, INDIAN ¢conoMy pelt aw (2d ON tue eve Of INDEPENDENCE” i uw Ei bk |S ee aidlolbonavo il teret between CuuLstvarouu See ay ) a oe la Coen, HOW wel pH teal Moai bit comusesettoh wi He EOLA ILE Crxereperites Les ewidteol Aeudabldnn im tes ste Yao Domal Laken Anat ocluieal AANA Com _worttis RGA pce in v0 geudal Loma Lotal -dtnanat weloudn) Heloron ( -_PAGE No, : Date: jug the Mule he Iwetion ii eee ing Aiseem ae ae yaa eo deeppotits Hts - sie of cup wa IWOla ob Bap sind taut ous 2 We qeousth Hote Wr ~poccoplien nebane was yuk Quen “tht i Chowed VEG Wonk dieweHOOule sharing Healt pouisol NOTe > Lone ndtante Kondnenick WHO eLtivatd Imelaa notmOvad Imeowe e per Capla Mnovae were. Ooslebsi Naoxroai , wittions Og, VKRV Ra. L dk wou | the VERY ROO a LEB VOLES went COvudolenvol Laniri cane. [NI=S4ou PCT 22opa v ae LouHol ic ounray t | Wnreresroressecoped tibet Ve ae cag hab aa ae Diving Of pedpre wou voiced Loo. aru ES A | Ivo. hoa & Wesel Low percapita Meme, Yneeee eile dowdy yuulerney OF Rak time, due I9U7, gbyy IT]: Peopbe yout” Riterneed ac fs PE RUUK Hate ef cleat UAE Os wewy bi gt. We Uke, mae wot 45-2 pen trou dad ¢ dear HOLE W904 40 pest toad . | Dur 40 ek WLeUiced owl healt jective PUL food J eoliicauion Lia COnci tO was Bestea PAGE NO. :. DATE: 1 commpbarery _cLepevolbint Bn otras we sles rai casi Madclud mess Pok fox Coorroute ae et Lae Loni Lad “Ub impo amnoaay Onley goed Like Seuiig, mosllne, "medicines to wal iain Cwount Mie hk Ocktvt Suen dyenve Goods une imnpoured porn _oureicle WOLd « dual vou Wuyal £ ogeuleutbvenl vir CAAKANM Owl _ dik WO foleudol Os 0 dubdtdteriee Omrol Mag wored vous, bees Reawereot Choi — Heplered CU 4 tetnony where Wo Dyrougonnent w aa Ud) ee ee a se sana Oa setts ean eu oes make tak, ned ba Casale a Jetowy, LOL Of pom) machinous ite forms of eee Wo wok Ouothorle becont Hony nut Meptacesentnd eat ewaneenlieg 4 capital gandi a PAGE NO. : G nm Kanon \ & J fo2_pOlt: p ‘ hae ar popularcon On (rol WcLaued re ee el aD pala Ogui Cudeuol preoctincnticty vo a a el capt gee mmsccommaiae [Cometon ¢] (Gagan) Weick te used uD expout en Urotiay jpuedqe OSL became dlependink Orr Ceeileed [poe vis expouty tap eet _ ts integrated Csr = A Hae Wee Oh notepruever, Rui Lin Mallen \ Oliuooe 40 oumbry. into 9 COunbuter — (MAG) Paretran. ‘ tty Aluigton tos Cownpletely Unohen 164 Irion “ANA Perm, ca te Lion une cera ddohareya th Cuore ¥ | dads AGW Lig Os Wetted Wn vaomy Aouresce ipOets oe Q)| tuo ge 4 poo Quatug : Lt b) || Pablo oh HooKibivibiO” Of sebkuageet fio farictam — ~ c) || PuobLen "Hepntedt #0 avant Poudtoe a) || duoeret Of duo cnnpesevlt OLPAGE NO. :. 4 ’ DATE: ff Awikth (torial QO] what wou He Love CLL Og Mul > puscp ett ty Aa || Yat ose pips path, Coronial ube wm 4maro wou to ee eee HOns martahar jen quien pal tle Dut —Pagiaiy eaptaaclng" mont Vadusatad baat. Bf war ana Had _Ltuatscbieband EA Qu Op Hit peppbe cusilng ul Ctonlar Huse? tall gros Appetite Q= eygut Odwent Of Ritit Mule, Trek W30dd WELL [mura vow HOLE tMouLLaties Im Ha fields 65 (orton O ST Hulls , Hatha punciious LOL Cec Wee, pucd.uok bwgoyed 0 LAO wide Wort cure 10 1) nepptosion “Of fil g cute of Nnaeeral ule b) th yw Loardl gst Ob Crabs wtmdlaip Qo | Gn trevomue Potieies i a tn Wwe Cniined, Wi He pore cei Puowrblid Of ecbronic, wear Of nomee. Couto Yow ata hu parichts pect tay \wafoum te bdaus ? 