CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH PROBLEM
AND OBJECTIVES
( GR OUP 1)
 ABANES, JASON
BACALTOS, CASSLE ANN
BATICAN, MCFLORENCE
CASONGGAY, NINA MARIE
DESABILLE, PRINCESSAILA
FRANSISCO, KAYE

GROUP MEMBERS JUNTILLA, DENIELLE NICOLE

MARQUEZ, STEPHEN ANDRE
MORENO, JUDE MARTIN
POGOY, JECEL ROSE
ROJAS, MARIANITO
SALADO, GUILLIAN
SUMALINOG, JADE ANGELA
TUNACAO, LANCE
 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND
OBJECTIVES
By and large , majority of the thesis writers and neophytes in research find difficulty
in searching or a research problem. Once a problem is found , they still find difficulty
in formulating specific
problems and objectives.

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Area of concern
A condition to be improved
Difficulty to be eliminated
A troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature
In theory
A practice that points to the need for meaningful
understanding and deliberate investigation.
THE RESEARCH
PROBLEM
There are five factors to consider to determinate whether
that a problem is researchable or not.

The problem is existing in the locality or country but no

known solution to the problem
The solution can be answered by using statistical methods
and techniques
There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested
The occurrence of phenomena requires scientific
investigation to arrive at precise solution
Serious needs/problems of the people where it demands in research
 THE RESEARCH
PROBLEM
The research problem must be stated vividly and explicitly expressed in
interrogative form.
A good research problem should respond to the economic recovery of
the country wherein the research output can be converted into small
and medium enterprise (SME’s).
Descriptive research is held in abeyance in a developing country, likely
the Philippines, because the budget is exhausted due to no return of
investment (ROI).

INVEST-HARVEST PRINCIPLE
That is, if a researcher invest or spends money in research, he harvest
gains money.
For example, an experimental research problem with return of
investment "Utilization and Commercialization of Fish Bone Meal as
Offal of Boneless Milkfish, Goatfish Tapa, and Tilapia Fillet into
Luncheon Meat." The specific problems are as follows:

1. What is the acceptability of the quality attributes of fish bone meal

as offal of boneless milkfish, goatfish tapa, and tilapia fillet into
luncheon meat?
2. What is the gross sales and profit of luncheon meat from bone meal
of milkfish, goatfish, and tilapia?
3. Which of the products is most acceptable, salable, profitable, and
with highest return of investment?
4. Is there a significant difference on the acceptability of the quality
attributes of these products?
5. What is the percentage of protein and calcium contents of fish
luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish, goatfish, and tilapia?
Another example of experimental research is "Yield of Tomatoes
Planted in Pots Using Night Soil and Chicken Dung as Fertilizers." This
study is applicable in urban areas wherein there is no enough space to
plant. The specific problems are as follows:

1. What is the yield of tomatoes planted in pots using night soil and
chicken dung as fertilizers?
2. Which of the fertilizers, night soil or chicken dung, is more effective
in planting tomatoes in pots?
3. Is there a significant difference on the yield of tomatoes planted in
pots using night soil and chicken dung?
CHARACTERISTIC OF
RESEARCH PROBLEM
SMART - Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time
Bound
This means that a research problem should be:

SPECIFIC - The problem should be specifically stated.

Experimental Research: “What is the mean growth increment of

Eucheuma cultured in municipal waters of Iloilo, Philippines”

Descriptive Research: “What is the mean performance of

Teachers in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines"
CHARACTERISTIC OF
RESEARCH PROBLEM
MEASURABLE - It is easy to measure by using instruments,
apparatus, or equipment.

Experimental Research: The equipment and apparatus used in

collecting data on the cultivation of Eucheuma using lantay and
hanging methods are weighing scale to get the weight of
seaweed; refractometer, salinity of water, thermometer of water,
DO meter, dissolved oxygen of water, and PH meter, acidity of
water.
CHARACTERISTIC OF
RESEARCH METHOD
Achievable
- The data are achievable using correct statistical
techniques to arrive at precise results.
Realistic
- Real results are not manipulated; and
Time-bound
- Time frame is required in every activity because
the shorter completion of the activity
the better.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
1. Specialization of the Researcher - Relating to the
profession or areas of expertise of the researcher.
Problem areas are usually found within the researcher’s
performance or in services offered.

