ﺒﻴﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻴﺢ ﻟ ﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸ ﺎﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻲ :
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻭﻧﻘ ﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ .
ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻰ ،ﻭ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ .ﺗﻢ ﺗﺰﻭﻳ ﺪ ﻫ ﺬﺍ
ﺍﻹﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﺠﻬ ﺎﺯ ﻋﺼ ﺒﻲ ﻣﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻣ ﻦ ﺃﻟﻴ ﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻫ ﺎ
ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻁﻮﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻀ ﻊ ﺳ ﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺧﻠﻄﻬ ﺎ
ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ .ﺍﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ )(Conductibility
ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ . (٥) %١٠
ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﺻ ﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﺿ ﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜ ﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺻ ﻞ ﺑﻤ ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ ،ﺟ ﺎءﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜ ﺮﺓ ﻣ ﻦ : Self-Healing Material
ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﺔ ( ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺃﺻ ﻼﺡ
ﻧﻔﺴ ﻬﺎ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺣ ﺪﻭﺙ ﺷ ﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻱ ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻻﺿ ﺮﺍﺭﻋﻠﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﺮﻱ ،ﻳ ﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺍﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺨ ﻮﺍﺹ
ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳ ﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻳ ﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ
ﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨ ﺎء ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎ ﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﺮﻣﻢ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳ ﺪ
ﺑﺸ ﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺼ ﻌﺐ ﺍﺻ ﻼﺣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﻟﺼ ﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﺒ ﻊ ﺗﻠ ﻚ
) (١ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﺽ ) " ، (٢٠٠٩ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ /ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻓﺎﻕ " ،ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
) (٢ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﺽ ) " ، (٢٠٠٩ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ /ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻓﺎﻕ " ،ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
(3) http://www.architects-sy.com/portal/modules/artical/item.php?itemid=51
(4) Brownell, B.(2004), "Transmaterial", Princeton Architectural Press, , New York , P 99 .
(5) Addington, M & Schodeck, D. (2004), "Smart Materials and Technologies For The Architecture and
Design Professions ", Architecture Press , an Imprint of Elsevier - Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford,
UK , p 188.
- ٦٨ -
ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻻﺿ ﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺎﻥ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣ ﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺻ ﻼﺡ ﺟ ﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻀ ﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨ ﺎﺟﻢ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﻠ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻜ ﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣ ﺪﺓ ﺣﻴ ﺎﺓ ﺍﻁ ﻮﻝ ﻟﺘﻠ ﻚ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣ ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ ﻭ
ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ). (١
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨ ﻰ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻰ ": " Smart Bricks
ﺍﻻﻓ ﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺧ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻰ .ﻳﺸ ﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄ ﻮﺏ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴ ﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ " ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﺴ ﺘﻮﺭ " a thermistorﻫ ﻮﺍﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳ ﺔ
ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ :
ﺑﺪﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘ ﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿ ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ
ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ .ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻠ ﻚ ﺍﻻﺟﻬ ﺰﺓ
ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﻳ ﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟ ﻪ ﺗﺴ ﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺗﻬ ﺎ :
ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ
" ، "Inductive coilﺗﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻬ ﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺸ ﻌﺎﺭ
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ).(٢
Radiant Color And Mirrorﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ " "3MTMﺑﺄﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ ﺃﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺮﺍﺋﺢ
Film:ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔ ﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺷ ﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺷ ﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻳ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ﻌﺔ ﻭ
ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻻﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ .ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻋﻜ ﺲ
% ٩٨ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋ ﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ .ﻭﺗﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺷ ﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻳ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻁﺒﻘ ﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌ ﺪﺩﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﺧ ﺘﻼﻑ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼ ﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬ ﺎ ﻟﺘﺼ ﺒﺢ
ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ).(٤
(1) Albert, S. (2006) , "Smarten Up: A Guide to Creating a Smart Community" , Victoria: Trafford ,
P132.
(2) Tooley,M&Dingle,L.(2005),"Aircraft Engineering Principles",Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann,
Linacre House , Jordan Hill,Oxford,Burlington,P 325.
(3) Tooley,M&Dingle,L.(2005),"Aircraft Engineering Principles",Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann,
Linacre House , Jordan Hill,Oxford,Burlington,P 324.
(4) http://www.octatube.nl/rabincenter/en/imagegaller.html
(5)LeCuyer , A. (2010)," ETFE- Technology and Design ", Birkhauser Press, Basel, Boston, Berlin, p41
(6) Seeboth, A,Schneider, J .(2000), "Materials For Intelligent Sun Protecting Glazing , Solar Energy
Materials & Solar Cells " , Berlin, Germany , p263.
) (٧ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻯ )" ، (٢٠١٠ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ" ﺑﺤﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ،ﻗﺴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ .ﺻـ . ٢٤
- ٧٠ -
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ – ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ :
-١ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ :
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ/ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ /ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ
)(Thermal )(Visible
ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﺓ Photo Chromic
ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ
ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ
ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﺓ Thermo Chromic
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ
ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ
ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ Thermo Tropic
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ ، ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﻪ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ
ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ . ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ
ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﻪ Electro Chromic
ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ
ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ . ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ
)ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ (
ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ Liquid Crystal
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻞ
ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ .
ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ suspended particle
ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ
ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ . ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ .
ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺭﻯ )
( .
-٢ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ :
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ) ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ( ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ): (Property-changing
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ Thermo chromic
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء Photo chromic
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ )(Deformation Mechano chromic
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemo chromic
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ Electro chromic
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ Liquid crystals
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ Suspended particle
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ :ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ): (Property-changing
ﺿﻮء Electrolum inescentsﺃﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ
ﺿﻮء ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺎﻉ Photolum inescents
-٤ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ – ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ – ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ
– ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ( :
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ .
√ √
""Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete
ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻧﻮﺱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺱ .
√
""Chronos Chromos Concrete
√ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ .
ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) (.