Module | 2: The Universe

Learning Task Assessment 1: Answer the following questions.

Q1.) Based on the article that you have read, what is the authors point of view on the universe?

Ans: Based on the article,  authors define the universe as the whole body of things that no one can know
exactly what it consists of, and it is stated there that the universe refers to another term that we call the
cosmos, which is defined to consist of the earth and all living creatures that dwell therein, as well as the
moon, the sun, the known planets (mercury, venus, mars, Jupiter), and the stars. And it is believed that
the basis for how the universe began is the big bang theory, wherein this theory implies that the
universe expanded from a point of super high matter and energy density roughly 13.8 billion years ago.
Although there are other cosmological models that explain the origins of the universe, such as the
steady state theory or the oscillating universe theory.

Q2.) Why astronomy considered as the oldest science?

Ans:Because people did not know some important things about our lives in the previous century,
especially about our existence and how we understand the things around us. As a result, when the time
came for people to begin discovering things on Earth, such as those discoveries about telescopes, which
were founded by some scientists in order to study space and time, matter on the inside and outside of
our atmosphere, we became knowledgeable about some important aspects of life, such as the day,
time, and some states of difference matter in the universe, as well as astronom, which is one of the
foundations of our consciousness in the universe, as it was the oldest science.

Q3.) Why Johannes Kepler considered as the father of modern astronomy?

Ans: Because of his significant contributions to astronomy, such as the discovery of three laws of
planetary motion that explain how our planet revolves around the sun, and how they explain the
proportional relationship between a planet's orbital period and its distance from the sun.Then his
contribution to distinct aspects of science and mathematics, such as geometry, physics, and others,
became the basis for other people to encourage them to become scientists that were able to give
contributions in astronomy.

Learning Task Assessment 2: Choose the correct letter.

A__1.Which of these is not an electromagnetic wave? Why?

A. ultrasound. b. Ultraviolet. c. Infrared

Ans: Ultrasound does not belong to the seven district group of electromagnetic waves because it is used
for the examination and measurement of internal body structures as well as the detection of bodily
abnormalities.
B__2. Which of these groups has the highest frequency? Why?
A. Radio waves b. ultraviolet c. visible light
Ans: Because it has a high energy and short wavelength.

B__3. Which of these groups has the longest wavelength? Why?

A. Xrays b. Microwaves c. Gamma Rays

Ans: Because, based on some distinct groups in the spectrum, microwaves are the second that has a
long wavelength, long frequency, and low energy.

A__4. Which electromagnetic waves is used in satellite communication? Why?

A. radio waves b. visible light. c. microwaves

Ans: Because this kind of electromagnetic wave is more suitable for satellite communication, especially
these are transmitted easily through air and don't cause damage to the human body, unlike others.

A__5. which electromagnetic wave is not used for medical imaging? Why?

A. Ultraviolet b. x-rays c. gamma rays

Ans: Because X-rays and gamma rays are used for internal imaging of humans, such as helping to identify
broken bones, whereas ultraviolet waves are not used for medical imaging.

A__6. which of these electromagnetic waves is the most damaging to human tissue? Why?

A. Ultraviolet.. b. x-rays c. gamma rays

Ans: Because, its light in sunlight is might be able to cause the skin to burn.

A__7. Which word describes the process of giving out radiation?

A. emission b. absorption. c. transmission

B__8. which color is the best absorber of radiation? Why?

A. white b. black c. grey

B__9. what happens to the temperature of a body that absorbs and emits infrared radiation at the same
rate? -higher, Why?

A. it decreases b. it remains constant. c. it increases

Ans: because if the rate of absorption is equal to the rate of emission, the temperature of the body is
become remain constant.

C__10. what gases in the atmosphere change the balance of infrared radiation absorbed and emitted by
the earth? - higher, why?

A. ozone. b. radon gas. c. greenhouse gases

Ans: Because, it was the factor to the changes of balance in absorving and emitting infrared radiation by
the earth, wherein its effect is lead to causing a climate change.

Learning Task Assessment 3: Answer the following questions.

