THE CODEX OF JUSTINIAN aie a VOG ‘The Codex of Justinian is, together with the Digest, the core-of the great Byzantine compilation of Roman law called the Corpus Turis Civitis. The Codex gathers legal proclamations issued by Roman emperors from the second to the sixth centuries cx. Its influence on subsequent legal development in the medieval and carly modern world has been almost incalculable. But the Codex hhas not, until now, been credibly translated into English. This translation, with a facing Latin and Greek text (from Paul Kriiger’s ninth edition of the Codex), is based on one made by Justice Fred Blume in the 1920s, but left unpublished for almost a century. It is accompanied by introductions explaining the background of the translation, a bibliography and glossary, and notes that help {in understanding the text. Anyone with an interest in the Codex, ‘whether an interested novice or a professional historian, will find ample assistance here. FRED H. BLUME Was appointed to the Wyoming Supreme Court in 1921 and retired from the bench in 1962 as a greatly honored jurist. He began his translation of the Codex of Justinian in 1919, 8 labor with which he continued for much of his if. BRvCE W. FRIER is the John and ‘Teresa D’Arms Distinguished University Professor of Classics and Roman Law at the University ‘of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is the author of numerous books and articles on economic and social history, focusing especially ‘oa Roman law. His publications include Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome (1986), The Rise of the Roman Jurists (1985), A Casebook on the Roman Law of Delict (1989), A Casebook on Romart Family Law (2003), and ‘The Modem Law of Contracts, now in its third edition (2012) and written with Michigan Law School colleague J.J. WhiteJustice Fred H, Blume, clrce 1921 the year he acceded to the Wyoming Supreme ‘Court and shortly afer he had begun his translation ofthe Codex of Justinian,THE CODEX OF JUSTINIAN A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text Baskp ON A TRANSLATION BY Justice Frep H. BLUME Bruce W. Frier, Genera EpiTor Eprroxs Serena Connolly Simon Corcoran ‘Michael Crawford John Noal Dillon Dennis P. Kehoe Noel Lenski ‘Thomas A. J. McGinn Charles F, Pazdernik Benet Salway ‘With contributions by Timothy KearleyTHE CODEX OF JUSTINIAN A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text VOLUME 1 Introductory matter and books 1-111 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS H.U Beyiepe KiitiiphanestCAMBRIDGE ‘UNIVERSITY PRESS cat nite Ce es as gn Fey ecu cureeyneurntorvetyt ny [furthers the University’s mision by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of ‘education, esening and sescarch atthe highes international levels of excellence new.cambridge.org Information om this ties wor cambrldgeorg/9780521 396826 © Cambridge Univesity Press 2035 “his pubeation isin copyeghtSubjecto statutory exception anit the provisions of relent collie ceasing agreement, io reprodction of tay pat may eke place without the writen persion of Cambie Univer Pres. First published 2036 2rinted in the United Kingdom by TJ international Lid. Padstow Cornwall _ catalogue record for ths publication is availabe from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data ‘Codex (Corpus juris evil). rglish ‘The Codex of Justinian: anew annotated translation, with parallel Latin and Greek text bsed on a translation by Justice Fred HL. Blume / Brace W. Free, General Faitor; Hato: Serena Connolly, Simon Corearan, Michael Crawford, oha Neel Dillon, Dennis P. Kehoe, ‘Noel Lens, Thomas A.J. McGinn, Charles F. Pazderni, Benet Salva. pages cm Includes bibliographical references a index. Ten 978-0-581-1968-6 (herdoack) 4. Codex (Corpus juriscviis). 2. Romanlaw Sources. 1. Blume, Fred Hi, st75-igyi, tandator. Il, Frit, Brace W. 1943- edtor. Ill. Connolly, Serena. editor. IV, Corcoran, Simon, editor. V. Crawford, Michael, editor. V1. Dillon, John Noe!, ‘editor. VIL. Kehoe, Denals P, editor, VIII. Lense, Noei Emmanvel, elton TX MeGinn, Thomas A.J, editor. 1, Pardernik, Charles Frederick, editor. Xi. Salway, Benet, ¥SA ‘editor, XH. Tile, yb 22. a $8BN - 3 Volume Set 978-0-521-19682-6 Hardback COs “Mette ib SCVMM Sassi ~~ Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence of accuracy of TRIE tes el py eet eh peta | CHERSST SANE Eloy cntaon acheter order Ne ‘accurate or appropriate.Contents vows 1 List of illustrations page ix Notes on contributors xi | Index Titulorum Codicis Tustiniani xiv List of Titles in the Codex of Justinian xv Justice Fred H. Blume and the Translation of Justinian’s Codex Timothy Kearley lew Revising Justice Blume’s Translation of Justinian’s Codex, with Note om the Dating of Constitutions Bruce W. Frier and Noel Lenski xxix The Codex of Justinian: The Life ofa Text through 1,500 Years Simon Corcoran xevii Bibliography cv List of abbreviations doo ‘The Codex of Justinian: Text and Translation 1 ‘The Introductory Constitutions edited by John Nod! Dillon and Bruce W. Frier 3 First Book edited by John Noé! Dillon 14 Second Book edited by Bruce W. Frier 406 Third Book edited by Serena Connolly 602 vilviii Contents VOLUME 2 Fourth Book edited by Dennis P. Kehoe Fifth Book edited by Thomas A. J. McGinn Sixth Book edited by Simon Corcoran, Michael Crawford, and Benet Salway; and by Bruce W. Frier, Dennis P. Kehoe, and Thomas A. J. McGinn Seventh Book edited by Noel Lenski VOLUME 3 Eighth Book edited by Bruce W. Frier Ninth Book edited by Thomas A. J. McGinn Tenth Book edited by Dennis P. Kehoe Eleventh Book edited by Dennis P. Kehoe ‘Twelfth Book edited by Charles F. Pazdernik Glossary of Roman Law Terms Chronological List of the Constitutions in Justinian’s Codex 792 1086 1406 1768 2024 2256 2452 2646 2818 3050 3088Illustrations Frontispiece, Justice Fred H. Blume, citca 1923, the year he acceded to the Wyoming Supreme Court and shortly after he had begun his translation of the Codex. of Justinian, Used by kind permission of Mrs Kristen Blume. 