4244 £¢ fromyptnwatd he beta utd (upplion O yaw ppbesuut by me eee Lula| _e OE No, pare: Si]2 1 ~ [staté of wAdOR eooNOMIc Seciogs Linke of, ogplouttiyie Ot he Amat Of Sraepenctoren ees A] we AK 94 Opptoute un md Mb Web Wen be - duatta’s agpicpeare Oro 104 he pou eating ow siepiest cen 3 Wo Ht Wad UDity Of, people rt he ro Sua hour 42 of fork Larous _t route bt, He vowabry oi dep onalent Upow agricubtart _ Pye satay Of Unltd. | x beipite pa oceupaston ef ja Se ual sna ol. 8 poo tay ue ech et | CAuses OF fSAGNATON _INUINDIAN AGHCULTDEE —A sc ) at CRUDH WOd COU motney beer vascion diptaed of dni duced He cobonint qpot- vasa 64 | dawelwdovtt Uti wlth 400u Tonpborted_ taDwivoloui Lipton voy \utvedured by 7 2 x) eal 2a LONd Coun WAdLie PAGE NO. oe See ‘Bare : 1 ¥ ad bie canibing wey per cLutttuee werk vip Yaomdvaasu” dwateol of . Wovveuen reudltating wody done bo Iwpeoue the Comal tidy of duit, X | ee warm UUW 4 Konuiwdo wal only te Colek went Hennudbey Of, te eeowousle. (6 OH He CulAvareU. “Lnil dos (Oued enone a Cubervarors, E i ob Web QLLO Herponsile pox He Zor dona uohoptng Lup ow eet fox tap , Aare endl pte Wd OH Wovens Wert yea depute sea He Yomnivau were tO lole wei wg D)| dnick Of derigatin rocivivier ovrel W0vo Lavell Of x || ow stove 4 teonmotogg Jlach of UYU gabon facie wer HepOuuibte fou tae plight Of Hee farts a Way didlkuxred Yas Qquicubeeuent psc oouucnio EY a b f urcuity DX oe pusuctton wis Holi wou feu tom I Ud _Owdwdl Fo exp, the productiulty of WHueat aves : (ut 860_ke Ou : nee Armband “Of aafe ko (200-11) fu (iy mereived Q fuvolious OgeuuPeLr” Ae Bou He ei due to Hc posaieron Mase iy wagoitl du Lamal wet k sue| Was fodrin te production Of food Cops Wemk +6 WAAAY AY am eukenk Hat wom hore Wad 19 nw He _"Widrther Wt bot Cus Hequitynenk - Re bi) Wependenes On ROnfare epg Loos heonsly ARPenemt ga HOSEL No eno stet wade “oy pee RUB Murer +6 pemamenk weownd OH bulgatfon .PAGE NO. OATE: 7 Stott Of \woubuiar tenon of tae time Of Svalep She cobeonte of, dnotio!s usowld jones WOnwauionoyt Lnauusnits obumting, Het babi Hut, sa 4 Ha Aragon Let book for Welln economy dt Cledted wowwive un Uprrntnk vin danclle Dare To ee Portown im _Iwdiow COMUmaie wiouukee - Unexontiog Hae Iwaporty of puoi fwitnin | Creo ‘Une pom Leake OF IwaLinelal’ ected béeones Cleon yuo a gu Oe hncLuaty io 0H On, ae. aay Of dedvd wubwablrobbn Iola. a Heeure, moun. HO Ctotus taal ee ts hod d Held obyeckires . a ; a 4 ¢ £¢:¢ Ye Y ee # IONIC Of HacplowabtnL yu _upebed oe ar Um Bxltdin- +0 tm India Wwto a pHa ting. Wrdsinet 04 pimbebed Pselutd tg WiC, see Puscluced bu the pi UOT, nts fug Amado wun odvomboae. 