Q1.) Sketch any types of galaxy with labwl. Locate the sun.

Q. 2.) Identify and describe the types of galaxies.

Ans: There has five main categories of galaxies ;

A.) Spinal Galaxies - they have a flat, spinning disk with a central bulge sorrounded by spiral
arms. These types of galaxies are classified by this three main component - a disk, bulge and
halo.

B.) Elliptical Galaxies - have an elongated spherical shape and lack a nucleus or bulge at the
center. Although there is no nucleus, the galaxy is still brighter in the center and becomes less
bright toward the outer edges of the galaxy.

C.) Irregular Galaxies - have definite shape, though they are in constant motion like all other
galaxies. They have a chaotic appearance as they don't seem to possess a unclear bulge or
traces of spiral arms.

D.) Barred Spiral Galaxies - bared spiral galaxies share the same features and functions as
irregular spiral galaxies, but they also have a bar of bright stars that lie along the center of the
bulge and extend into the disk. The bright bulge has very little activity here and contains mostly
older, red stars. The bar and arms have lots of activity, including star formation.

E.) Lenticular Galaxies - are a type of galaxy that shares similarities with both spiral and
elliptical galaxies. They possess ill-defined spiral arms with an elliptical halo of stars.

Q3.) What is the relationship between temperature and brightness of stars?

Ans: As what they said, the brightness of a star depends on its mass, because the bigger the star
is, the more brightness it has, and the more red it appears, the cooler it is, and the more blue it
appears, the hottest star. As a result, we're able to identify the star's temperature through its
mass and luminousity.

Q4.) How hot must a star get before it becomes a star? Why does it need to get so hot?

Ans:Through nuclear fusion, stars make light and heat and get bigger. That's why through combing
chemical elements that are inside them is the factor that causes them to become hot and produce light
and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation.
Learning Task Assessment 4: Answer the following questions.

Q1.) Why do solar and lunar eclipses occur?

Ans: A solar eclipse occurs when the Earth is located between the sun and the moon. This
position will cause the sun's light to be blocked by the earth, so that the light does not reach
the moon. A lunar eclipse, on the other hand, occurs when the moon passes between the Earth
and the Sun. The moon will make it appear as if it is covering some or all of the sunlight in the
earth's sky.

2. why we don't have eclipses every month?

Ans: because the earth's orbit around the sun is not in the same plane as the moon's orbit
around the earth.

3. How many types of eclipses are there?

Ans: There are three types of lunar eclipse: total lunar eclipse, penumbral eclipse, and partial
lunar eclipse. A solar eclipse has four types: total solar eclipse, partial solar eclipse, and hybrid
solar eclipse.

4. What is "eclipse year" and "eclipse season"?

Ans: Eclipse year is referring to the time that the sun takes to circle the sky and return to a node
of the moon's orbit ; 346.62 days. While eclipse season is the period when the sun is near a
node of the moon's orbit, and eclipses is possible.

5. What is the maximum possible number of eclipses in a calendar year?

Ans: The maximum number of eclipse in a year is 7, ( 4 solar and 3 lunar) .

6. Are there more lunar eclipses than solar eclipses?

Ans: There are actually more lunar eclipses than solar eclipses because, based on their visibility,
lunar eclipses are spotted from many places, whereas solar eclipses are seen from a few places,
and also because lunar eclipses occur two times a year, whereas solar eclipses happen once
every 18 months.

7. I know that seeing a total/annular eclipse is a rare event, but exactly how rare it is?
Ans: In fact it is extremely rare, because total solar eclipses occur every one or two yeaes, on
average. and while partial, annular eclipse can only slightly more frequently.

8. In terms of frequency, how evenly do visible eclipses spread for a particular place?
Ans: From my own point of view, based on why the visibility of eclipses is spread and spotted
only in particular places, it's because it's inevitable that these kinds of rare events occur, but
there's no certain fact on where they are exactly spotted because due to the different orbit of
the moon towards the earth, it seems there's no certain pattern for eclipse occurrences.