1. B Oxy. XV 1814¥. (c.530). Photograph courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society and the Imaging Papyri Project. 2. P. Kriiger, Codicis lustiniani fragmenta Veronensia (Berlin, 1874), p. 35. Photograph by Simon Corcoran. 3, Avranches MS 141, £. 186v (early 12th C.). Photograph, courtesy of le fonds ancien de la bibliotheque municipale dAvranches. 4. Miami University, Ohio KJA1192.22 .D47 13007, (c.1300). From the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University Libraries, Oxford, Ohio. Photograph via Wikimedia Commons. 5. Antonius Contius, Codicis DN. Iustiniani Sacratissimat Principis PP. Augusti repetitae praelectionis libri XI (Paris, 1562), 15v-16r. Photograph by Simon Corcoran. 6. Dionysius Gothofredus, Codicis Iustiniani D.N. Sacratissmai Principis PP. Aug. Repetitae praelectionis Libri XII (Geneva, 1626), cols. 215-216. Photograph by Simon Corcoran. page ii dix dx cleli xiii divNotes on contributors SRRENA CONNOLLY Is Associate Professor of Classics at Rutgers, The State University of Nev Jersey, and a social historian of the Roman Empire, Her research has drawn on legal texts to increase our understanding of the legal problems faced by a wide array of Romans, the methods they used to solve them, and the social significance of their communication with Roman officials ‘and the Emperor. She isthe author of Lives behind the Laws: The World ofthe Codex Hermogenianus (2010), as wells related articles and chapters, including “Quasi anclla, quasi libera: Diogenia and the Bveryday Experience of Slaves,” American Journal of Ancient History 314 (2004/5 [2007]): 171-88; "Women at the Bdge: Gender and Etlnicity in Law at Dura-Europos,” Diotima: Gender and Diversity in Place: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Feminism and Classes (2006); and “Roman Ransomers,” Ancient History Bulletin 20 (2008): us-31. SIMON CORCORAN gained his doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1992. This was published in 1996 as The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284-324, for which he was awarded the Kupiszewski Prize in 1998. He joined the History Department et University College London in 1999, becoming Senior Research Fellow. Under the aegis of Projet Volterra, he has been researching Roman law in the early Middle Ages up to 1100, especially the manuscript transmission of legal texts, He and his project colleague, Benet Selway, identified fragments of the lost Gregorian Codex in 2010. He has also published other Roman legal texts from inserip- tions, papyri, and medieval manuscripts, including material from the Codex of Justinian, He has published widely on the legal and administrative history oflate antiquity. ercltazr. CRAWFORD isthe principal editor of Roman Statuiesand of Imagines Ialicae, which includes a significant body of Italic juridical epigraphy; he has ‘been a Director or Co-Director of Law and Empire, Law after Empire at UCL, since their inception; he is currently preparing an edition ofthe selections from the Digest and Institutions in the so-called Collectio Britannica (BL, MS Add.xii Notes on contributors 8875), which requires the re-wrting of much ofthe story of Roman law inthe Middle Ages. JouN No#L DILLON is an independent scholar and academic translator cur- rently living in Berkeley, California. His research is dedicated foremost to Roman administrative and legal texts, and their interpretation. In 2012, he published The Justice of Constantine: Law, Communication, and Control, a stady of the administrative legislation and policy of Emperor Constantine as witnessed by his extant legislation. Other research interests include Roman Republican religion and politics. He has taught at Heidelberg University, Exeter University, and Peking University aRUCE W. HAIER is the John and Teresa D’Arms Distinguished University Professor of Classics and Roman Law at the University of Michigan. He is the author of several books on Roman law, including Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome (for which he received the Goodwin Award of Merit), The Rise of the Roman Jurists, and casebooks on Roman delict and (with Thomas McGinn) on Roman femily law, in addition to dozens of articles and book reviews on law-related subjects. His research interests turn primarily on study- ing Roman legal sources in relation to their social background, TIMOTHY KEARLEY is Professor Emeritus of Law, and former Director of the Law Library, at the University of Wyoming, His scholarly interests revolved around public international law until he discovered Justice Fred Hl, Blume's unpublished manuscript translation of the Justinian Codex and Novellae Constitutiones at the University of Wyoming when he began his position there in 1993. Since then he has edited Justice Blume’s manuscript and published it on the web; written about Justice Blume’s translation, Samuel Parsons Scot's life, and the transmission history of the Novels; and co-authored (with David J.D. Miller) a selective translation of Wilhelm Kroll’s informative Preface to the Novels. DENNIS P. KEHOE teaches at Tulane University, where he is Professor of CCasical Studies, and he was Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities 2010-2013, His scholarship focuses on the relationship between Roman lew and the economy of the Roman Empire, His chief publications include The Jurists and the Roman Agrarian Economy (1997): Lawand the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire (2007); with B. W. Frier, “Law and Economic Institutions,” in W. Scheidel, I. Morris, R Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 113-435 and “The State and Production in the Roman Agrarian Economy,” in A. Bowmnan, ‘A. Wilson (eds),The Agricultural Economy: Production and Consumption (2013) pp. 33-53.Notes on contributors xii NOEL LENS&T i Professor of Classics and History at Yale University. He is the author of Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ‘AD (2002) and Constantine and the Cities (2016). He has edited namerous publications on Late Antiquity, including the Cambridge Companion to the ‘Age of Constantine (Cambridge University Press, 2006, rev. edn, 2011) and The Power of Religion in Late Antiquity (2009). He also is co-author of the textbook. ‘The Romans: From Village to Empire (2012). Lenskt has published numerous articles on legal history, including “Evidence for the audientia episcopalis in the New Letters of Augustine” and “Constantine and Slavery: Libertas and the Fusion of Roman and Christian Values.” ‘THOMAS A.J. MOGINN is Professor of Classical Studies at Vanderbilt University He is the author of numerous articles on Roman law and social history. His first book, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, was published in 1998. He is co-author with Bruce Frier of A Casebook on Roman Family Law (2004). His other books include The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World: A Study of Social History and the Brothel (2004); Widowsand Patriarchy: Ancient and Modern (2008); and his most recent book is an edited collection of essays, Obligations in Roman Lav: Past, Present, and Future (2012). (CHARLES PAZDERNTE is Professor of Classics at Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Michigan. His work focuses on the political and legal history of the age of Justinian and on classical and classicizing historiogrephy. Among other works, he is author of “the Quaestor Proclus,” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies (2015); “Justinianic Ideology and the Power of the Past,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (2005); “Out Most Pious Consort given us by God’: Dissident Reactions to the Partnership of Justinian, and Theodora, AD 525-48," Classical Antiquity (1994). BENET SALWAY is a senior lecturer in Ancient History in the History Department, University College London. His main areas of research include Roman onomastics, Greek and Latin epigraphy, and geographical knowledge inthe ancient world. He is co-director (with Michac] Crawford) of the Volterra ‘Roman law project and has published on the text of Diocltian’s Prices Edict (BICS Suppl. x09 (2010)); the identification of the fragments of the Codex Gregorianus (with Simon Corcoran, in Roman Legal Tradition 8 (2012)); and on the geopolitical context of the publication and dissemination of the ‘Theodosian Code (e.g MEFRA 125.2 (2013)Index Titulorum Codicis Iustiniani De Novo Codice Componendo De Iustiniano Codice Confirmando De Emendatione Codicis Iustiniani et Secunda Eius Editione Liber Primus 1, De Summa Trinitate et de Bide Catholica et Ut Nemo de Ba Publice Contendere Audeat 11, De Sacrosanctis Ecclesiis et de Rebus et Privilegiis Earum 11. De Episcopis et Clericis et Orphanotrophis et Brephotrophis et Xeno- dochis et Asceteriis et Monachis et Privilegio Forum et Castrensi Peculio et de Redimendis Captivis et de Nuptiis Clericorum Vetitis Seu Permissis, iu. De Episcopali Audientia et de Diversis Capitulis, Quae ad Ius ‘Curamque et Reverentiam Pontificalem Pertinent v. De Haereticis et Manichaeis et Samaritis v1. Ne Sanctum Baptisma Iteretur vit. De Apostatis ‘virt, Nemini Licere Signum Salvatoris Christi vel in Silice vel in ‘Marmore aut Sculpere aut Pingere ‘vuttt. De Iudaeis et Caelicolis x. Ne Christianum Mancipium Haereticus vel Paganus vel Tudaeus Habeat vel Possideat vel Circumcidat xt. De Paganis Sacrificiis et Templis, xt, De His Qui ad Ecclesias Confugiunt vel Ibi Exclamant xatt, De His Qui in Ecclesiis Manumittuntur xivList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian Compilation of the New Codex Confirmation of the Codex of Justinian Correction of the Codex of Justinian and Its Second Edition First Book 1. The High Trinity and the Catholic Faith, and That No One Shall Dare to Discuss It Publicly 2, Holy Churches, Their Property and Privileges 43. Bishops, Clerics, and the Superintendents of Orphanages, Foundling- Hospitals, Hospices, Hermitages, and Monasteries; Their Privileges; Military Peculium; ‘The Ransoming of Captives; Marriages Forbidden and Permitted to Clergymen 4-Episcopal Adjudication and Various Chapters Relating to the Rights, Responsibilities, and Reverence of Bishops 5. Heretics, Manichaeans, and Samaritans 6. Holy Baptism Shall Not Be Repeated 7- Apostates 8, No One May Carve or Paint a Statue of the Savior Christ in Stone or Marble 9, Jews and Worshippers of the Heavens (Caelicolae) 10, No Heretic or Pagan or Jew May Have, Possess, or Circumcise @ Christian Slave 11, Pagan Sacrifices and Temples 12, Those Who Flee to Churches and There Raise an Outcry 13. Those Who Are Manumitted in Churches xvxvi Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniani xitt, De Legibus et Constitutionibus Principum et Edictis xv. De Mandatis Principum xv1. De Senatus Consultis xvit. De Veteri jure Enucleando et Auctoritate Turis Prudentium Qui in Digestis Referuntur Xvi. De Turis et Facti Ignorantia xvtttt. De Precibus Imperator Supplicare Liceat vel Non xxx. Quando Libellus Principi Datus Litis Contestationem Facit xx1. UtLite Pendente vl postProvocationem aut Definitivam Sententiam Nalli Liceat Imperatori Supplicare xx1, Si contra Tus Utilitatemve Publicam vel per Mendacium Puerit Aliquid Postulatum vel Impetratum xxatt, De Diversis Rescriptis et Pragmaticis Sanctionibus XXIII. De Statuis et Imaginibus XXV. De His Qui ad Statuas Confugiunt XXVI. De Officio Praefectorum Praetorio Orientis et Ilyrici xxvit. De Officio Praefecti Praetorio Africae et de Omni Eiusdem Dioec- eseos Stat. xxviit. De Officio Praefecti Urbis xxvinr. De Officio Magistri Militum xxx. De Officio Quaestoris xxx1. De Officio Magistri Officiorum xxxit. De Officio Comitis Sacrarum Largitionum xxxiIl. De Officio Comitis Rerum Privatarum XxXxIIIL, De Officio Comitis Sacri Patrimoniit xxxv. De Officio Proconsulis et Legati Xxxv1. De Officio Comitis Orientis xxxvit, De