An example is a public school teacher who is curious

about his/her students’ numerical proficiency, so
he/she conducts math tests to the class to gather
relevant data.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
2. Current and Past Researches - Current and past researches
are rich sources of research problems even for research
replication by using the same instrument, apparatus, or
equipment. But for descriptive research, the instrument such
as questionnaires or tests are administered to different groups
of subjects and areas in order to compare the similarities and
differences of the findings.

3. Recommendations from theses, dissertations, and research

journals - The researchers of the said theses, dissertations and
research journals recommend for future researches to be
conducted as sources also of research problem.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
4. Original and creative ideas of the researcher based on the
problems met in the locality and country - For instance, the
problems met in the locality and country are fish wastes pollution,
food insecurity, and poverty. Fish bone meal as offal of fishery
products for export such as boneless milkfish and tilapia fillet are.
thrown here and there which pollute the environment. Through
original and creative ideas of the researcher of these problems, he
conducts a study on the utilization and commercialization of these
fish wastes into value added products like burger, luncheon meat,
embotido, spread, meat loaf, sausage, quekiam, polvoron and many
others. Hence, these research products solve fish wastes pollution,
wherein "rash turns to cash," attain food security, and alleviate
poverty in the locality in particular and to the country in general.
CRITERIA OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Interesting - An interesting research problem attracts the
attention of the researcher and other people to conduct the
research project even without incentive or research grant at all.

2. Innovative - Though replicability in conducting research is

allowed, it is advisable that a research problem is something novel,
original, and unique to attract the attention of the people and
contribute to the economic development of the country.

Example: "Utilization and Commercialization of Fish Bone Meal from

Offal of Boneless Milkfish into Luncheon Meat."
CRITERIA OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
3. Cost effective - A good research problem should be
economical and effective in solving the needs and problems of
the society; it should also augment socioeconomic and health
conditions of the people and many others. The "Invest and
Harvest" principle is still expected in a good research problem.
If a researcher invests or spends money in research, he also
harvests or gains money from research output. In other words,
a research output has return of investment (ROI). Moreso, it is
nutritiously good for the health of the people.
CRITERIA OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
4. Relevant to the needs and problems of the people -
Researchers must keep in mind that they conduct
research not for their personal aggrandizement but to
solve the needs and problems of the people. A good
research problem responds to the needs and problems of
the people.

Example: "Utilization and Commercialization of Burger

from Offal of Boneless Milkfish and Canned Tuna."
CRITERIA OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
5. Relevant to government's thrusts - A research problem must
respond to the government's thrusts. For instance, government's
thrusts is on "waste management" or "War on Wastes". An
investigator will conduct a study to fight against wastes.
An example of research problem on "war on wastes" is
"Utilization of Fish Wastes from Goatfish Tapa, Canned
Sardines, and Boneless Siganid into Sausage". By so doing fish
has "zero wastes".
On "war on wastes" is "Utilization of Garbage into Fertilizer".
Hence, utilization of fish wastes into value-added products
and garbage into fertilizer respond to the government's
thrusts.
CRITERIA OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
6. Measurable and time-bound - A good research
problem is measurable by using research
instruments, apparatus or equipment, as well as
statistical tools to arrive at scientific and
meaningful results.
THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The investigator must not be confused that research
objectives are different from instructional objectives.
Though research and instructional objectives have the
same characteristics SMART but instructional objectives
are expressed in three domains of behavior. Namely :
cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills) and
affective (values). And the time frame is at the end of
the period. If the class is one hour period, hence, the
instructional objectives must be completed within a one
hour period.
THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
A research objective is defined as "statement of purpose
for which the investigation is to be conducted"
(Ardales,1992). The research objective is a statement of
purpose because this is the guide to be accomplished by
the researcher in conducting his research project.

Similarly, the research objectives are stated specifically in

simple language in order that the investigator finds them
easy to measure by using research apparatus.
(refractometer or salinometer, DO meter, thermometer, pH
meter and others) or instruments (questionnaire, test,
checklist, rating scale , interview).
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM/OBJECTIVES
S-pecific
M-easurable
A-chievable
R-ealistic
T-ime Bound
EXAMPLE
"Cultivation of Eucheuma in Municipal Waters of Estancia, Iloilo
Philippines using Lantay and Hanging Method"