10 bbb Cduwavy4 PAGE NO. + Dare: =) 7 Meola | let “A | wey cero sngusiny ta in +0 fee suo ke in wD oy te ce | atin duutlng er Weeeee oeneh apt A, | l tat ae ute, dntecat ee r Sachaded Catton renthe Sy Bisbee Watonas q Cuan Oe ee deat ‘ce pecowne Comb \von, fae “snl oy wee Ha te ‘||. ‘ipa i (ris Comme 1901. me | onan Ube aad, POpor, Cow erik button copiten, cant Cat up Wit ft rely Of, cs (volte CeerOv Re wasn polis ef oy f Pein, ty anole + Deore pew YO be Ory gti.uscu tO be remitted to Britain c) Lac i : i (c) a of capital goods industries : Capital goods industries P OSC industries which can produce machine tools, which are, in turn, used for producing consumer goods. e During the British rule, there was hardly any capital goods industry to promote further industrialisation in India. Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was the only important basic industry at that time which was established in 1907. e British rulers did not pay any attention for their promotion as they always wanted Indians to be dependent on Britain, for the supply of capital goods and heavy equipment. (d) Limited role of public sector : Another drawback of the modern industrial sector was the very limited area of in= 4 operation of the public sector. Public sector was confined only to the railways, power communications, ports and some other departmental undertakings etc, (c) Managed Agency System : British rulers introduced ‘Managing Agency System’ for e- industries in India. Under this system, big industries in the country were managed by got high commission for their services. (9. Contribution to GDP : The growth rate of the industrial sector and its contribution to the country’s gross domestic products (GDP) was very small. It contributed only one sixth (about 13%) of the GDP. And it provided one-tenth of employment ) New Pattern of Demand : Owing to the impact of British culture, India which was keen to adopt the western lifestyle. This reduced in favour of the British products. In this process, the Indian indu: 3.3 Foreign Trade 11 Economte Development generation, ablishing agents who anew class of people emerged in the demand for Indian products stry had to suffer The state of India’s foreign trade at the time of independence is discussed as under (s) Exporter of primary products and importer of finished goods : * Since ancient times, India was well known for its exports of goods like fine cotton. silk textiles, iron goods, precious stones, ‘ory work and wooden goods But the restrictive policies of production, trade and tariff adopted by the British government adversely affected the structure, composition and volume of India’s foreign trade Consequently, India became an exporter of primary * Britain maintained a monopoly Leet er nee a Trade during the British Period products such as cotton, jute, indigo, raw-sill., wool etc. | ne ued eee trade and an importer of consumer goods, ¢.g. cotton, silk, | {P/P ©xpors as well as Imports) woollen clothes and capital goods like machinery. Bidtain 7 7 (®) Monopoly control of India’s foreign trade : + India was net exporter of raw * India was being a British colony, exports and imports of materials and net importer of the country (which were earlier spread across all parts of | _ finished goods. the world) became under monopoly control of the British |. india has large export surplus government. which, however, could not result in | Further, the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 greatly | _any flow of gold or silver