Officio Praefecti Augustalis, XXxXVIIL. De Officio Vicarit XxxvinL, De Officio Praetorum Xxxx. De Officio Rectoris Provinciae Offerendis et de Quibus RebusList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian xvii 14, Laws, Constitutions of the Emperors, and Edicts| 45. Mandates of the Emperors 36, Decrees of the Senate 17. The Clarification of Ancient Law and the Authority of the Jurists ‘Who Are Cited in the Digest 18, Ignorance of Law and of Fact, 19. Petitions Submitted to the Emperor, and Concerning Which Things Its or Is Not Permitted to Supplicate 20. When a Petition Given to the Emperor Constitutes Joinder of Issue (Litis Contestatio) 21. While a Case Is Pending or after Appeal or a Final Ruling, No One Is, Permitted to Supplicate the Emperor a2, If Anything Has Been Requested or Obtained Through Deception Contrary to the Law or Public Good 2g. Various Rescripts and Pragmatic Sanctions 24, Statues and Likenesses 5. Those Who Take Refuge at Statues 126, The Office of the Praetorian Prefects of the East and of Ilyricum. 27. The Office of the Praetorian Prefect of Africa and the Organization of the Same Diocese 28. The Office of the Urban Prefect 29. The Office of the Master of Soldiers 30. The Office of the Quaestor 31. The Office of the Master of Offices 32. The Office of the Count of the Imperial Finances 33. The Office of the Count of the Privy Purse 34. The Office of the Count of the Imperial Patrimony 35. The Office of Proconsul and Legate 36. The Office of the Count of the Fast 37-'The Office of the Augustal Prefect 38. The Office of Vicar (Vicarius) 39. The Office of the Praetors 40. The Office of Provincial Governorxviii Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniant xxxx1. Ut Nulli Patriae Suae Administratio sine Speciali Permissu Prin- cipis Permittatur xxxx11.De Quadrimenstruis Tam Civilibus Quam Militaribus Brevibus XxXxI. De Officio Praefecti Vigilum XXxxxit1t. De Officio Praefecti Annonae XXxxxv. De Officio Civilium Iudicum, XXxxxVI. De Officio Tudicum Militarium xxxxvi. Ne Comitibus Rei Militaris vel Tribunis Lavacra Praestentur Xxxxvuir, De Officio Diversorum Tudicum Xxxxvintt. Utomnes Tam Civiles Quam Militares ludices post Adminis- teationem Depositam per Quinguaginta Dies in Civitatibus Vel Certis Locis Permaneant 1. De Officio Eius Qui Vicem Alicuius ludicis Obtinet L1. De Adsessoribus et Domesticis et Cancellariis Tudicum Li, De Annonis et Capitu Administrantium vel Adsessorum Aliorumve Publicas Sollicitudines Gerentium vel Eorum, Qui Aliquas Consecuti Sunt Dignitates unt, De Contractibus Iudicum vel Eorum Qui Sunt Circa Eos et Inhi- bendis Donationibus in Eos Faciendis et Ne Administrationis Tempore Proprias Aedes Acdificent sine Sanctione Pragmatica unit, De Modo Multarum, Quae ab Tudicibus Infliguntur Lv. De Defensoribus Civitatum vt, De Magistratibus Municipalibus vit. De Officio Turidici Alexandriae Liber Secundus 1. De Edendo u1, Dein Tus Vocando mr. De Pactis, mut, De Transactionibus vy. De Calculi Errore v1. De Postulando vii. De Advocatis Diversorum ludiciorum vVut1, De Advoeatis FisciList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian xix 41. No One Is Permitted to Govern His Homeland Without Special Permission from the Emperor 42. Quarterly Reports Both Civil and Military 43. The Office of Prefect of the Watch 44."The Office of Prefect of the Food Supply 45. The Office of Civil Judges ‘46. The Office of Military Judges 447-No Baths Shall Be Provided for the Military Counts or Tribunes 48. The Office of Various Judges 49. All Civil and Military Judges Shall Remain for Fifty Days in Cities or Certain Places after Laying Down Their Office 50. The Office of One Officiating in Place of a Judge 51. Judicial Advisors (Adsessores), Private Secretaries (Domestic), and Public Secretaries (Cancellarif) of Judges 52. The Rations and Fodder (Annonae et Capitus) of Governors, judicial ‘Advisors, and Others Who Hold Public Office, and of Those Who Have Obtained Other Ranks 53. Contracts of Judges or Those Who Serve Them; Prohibited Gifts to ‘Them; and That They May Not Build Houses for Themselves During ‘Their Time in Office Without a Pragmatic Sanction 54. The Amount of Fines That Are Imposed by Judges, 5. Defenders of the Cities 56. Municipal Magistrates 57.The Office of the Justice Juridicus) of Alexandria Second Book 1 Notice (of an Impending Action) 2. Summoning to Court 3-Informal Pacts 4, Settlements 5.Mistake in Computation 6, Pleading in Court 7. The Advocates of the Various Courts 8, The Treasury Advocatesx Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniant ‘virn. De Errore Advocatorum vel Libellos seu Preces Concipientium x. Ut Quae Desunt Advocationi Partium Iudex Suppleat x1. De Causis, ex Quibus Infamia Alicui Inrogatur xt, De Procuratoribus xttt, Ne Liceat Potentioribus Patrocinium Litigantibus Praestare vel Actiones in Se Transferre x11, De His, Qui Potentiorum Nomine Titulos Praediis Adfigunt vel Eorum Nomina in Lite Praetendunt Xv. Ut Nemo Privatus Titulos Praediis Suis vel Alienis Imponat vel Vela Regalia Suspendat XVI. Ut Nemini Liceat Sine Iudicis Auctoritate Signa Imprimere Rebus, ‘Quas Alius ‘Tenet xvi, Ne Fiscus vel Res Publica Procurationem Alicui Patrocinti Causa in Lite Praestet xvitt, De Negotiis Gestis xvim. De His, Quae Vi Metusve Causa Geste Sunt xx. De Dolo Malo xxi. De in Integrum Restitutione Minorum Viginti Quinque Annis xoxit. De Filio Familias Minore sour. De Fideiussoribus Minorum xa1111 Si Tutor yel Curator Intervenerit xxv. Siin Communi Eademque Causa in Integrum Restitutio Postuletur xxv1. Si Adversus Rem Iudicatam XXVIL. Si Adversus Venditionem xxvit, Si Adversus Venditionem Pignoris xxvinit, $i Adversus Donationem xxx, Si Adversus Libertater xxx1. $i Adversus Transactionem vel Divisionem Minor Restitui Velit Xxx1r, Si Adversus Solutionem a Debitore vel a Se Factam xxxitt, Si Adversus Dotem xxxutts, Si Adversus Delictum Suum XxxV. Si Adversus UsucapionemList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian xxi 9. A Mistake by Advocates or by Those Drawing Up Complaints and Supplications 10. A judge Shall Supply What the Advocates for Parties Omit 11. For What Reason Infamy Will Be Visited on a Person 12, Procurators 13. Powerful Persons Shall Not Lend Legal Aid to Litigants or Transfer Actions to Themselves 14, Those Who Affix Real Estate Placards with the Names of the Powerful or Who Fraudulently Use Their Names in a Lawsuit 415. No Private Person Shall Fasten Placards to His or Another's Property nor Hang Up Royal Curtains 46. No One Is Allowed, Without a Judge’s Authority, to Place Seals on Property Held by Another x7. Neither the Treasury nor a Municipality Shall Provide Legal Representation by Acting as a Procurator in a Lawsuit 18. Management of Affairs 19. Acts Done Through Force or Fear 20. Dect 21, Restoration of Rights to Those Less Than 25 Years Old 22. A Son under 25 Who Is in his Father’s Power 23. The Sureties of Those under 25 24, fa Tutor or Curator Participates a5. If Restoration of Rights Is Sought in the Same Shared Case 26. If (Restoration of Rights Is Sought) Against an Adjudged Matter 27. If Against a Sale 28. If Against the Sale ofa Pledge 29. If Against a Gift 30. If Against 2 Manumission 31. If Someone under 25 Wants Restoration Against a Settlement or Partition 32. If Against a Payment Made by a Debtor Or by Himself 33-If Against a Dowry 34. If Against His Own Delict 35 If Against Usucapionxa Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniani xxxv1. Si Adversus Fiscum xxxvit. Si Adversus Creditorem Xxxvitt. Si Ut Se Hereditate Abstineat XXXVI. Si Ut Omissam Hereditatem vel Bonorum Possessionem vel Quid Aliud Adquirat xxxx. In Quibus Causis in Integrum Restitutio Necessaria Non Est so00x1. Qui Et Adversus Quos in Integrum Restitui Non Possunt XXXX11. Si Minor Se Maiorem Dixerit vel Probatus Fuerit 2XXxIIL Si Saepius in Integrum Restitutio Postuletur xccxxt. De His Qui Veniam Aetatis Impetraverunt XXXXV, Si Maior Factus Ratum Habuerit xxxxV1. Ubi et Apud Quem Cognitio Restitutionis Agitanda Sit 2XxxxvIT. De Reputationibus, Quae Fiuntin ludicio in Integrum Restitu- tionis xxxxxvint, Etiam per Procuratorem Causam in Integrum Restitutionis Agi Posse xxxxxvint. In Integrum Restitutione Postulata Ne Quid Novi Fiat 1. De Restitutione Militum et Forum Qui Rei Publicae Causa Afuerunt Lt, De Uxoribus Militum Vel Eorum Qui Rei Publicae Causa Absunt 11.De Temporibusin Integrum Restitutionis Tam Minorum Aliarumque Personarum, Quae Restitui Possunt, Quam Heredum Eorum Lit, Quibus ex Causis Matores in Integeum Restituuntur ttt, De Alienatione Iudicii Mutandi Causa Facta Ly. De Receptis, LVI. De Satisdando zytt. De Formulis et Impetratione Actionum Sublatis| LvII1. De fareiurando Propter Calumniam Dando Liber Tertius 1, De ludiciis 11, De Sportulis et Sumptibus in Diversis Iudiciis Faciendis et de Exsecu- toribus LitiumList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian aati 36. If Against the Treasury 37- If Against a Creditor 38. If That He Abstain from an Inheritance 39. If That He Acquire an Inheritance or Possession of an Estate or “Anything Else That He Has Failed to Accept 40, Cases in Which Restoration of Rights Is Unnecessary 41.To Whom and Against Whom There Can Be No Restoration of Rights 42. Ifa Person under 25 Says He Is, or Is Shown to Be, of Age 43. If Restoration of Rights Is Requested Repeatedly 44. Those Who Have Received the Privilege of Full Majority 45. If He Ratifies after Reaching Full Majority 46. Where and Before Whom a Review of Restoration Should Be Conducted 47. Counterclaims Made in a Trial for Restoration of Rights 48. A Case for Restoration of Rights Can Also Be Brought Through a Procurator 49. After Restoration of Rights Is Requested, Nothing New Shall Be Done 50. Restoration (of Rights) of Soldiers and of Those Absent on Public Business 51. The Wives of Soldiers or of Those Absent on Public Business 52. The Time within Which Those under 25, Other Persons Who Can Be Restored, and Their Heirs May Receive Restoration of Rights 53. For What Reasons Rights Are Restored to Those Who Are of Age 54. Alienation for the Purpose of Changing a Lawsuit 55. Private Arbitration 56. Giving a Surety 57. The Abolition of Formulas and of the Obtaining of Actions 58. The Oath to Be Taken over Vexatious Litigation ‘Third Book a. Trials 2. The Fees and Expenses Incurred in Various Courts, and the Clerks of the Courtxxiv Index Titulorum Codicis Iustiniani mmr, De Pedaneis Tudicil 1111, Qui Pro sua Iurisdictione Iudices Dare Darive Possunt v.Ne Quis in Sua Causa Iudicet vel Sibi Ius Dicat ‘VI. Qui Legitimam Personam in Iudiciis Habent vel Non vit. UtNemo Invitus Agere vel Accusare Cogatur vit. De Ordine Tudiciorum vitit, De Litis Contestatione x. De Plus Petitionibus X1.De Dilationibus x1, De Feriis x11. De Turisdictione Omnium Iudicum et de Foro Competent x11. Quando Imperator inter Pupillos vel Viduas vel Miserabiles Perso- nas Cognoscat et Ne Exhibeantur xv. Ubi de Criminibus Agi Oportet xv1. Ubi de Possessione Agi Oportet, XVII, Ubi Fideicommissum Peti Oportet xvi, Ubi Conveniatur Qui Certo Loco Dare Promisit xvittt, Ubi in Rem Actio Exerceri Debet Xxx. Ubi de Hereditate Agatur et Ubi Scripti Heredes in Possessionem Mitti Postulare Debent xx1. Ubi Agi Oportet de Ratiociniis Tam Privatis Quam Publicis xxxir, Ubi Causa Status Agi Debeat xr, Ubi Quis de Curiali vel Cohortali Aliave Condicione Conveniatur Xxi11t, UbiSenatoresvel Clrissimi Civiltervel Criminaliter Conveniantur xxv. In Quibus Causis Militantes Fori Praescriptione Uti Non Possunt XXV1. Ubi Causae Fiscales vel Divinae Domus Hominumque Eius AganturList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian av 3. Delegated Judges 4. Those Who Have Jurisdiction to Appoint Judges, and Those Who May Be Appointed As Such 5.No One Shall Be Judge in His Own Case or Pass Judgmenton Himself 6. Those Who Do and Do Not Have Legal Capacity in Court 7..No One Shall Be