1. What is the mean growth increment of Eucheuma cultured in

municipal waters of Estancia, Iloilo Philippines using lantay and
hanging methods?
2. What is the mean temperature, pH, and oxygen of Eucheuma
cultured in municipal waters of Estancia, Iloilo Philippines?
3. Is there a significant mean difference on the weight increment
of Eucheuma cultured in municipal waters of Estancia
Philippines?
4. Is there a significant mean difference on the temperature, PH,
and oxygen of Estancia, Iloilo Philippines using lantay and
hanging methods?
 Descriptive research - aims to accurately and systematically describe a
population, situation or phenomenon. "Correlation between job related
problems and job performance of staff nurses in private and
government hospitals in the city and province of iloilo philippines"

Question:
1. What is the extent of seriousness of job related problems as perceived by
staff nurses in the city and province of iloilo philippines in relation to:
A. Administration of top management
B. Administration of middle management
C. Administration of lower management
D. Communication
E. Financial condition
F. Hospital facilities
G. Job hazard when classified as a whole, civil status, age, and length of
nursing practice?
A. Administration of management
CITY OF ILOILO:
* LACK OF RESOURCES *Changes in healthcare policies
PROVINCE OF ILOILO:
*budget constraints *Difficulty in recruitment and retention of nurses
B. Administration of middle management
CITY OF ILOILO:
* Communication breakdown * Staffing challenges
PROVINCE OF ILOILO:
* STAFFING ISSUES * communication breakdown
C. Administration of lower management
CITY OF ILOILO:
* workload * Lack of autonomy
PROVINCE OF ILOILO:
*INADEQUATE RESOURCES
*LIMITED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES
D. Communication
CITY OF ILOILO:
*Language barrier * Cultural differences
E. Financial condition
CITY OF ILOILO:
* Low salary * Unpaid overtime * High cost of living
PROVINCE OF ILOILO:
* Low salary * Unpaid overtime
* High cost of living * Lack of financial support for
education
F. Hospital facilities
* Inadequate staffing * Lack of essential equipment and
supplies
G. Job hazard when classified as a whole, civil status,
age, and length of nursing practice.
As a whole: staff nurses as a whole may be exposed to a wide range of job
hazard infectious disease, physical hazard, chemical hazard,
environmental hazard which can put their health and safety at risk.

Civil status: Single staff nurses

Married staff nurses
Age: Older staff nurses
Younger staff nurses
Length of nursing practice:
Staff nurses with longer nursing practice
Staff nurses with less nursing practice

2. What is the mean job performance of staff nurses in private and

government hospitals in the city and province of iloilo philippines?
* Providing quality health care
* Time management
* Teamwork and collaboration
3. What is the correlation between job-related problems and
job performance of staff nurses in private and government
hospitals in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines?

4. Is there significant differences on job-related problems as

perceived by staff nurses in private and government hospitals
in the city and province of Iloilo in relation to: (a)
administration of top management, (b) administration of
middle management, (c) administration of lower management,
(d) communication, (e) financial condition, hospital facilities,
and (g) job hazard when classified as to civil status, age, and
length of nursing practice?
Objectives. The main purpose of this study is to correlate between
job related problems and job performance of staff nurses in the city
and province of Iloilo, Philippines. Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following objectives:

1. To determine the extent of seriousness of job-related problems as

perceived by staff nurses in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines
in relation to: (a) administration of top management, (b)
administration of middle management, (c) administration of lower
management, (d), communication, (e) financial condition, (f) hospital
facilities, and (g) job hazard when classified as a whole, civil status,
age, and nursing practice.

2. To find out the mean job performance of the staff nurses in the city
and province of Iloilo, Philippines.
3. To correlate between job-related problems and job
performance of staff nurses in the city and province of Iloilo,
Philippines.

4. To test the significant difference on job related problems as

perceived by staff nurses in the city and province of Iloilo,
Philippines in relation to (a) administration of top management
(b) administration of middle management (c) administration of
lower management, (d) communication, (e) financial condition,
(f) hospital facilities, and (g) job hazard when classifies as a
whole, civil status, age, and nursing practice.
THE HYPOTHESES
A hypothesis is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and
temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by
the study. A hypothesis guides the researcher in that it describes
the procedure to follow in conducting the study. Hypotheses is
important for it to tells the researcher what to do and how to go
about solving a research problem. The investigator is in much
better position if there are hypotheses to guide him on the kind
of data to collect (Leedy, 1981).
TWO TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
Null Hypothesis (H0)
Example: There is no significant relationship between the
grade 1st semester and 2nd semester in Math subject.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

Example : There is significant relationship between the grade
1st semester and 2nd semester in Math subject
Null Hypothesis (H0) in Experimental Research
Specific Problem : Is there a significant difference on the yield of
peanuts planted in pots using night soil and chicken dung as
fertilizers?

Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference on the yield of

peanuts planted in pots using night soil and chicken dung as
fertilizers.

Null Hypothesis (H0) in Descriptive Research

Specific Problem : Is there a correlation between job-related
problems and job performance as perceived by staff nurses in the
city and province of Iloilo, Philippines?

Null Hypothesis : There is no correlation between job-related

problems and job performance of staff nurses in the city and
province of Iloilo, Philippines.
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Alternative Hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis (H1) is an affirmation of the existence

of phenomena. It is always stated in affirmative form and is the
opposite of null hypothesis (H1).

Example H1 (Experimental Research)

Specific problem. Is there a significant mean difference on the

general acceptability of luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish
and goatfish?

Alternative hypothesis (H1). There is a significant mean difference

on the general acceptability of luncheon meat from bone meal of
milkfish and goatfish.
Example H1 (Descriptive Research)

Specific problem. Is there a significant difference on the

educational qualification and socioeconomic status of professors
in state universities and colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines?

Alternative hypothesis (H1). There is a significant difference on the

educational qualification and socioeconomic status of professors
in state universities and colleges in the Philippines.
 THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework
 Shapes the justification of the research problems/research
objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its
parameters. It is also a symbolic construction which uses
abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations
that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon existed
and operates.

Conceptual Framework
 Presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called
constructs used are derived from abstract concepts of the
theoretical framework.
Assumption
Assumption are propositions considered to be true
depending on the presupposition without the distinct of
the facts.
Assumption are things which are beyond your control but
are needed in order to proceed to your work; that
without them, the research problem itself could not exist.

Significance of the study

The significance of the study is a written statement that
explains why research was needed. It’s a justification of
the importance of your work and impact it has on your
research field, its contribution to new knowledge and
how others will benefit from it.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY
Scope and limitations of the study A thesis, dissertation, or
research paper's scope and constraints section is crucial. This
comprises the extent to which the study area, the subjects, the
research instrument, the research questions and concerns, the
length of the study, and the restrictions that directly affect the
study's findings are all taken into consideration.

The sections of your study's scope and delimitations are where

you lay out the broad guidelines and confines of your
investigation. The scope outlines the topics your study will
investigate, including the target audience, study's size, and
length. Delimitations are elements and variables that were left
out of the analysis.
Types of limitations include:
• objectives, research
• questions
• variables
• theoretical objectives that you have adopted, and
populations chosen as targets to study

Scope and limitation example

Let's say one researcher wants to study the impact of using

social media during working hours. In this case, it is not
possible for the researcher to cover every aspect of the
topic. Therefore, the target population will need to be
isolated within the scope
Definition of terms
This concludes the Chapter 1 thesis, dissertation, or
research paper section. If there are more than fifteen
terms defined, this element of the study is not included
in the thesis or dissertation because it is for the glossary.
The important terminology are defined in this chapter's
first section.

There are two ways of defining the key terms used in the
study:

Conceptual - Conceptual research is defined as a

methodology wherein research is conducted by
observing and analyzing already present information on
a given topic. Conceptual research doesn't involve
conducting any practical experiments. It is related to
abstract concepts or ideas.
Operational - The definition of terms is based on their use in
the study and their observable properties. To make the
meaning of the terms obvious, it is advised that the researcher
utilize two definitions. When defining technical terminology,
the operational definition is preferred.

Either an inductive or a deductive approach is used to explain

the significance of the study. The researcher describes the
significance of the study from a particular to a general
perspective using an inductive approach. He begins by
outlining the significance of the research from the intended
recipients, the researcher, as well as residents of the
neighborhood, province, region, and country. Similarly, in
deductive viewpoint, general to particular, presentation of the
relevance of the study starts from the national level, regional,
local, to the national level, to the national level, to the national
level, to the national level, to the national level, to the national
level, researcher, and target beneficiaries.
The researcher should prove that the study has important
contributions in relation to:
• solving the problem and need
• bridging a knowledge gap
• improving social, economic and health conditions
• enriching research instruments, methods and strategies
• supporting government thrusts.

Ex. The strategic thrust aims to analyze, review, formulate, and

recommend policies and regulations to support the
development of priority sectors.

In other words, studies with a high return on investment (ROI)

should be prioritized in developing nations like the Philippines.
Likewise, research should be conducted for commercialization
rather than just for publication to guarantee the Philippines'
economy.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!