into India. reduced the transportation cost between India and Britain. The canal provided a direct route for the ships operating between India and Britain avoiding the African continent © More than 50 per cent of India’s foreign trade was restricted to Britain. Table 1.1 : Foreign Trade of India (1938-39 - 1947-48) Year ] Exports | Imports | Balance of Trade | (erore) | (2 crore) (crore) 1938-39 | 169 152 +17 1945-46 | 266 245 +21 | 1946-47 | 319 288 +31 1947-48 | 403 389 +14 {c) Surplus Trade : The most important feature of India’s foreign trade was the generation of large export surplus. ——— Export surplus refers to a situation in which exports of a Suez Canal used as waterway country exceed its imports, between India and Britain ‘GEE state of indian Economy on the Eve of Independence REE Briti . a ish allowed trade with few other countries like China, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Persia (Iran) ana was export surplus throughout the colonial period, but it did not result in any flow of gold or silver into India. According to Dadabhai Naoroji India had exported an average of 1,30,00,000 pounds worth of goods to Britain each year from 1853 to 1872 for which there was no corresponding return of money. There was drain of India’s wealth into Britain, because of the following : (a) The surplus was used to make payments for the expenses incurred by the office set up by the colonial government in Britain. (b) The surplus was used to pay expenses on war fought by the British gi (c) Surplus was used to pay for the import of invisible items. Such payments were termed as ‘home charges’ which amounted to %40 crore overnment. per annum.3.5 Demographic Structure (a) Size of Population : Various details of demography w ( re first collected through Year of Great Divide. Prior to 1921, size of nsus and falling in the other), but declined. It showed a consistent the table given below : inder British rule we! acensus in 1881. The year of 1921 is regarded as the population in India kept on fluctuating (i.e. increasing in one ce! from the year 1921 onward, the size of Indian population never rise. The size of population in India since 1891 can be seen from Table 1.3 : Growth of Population in India (1891-51) Year Population in Crores Change (Crore) 1891 23.87 — 1901 23.83 - 0.04 1911 25.21 + 1.38 1921 25.14 - 0.07 1931 27.90 + 2.76 1941 31.86 + 3.96 1951 36.10 + 4,24 High Birth Rate of Death Rate : Birth rate refers to number of live births per thousand in a year. Death rate refers to number of people dying per thousand persons in a year. Both birth rate and death rate were very high. Birth rate was 45.2 while death rate was 33.3 during 1931-41 In contrast to the present levels (2016) of 20.4 and 6.4 per thousand respectively. i-_ (c) Literacy : Literacy rate is defined as the total number of literate persons as a percentage of total population. At the time of independence, the overall literacy level was less than 16 per cent which means more than 80 per cent of country S population was illiterate. Female literacy was at a very low level of about 7 per cent. (ad) Poor Health Facilities : Public health