Compelled to Bring a Civil ot Criminal Action ‘Against His Will 8. The Order of Trials 9. Joinder of Issue x0. Excessive (or Premature) Claims su. Continuances 12. Holidays 43, The Jurisdiction of All Judges, and the Appropriate Court 14. When the Emperor Judges Between Minors, Widows, and Sick People, and That They Shall Not Be Compelled to Appear a5. Where Crimes Should Be Tried 36. Where Trials over Possession Should Be Conducted 17. Where a Testamentary Trust Should Be Demanded 18. Where a Person Should Be Summoned Who Has Promised to Pay ata Specified Place 49, Where an Action in Rem Must Be Tried 20, Where an Action Concerning an Inheritance Is to Be Tried and Where the Appointed Heirs Should Demand to Be Put into Possession a1. Where an Action Concerning Public or Private Accounts Should Be Brought 22, Where an Action Concerning Personal Status Should Be Brought 23, Where One May Be Sued Concerning His Status as a Decurion or Junior Official or Any Other Status 24. Where Senators or Those Holding the Title of Clarissimus May Be Sued Civilly or Criminally 25, Situations in Which Persons Objection to the Venue 26. Where Fiscal Cases or Those Pertaining to Imperial Property or to Men Belonging Thereto May Be Conducted in the Imperial Service Mey Not Raiseavi Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniani Xxvir. Quando Liceat Sine Judice Unicuique Vindicare Se vel Publicam Devotionem xxvitt, De Inofficioso Testamento Xxvitt1. De Inofficiosis Donationibus xxx. De Inofiiciosis Dotibus XXxI. De Petitione Hereditatis xxxIt, De Rei Vindicatione socxttt, De Usu frctu et Habitatione et Ministerio Servorum xxx De Servitutibus et de Aqua xxxv. De Lege Aquilia XXXVI. Familiae Ereiscundae xxxvit. Communi Dividundo XxxXVItI. Communia Uteiusque Iudicit Tam Familiae Brciscundae Quam Communi Dividundo XxxXVIIIT. Finium Regundorum xxxx. De Consortibus Eiusdem Litis xxxxt. De Noxalibus Actionibus xxacxtt, Ad Exhibendum xxxxttt. De Aleae [usu et Aleatoribus XXXXIII, De Religiosis et Sumptibus Fanerum. Liber Quartus 1.De Rebus Creditis et de Tureiurando 1. Si Certum Petatur ttt. De Sufftagio it, De Prohibita Sequestratione Pecuniae ¥. De Condictione Indebiti Vi. De Condictione ob Causa Datorum vit. De Condictione ob Turpem Causam viii. De Condictione Furtiva vii. De Condictione ex Lege et sine Causa vel Iniusta CausaList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian xvii 27. When One Is Permitted, Without a Judge, to Avenge oneself or (a Breach of) Public Fidelity 28. An Undutiful Will 29, Undutiful Gifts 30. Undutiful Dowries 31. The Action for an Inberitance +32, The Action for Recovery of Owned Property 33. Usufruct, Habitation, and the Services of Slaves 34. Servitudes and Water 35. The Lex Aquilia 36. Dividing an Inheritance 37. Division of Common Property 438. Matters Common to an Action to Dividean Inheritance and One to Divide Common Property 439. The Action to Settle Bounda 40. Co-Parties in the Same Litigation 41. Noxal Actions 42. The Action to Produce 43. The Game of Dice and Dice Players 44. Concerning Sacred Places and Expenses on Funerals Fourth Book 1, Credit and Oaths 3. Recommendations 4-The Prohibited Sequestration of Money aim for Restitution 6. Claim for Restitution over the Reason Things Were Given 7- Claim for Restitution on Account of an Immoral Purpose 8. Claim for Restitution of Stolen Property 9. Claim for Restitution by Statute, and When There is No Purpose or an Unlawful Purposexviii Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniani x, De Obligationibus et Actionibus x1. Ut Actiones et ab Herede et Contra Heredem Incipiant x1, Ne Uxor pro Marito vel Maritus pro Uxore vel Mater pro Filio Conveniatur xutt. Ne Filius pro Patre vel Pater pro Filio Emancipato vel Libertus pro Patrono Conveniatur xu, An Servus ex Suo Facto post Manumissionem Teneatur xv. Quando Fiscus vel Privatus Debitoris Sui Debitores Exigere Potest xv1. De Actionibus Hereditariis xvi. Ex Delictis Defunctorum in Quantum Heredes Conveniantur xviit, De Constituta Pecunia xvimtt, De Probationibus xx. De Testibus xx1. De Fide Instrumentorum et Amissione Eorum et Antapochis Faciendis et de His Quae sine Scriptura Fieri Possunt xx. Plus Valere Quod Agitur Quam Quod Simulate Concipitur xxrtt. De Commodato xxi, De Actione Pigneraticia xxv. De Exercitoria et Institoria Actione XxxVI Quod Cum Eo Qui in Aliena Est Potestate Negotium Gestum Esse Dicitur, vel de Peculio sea Quod Iussu aut de in Rem Verso xxvi. Per Quas Personas Nobis Adquiritur xxvii. Ad Senatus Consultum Macedonianum xxvii. Ad Senatus Consultum Velleianum xxx. De Non Numerata Pecunia xxxt, De Compensationibus xxxui. De Usuris xxx, De Nautico Fenore xxxtit, Depositi XXxxv. Mandati ‘XXXVI. Si Servus Se Emi MandaveritList of Titles in the Codex of Justinian wir 10. Obligations and Actions a1. How Actions Arise from the Heir and Against the Heir 12, A Wife Is Not to Be Sued for Her Husband, or a Husband for His ‘Wife, or a Mother for Her Child 33. A Son Is Not To Be Sued for His Father, or a Father for His Emancipated Son, or a Freedman for His Patron 14. Whether a Slave, after Manumission, Is Held Liable for His Own Act 45. When the Treasury or a Private Person Can Exact Payment from the Debtors of Their Debtor 16, Actions Concerning Heirs 17. To What Extent Heirs Should Be Sued for the Delicts of the Deceased. 