facilities were either unavailable to large groups of population or were highly inadequate. Consequently, the overall infant mortality rate was quite alarming. It was 218 per thousand as against i the present infant mortality rate of 34 per thousand. Infant © mortality rate refers to the number of the deaths per 1000 live — birth of children under one year. Life expectancy was very low. (Life expectancy refers to the average number of years for which people are expected to survive). It was 44 years in contrast to the present level of 68.8 years in 2017. There was massive poverty in India. Widespread Poverty : There were no reliable data about the extent of poverty. But, there is no doubt that extensive poverty prevailed in India during the colonial period. The average per capita income was just ~20 to %30 per annum. As a result, the standard of living of common people in India was very low. (e)ee PAGENO.:___&# pate: fy OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE ATTHE TIME OF SS INDEPENDENCE > Mrodontmamce Oh Prutnnarey LECEO whe agus CUM Lentew -aeeoumt[ed jon He Last . An pout Lyorurporce Which, Aocounttal Hue to, - recto. L the. Leuvice Cecrour ooouunttel » fore eco of HOwES| white The Worn pactuns . phe oul te]. Heap ceoety : Gyosing of Regions Oscpariits ais for of Mideast feuevicdencuy arnprileting MOH Toi +5 r Novo, “woroolhoca Madtrk Aol kerila, ,° ROrbsdy dual | A 7 0 1 Renrgot wilnedsedl a cleetine ua the olepervolpce oy | worukponce vin tae Ageieubewce deter Wir a | Lommenauinate viveronre uM Amore uring L Lerwice g Ab. Loueuey nee 0d bho on dua ws the dare Of, Wb force ir Agu cubitne LLclorc ur he qos & Guna, Hijoaticin k Purely. Qo Whip, Lente 6 Cxrolin ceoromy oeemurtedl po Laxgele Drage waraoee ouuxing [prewiot pestlol ? Aqwriotiture oer {0 fo 75] worcrxorce ) jai WhA LE WSO Rok —> Mom yo suireg Cre18,/ Puy ior") uyy ‘Avs —eeossee Paczno., A INFRASTRUCTURAL Develomar Dares) 1 UNDER COLONIAL, PERIOD N_AINDIA PMOL ‘Leer toe ticay } Ye Py wate Ox pole L a Abert Meneieares HOPI bout Piceol with, wee Whe Heog 0 i Vuntyoe AMPLE Cleves Prnimh wi drei Wwe HS OHIO COUMIAL iratewoyte . Cowe COvniHnieston of ee “Weakness Rede ROO LOLEUUCttol nw turdtor peion AB tH ALBEE of Rutlet, He yooree 0k ft ROX Yueeleun Sorel Doe Olin Ponanin tun acute dnoutige of QL Weaken vara bo Meopn cut 10 the uo axéaay We WUC CONN Cheol mine su0edt Le Encl Whi, Mobilising bt wir nok a OUOusivng! ut the Hae worlUlad prom He Cowalny Uiole +0'rre Weasterk Witoory ANON OX Hw poet” Un Leiid ANE HO Cnatand Of GUnIM peep Abd timaltonseer erties Se a PAGE NO. ; DATE: 4 \wdHeoluctrn 6% £oviL 204s ute Pou = : ; Une ita, Uamoluced tag Hotbars 4 Mola un 1050 G] ee piear vod wou ieaueedl Ln 653 bervrern Romboy pThdme Vie volucuys Ofpsored toe atKucperry Ay potion Leonohny fin L Ways bine One tramd , uit erroybtect People 12 Wrelentahe Long ciu.cwice votoyel Ouol LLUeby buuarive ate xe Nqpoquapivicat J Cubs dut boven , 8) He pourereool, Lon eeketiaLiration Of trerolion Agulounas Wii Qdyecrery Odpeored Ht LEM, Lubacioney Of Villige Coornonnidl uf tnalic Whe Udine OL frrolias Ox pout wnc.oubeeellep etpared.ed hut UE bemoyitr Masoiy