18. A Promise to Pay an Existing Debt 19, Proofs 20. Witnesses 21, The Reliability of Documents, Their Loss, Making Counter-Receipts, and Matters That Can Be Transacted Without Written Documentation 22, What Is Done Has Greater Value Than What Is Contrived in Pretence 23, Gratuitous Loan for Use 124. The Action on Pledge as, The Action on Shippers and Managers 26. Business That Is Said to Have Been Transacted with a Person Who Is in Another's Power, or Regarding the Peculium, or on an Order, or Regarding What Has Been Turned to One's Profit 27. Through Which Persons Acquisition Is Made for Us 28, The Senatus Consultum Macedonianum 29, The Senatus Consultum Velleianum 30. Money Not Paid 31. Offsets 32, Interest on Debts 33: Maritime Loans 34. Deposit 35. Mandate 36. Ifa Slave Has Mandated That He Be Purchasedxx Index Titulorum Codicis lustiniant XXXVIL Pro Socio xxxvitt, De Contrahenda Emptione xxxvuttt, De Hereditate vel Actione Vendita XXXX.Quae Res Venire Non Possunt et Qui Vendere vel Emere Vetantur XXXxXI. Quae Res Exportari Non Debeant xxxxtt, De Eunuchis De Patribus Qui Filios Distraxerunt xacxurt, De Rescindenda Venditione xxxxv. Quando Liceat ab Emptione Discedere XxXXxV1. Si Propter Publicas Pensitationes Venditio Fuerit Celebrata XXXVI. Sine Gensu vel Reliquis Fundum Comparari Non Posse xxxxvint De Periculo et Commodo Rei Venditae XXXXVIIIL, De Actionibus Empti et Venditi 1. Si Quis Alteri vel Sibi sub Alterius Nomine vel Aliena Pecunia Emerit 11. De Rebus Alienis Non Alienandis et de Prohibita Rerum Alienatione vel Hypotheca ur, De Communium Rerum Alienatione 11m. Rem Alienam Gerentibus Non Interdici Rerum Suarum Alienatione Lint, De Pactis inter Emptorem et Venditorem Compositis Ly. Si Servus Exportandus Veneat LVI. Si Mancipium Ita Venierit, Ne Prostituatur LVIL, Si Mancipium It Fuerit Alienatum, Ut Manumittatur vel Contra LvItt. De Aedilictis Actionibus XXXxIt tvim. De Monopoliis et De Conventu Negotiatorum Ilicito Vel to a non-profit acount that ‘willbe teed to promote study ofthe Codex » Rrige (1877) Our target text wat the oth elton ef 19.4 the last overseen by Kiger: (Tis ‘lito i ofen dated to p15. esonectsy) Subsoqunt elitens ar virtually dential as the teat, but ~teaders shoo be warned! ~ in ¢ few cases donot report Kiger’ inal ext changes those frm the Cologne fragment (Colm) for C. 3324-12. The likly reason is that Fiter editions actually reproduce atthe sth, bat the 7th or ft elton tn adtion, eons ator the rath of x94 omit the Addendum of the 9th etion (314-516), which contained many of ‘Keagers ial excual observations.wood Bruce W. Frier own editio maior published more or less simultaneously in 1877, a stunning reconstruction of the original text of the Codes, particularly by inclusion of Greek constitutions that were omitted in many medieval manuscripts.* In both the editio maior and the stereotype edition, Kriger also took pains to restore the correct headings and subscriptions of constitutions, where these could be known even through reasonable surmise. The subsequent stereotype editions contained further textual improvements, albeit generally ofa less rev- lutionry nature; and it has frequently been reprinted since, Blume appears to have used this stereotype edition. For our facing original text, we were able to purchase the excellent, vitually error-free version that Dutch and Belgian scholars created for the Dutch trenslation."* Our textual deviations from the stereotype edition are footnoted; often these deviations originate in sugges- tions made by Kriiger himself or by Theodor Mommsen, Once we had provisionally committed to the project, our frst step was to determine whether the Blume translation was of sufficient scholarly quality to warrant a revised version. After we had inspected it, we unanimously felt that Blume's translation was a great deal more than adequate for ou purposes. ‘Three brief, but fairly representative, passages may serve to illustrate the problems with Scotts translation and the virtues of Blume’ The firstisC. 2.7.2, ‘2214 constitution of Caracalla from the Codex title De Advocatis Diversorum Tudiciorum ("The Advocates of the Various Cout's”): Imp. Antoninus A. Doloni, Si patronum causse praevaricatum putas et impleveris accusationem, non deerit adversus eum pro temeritate com- imissi sententia, tque ita de principali causa denuo quaeretur. Quod si non docueris praevaricatum, et calumnia notaberis et rebus iudicatis, a quibus non est provocatum, stabitur. PP. 11k. Oct. Antonino A. 111 et Balbino cons Here is Scotts translation: ‘The Emperor Antoninus to Dolo, If you think that the advocate in the ‘case has been guilty of prevarication, and you prove the charge, sentence Shall be passed upon him in accordance with the gravity of the offence which he has committed, and the suit shall again be commenced. But if ‘you do not establish the prevarication, you will be branded as guilty of false accusation, and the case shall stand as decided, unless an appeal has been taken. © Kaiiger (1877). Krier Iai out hs understanding ofthe textual tration in Krier (1867): soe ao Krger (1888 542-343). On Krier handling of Codex manuscripts se Rading and (Gharall (2007: 14-17) » SpruitsChorus and de Lig (eds) (2005-2010), The Dutch text reproduces Kelger eit maior; ve have mechaniallyeotected tote text ofthe th stereotype eition,Revising Justice Blume's Translation xxi Given on the third of the Kalends of October, during the Consulate of ‘Antoninus, Consul for the fourth time, and Albinus, 214. ‘There are a considerable number of difficulties with this version," but much the most serious is the rendering of praevaricari through is derivative “pre: vvaticate” an English verb with the normal meaning “to speak falsely or mis- leadingly; deliberately misstate or create an incorrect impressions lie.” Thus, Caracall's constitution is taken to establish liability if advocates speak falsely in court. In fact, however, the Latin verb refers to an entitely different kind of forensic dishonesty: collusion by an advocate with the other party, that is, not so much deception of the court, as betrayal ofa client." Scott's version, which {imposes an unexpectedly high duty of truthfulness on trial advocates is highly deceptive unless the reader consults the original text. ‘Now here is Blume’ version of 27.1: Emperor Antoninus to Dolon. Ifyou think that your advocate has been guilty of collusion with the opposite party, and you prove the accusation, condemnation of him for the temerity of his crime will not be lacking, and the principal cause will then be tried anew. But if you