Ovctrucol 20 te Imrolidn pepe . owner Hl Coclal keno tohior bwlian peonle 2ained Diving +9 Hut Jintuoauiow 4, Hoitumys WHE OLE UeigAt ty Yan County's wuge eeonowuic, LOLA OWwLLOP Went Of Tvagle 3 Ceo domes “th irwoyl the volo ihity Ha LeveL wut of Herth Koibuocyd bull CULO tock rwenuutes OU develope Han \lowd PACK UO tamed. HOLLEN HLL vstie fox pon daicha the dlp 9 Was wowed ywunceoup aie ay ir LBWLL Of ye CEB LOOLE Comat ou tre QULIQ Coase. Tho, Ut Comat was built ata tug CPgr to 2 Jovem went Yee uk sniled +0 Wovnpete wife Holly , wich tad te ‘te Lb nnorseiy ubsusndlan‘N X N AN AWS PAGE NO. id pare: yy ene intwoouuch@u ef epee, Attepuanny wir teetio, ; prt, LEMUE the pusepotes watuintdinalagy Naw) ODL ~~ [pene #0 be Vesey export [ye pouret” peyeices Uubevoouiced by fee beltine esustivg, Hee bunt public pupal, HLwained : mp eeougis aaegu . \\\\\\\\\ E fe Fe THIS CHAPTER —?. Sue IMPORTANT events © en 2 1950 aa . ceux Lomo? 166 “aioe 3 4eel e : cp ate cotusettd aa 5; oad 3 HOT voy ctlee nico va mia: MA)” wa THU. cc thaw 1 Ov ot Com Washi! ‘ LAV VitQOME IMPORTANT QuecTiON’ —? [Mot Coudst net _oeuetop 2 Lowel mallidat Q? Tovolen beibih Lotoniag Sule. eye 2d tre world kowmotu_omolld evan Lpcbed oeliit» WO : oeveesporcdivng epee Luo Lena.) Clo (Owe up jo “Hake prlcte of pact Le iy pe . $a tea_L abaye carenont, weibicaley ce pprlie tu tui 9 wou poeicy puslued by Ayittn Lotouial gowewwwemt - Aw civagnuns tol fey ot the. frre Aud toes vule O40 04 pod ous 2 Crolyoubs Develop wert! Rernaived dou at if the (Lad Hil) CLowenopovennt was Ornkt Up Of only (hb L guste vevknle ls og tou. 1 deen Lrslites bteanny gore hou g- TCD Lowaivg Up ‘ta nt wu iw poxbted ww Moy dete fous omen Urrdnies un Ho elds 4 Le fp aid Coma Up maton doe NE woud Ww (6) rey, Ws ouniy Crpiter God drotuotrug AP puomnoting puscen macdlbtalicabion vu dnolia avo Gnety wou nO Wotiue dueilasle 10 oUiCpdner Hae eOunbry's dC twad WOwalieXat Fooly diy dDw Growth ROK Dd gupurth HOLL O WELD WOLUU Cece Lt o- Chrattuloueron 40 ODP Lornnmined “wes Youd.PAGE No. : a “O Dare: yy T Woy, Divutttal ascen. Bp HALO Of fubyc CéCroL ay (URLIC LAtO4 WAS malmdy COupined Ovdy -t9 ite Haitvociys , pousese Ca inal CAO 2 Lome eux obe paste wetat olan aka | Une LOc“ak Anrol the econonuc Grolid. at tu Wine Of WAepenotine We noumous Do your Agee wlite Hid Willewnone ? Give Htaser, . ae oven WHOdrnnt uly COurece ; Gy the wpe (wabla, wire’ ig healepenelence, He mmpact _” 26 Levy badsthe bss wa dips 04 Sas Se Ha ole: Gute, Locint S eeonouut chaprrua of the ol ae tes piled ty gale Mes oe Of Yooribasee > tne _ LOUZALIY' Sf _agpuegete Hes thon, 2|-Spo. abba. Witte the O'S] pa peor Vive caplor output. ea ew ani. mo ical eas Lnpocioy butting 2. drventoit ‘ ie, Usertwaent. i fos wertea lulls Of ¥ UnbHe Wie Orly pow = Talks aed Ligon eink Corton s Gust ae fpare: 1 \ olka geod bedi tyg >" Se at ie F bfwoerow win trait, a Fe - a5 a P \\ | | \\\\\\\\ Te ee ee fel cing uy ona Mice caeup ep ee — CL i +6. PoLowint gout wie Badia , Out Of when tet aloe 54, rwoulban WweaLtte - ge pues HOlUCa : Chunk eM ape ga ee Up Prewalbwes Of, Hawupant poverty i = Uv a Ue, La puri COMO pouieres, ‘ L HAVVAV\\\\\\\\