do not prove such collusion, you will be branded as one guilty of false accusation, and the adjudication in the main suit, frora which no appeal has been taken, will stand. Promulgated September 29 (213) ‘This translation is self-evidently a huge improvement on Scott's, and so in numerous respects (including getting the constitution’s date and the recipi ‘ent’sname correct); but above all else Blume correctly understood the meaning of praevaricatio. Our final version fairly closely follows Blume’s, with changes ‘mainly in format: : Emperor Antoninus Augustus to Doton. Ifyou think thatthe advocate for your case has colluded (with the other side), and you prove the accusa- tion, there will not be lacking a judgment against him in proportion to the rashness of his crime, and so the principal case will be heard anew. But if you fal to show such collusion, you will be branded for vexatious Itigation (calumnia) and the (principal) issue, unless appealed, will stand as adjudicated Promulgated September 29, in the consulship of Antoninus Augustus, {for the fourth time, and Balbinus (213). © Albis stems fom the pee-madern edition that Seot used: Kiger corrected to Balhinus which ‘vas ho already In he Kregel edition. » See, eg, Ulpan (6 ad Bi), D. 3.2.44: "Pracrarctor astern est quasi varios, gl diversi parte adn prodita causa sua”bendy Bruce W. Frier Similar is a second passage, C. 7.39.3, 4 constitution of Theodosius seting a thirty-year statute of limitations for most private actions; it comes from the Coder ttle De Praescriptione xxx vel xxxx Annoru (“Prescription of Thirty ot Forty Years"). The first sentence reads: “Imp. Honorius et Theodosius AA. Asclepiodoto pp. pe Sicut in rem spe- ciales, ita de universitate ac personales actiones ultra triginta annorum spatiom minime protendantur 'D, xvuir k. Dec. Constantinopoli Victore cons Scott renders this: ‘The Emperors Arcadlis and Honorius to Asclepiodotus, Praetorian Profec.'The right to bring special actions in rem or general personal actions, cannot be extended beyond the term of thirty years Given at Constantinople, on the Kalends of September, during the Consulate of Vietor. Scott gets the imperial heading and the date wrong, for reasons that pass understanding."* But the cardinal error stems once more from his failure to recognize and comprehend the technical vocabulary of Roman law. Actiones speciales in rem are suits for particular pieces of property (species); actiones de universitate are suits to claim an inherit- ance (the late Roman version of hereditatis petitiones; a universitas is an ‘amalgamation of things or persons); and actiones personales are suits in personant — all three classes of actions, and only these, being now subjected to a new statute of limitations." Scott’s interpretation, con- structing a dichotomy between “special” property claims and “general” personal claims, is misguided and misleading. ‘Now here is Blume’s translation of C. 7.39.3: Emperors Honorius and Theodosius to Asclepiodotus, Just as actions in ‘em as to special pieces of property, so actions in rem as to an aggrege- tion of properties (¢., an inheritance) and personal actions shall not be extended beyond thirty years; Given at Constantinople November 14 (424). [As will be seen, Blume correctly captures the procedural distinctions in the original, This is our translation of 7.39.3: tn fact however, the Codex beading ie lo factually wrong: by 424 Tacodosius was iting alone, 2 Rider noes and vo already the Kriegel etion). Both the lex geminata in the Th. (44.2) fn te er encrptin the C.lh (2.127) ge thie ight. vs Qa the satu oflimiatons sce Kaser snd Hackl (1996 607-608), On the procedural dstinc- tons i 7.393 pe sce Berger (3933: 6%) “dia generala” and “sto de universitate”Revising Justice Blume’ Translation lox Emperors Honorius and Theodosius Augusti fo Asclepiodotus, Praetorian Prefect. pr. As with actions int rem for specific property (speciale), so also ‘with inheritance claims (de wniversitate) and personal actions, these may not be extended beyond thirty years. Given November 14, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Victor (424), {A third example is C. 11.26. pr. an undated constitution of Leo (457-465) from the ttle De Pistoribus (‘Bakers’), with Scot’ translation: Imp. Leo A. Viviano pp. pr. Quicumgue ex mancipibus comitis horreo- rum dignitatem et officium vel ambitione vel gratia vel pecunia seu quo- libet alio modo posthac fuerit adsecutus, exutus dignitate, quam contra interdictum nostrae serenitatis adeptus est, multatas etiam vigint iris uri ad mancipum denuo consortium collegiumque revocetur, ‘The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius. Any slave of the Superintendent of the Public Warehouses, who either through intrigue, favor, the use of money, or by any other means, may hereafter obtain a dignity or an office, shall be deprived of what he acquired in violation of Our order, and, having been fined 20 pounds of gold, shall be returned to the body to which he formerly belonged ... Again, Scott inexplicably alters the heading.* He also badly mangles the sub- stance, chiely because he confuses manceps (“public contractor,” here “public baker”) with mancipium (‘stave”).” Here is Blume’s version: Emperor Leo to Vivianus, Praetorian Prefect. If any public baker (man~ ceps) hereafter obtains the rank and office of count of storehouses by ‘unlawful solicitation, favoritism, money or in any other manner, he shall be shorn of the rank which he received in violation of the interdict of (Our Serenity, shal be punished [by] afine of 20 pounds of gold and shall be recalled to the association and corporation of public bakers And our version: Emperor Leo Augustus to Vivianus, Praetorian Preféct:'pr. Whoever henceforth from among the baking contractors (mancipes) has gained the rank and office of Count of the Granaries (horrea), either by solici- tation, influence, money, or any other means, shall be stripped of the “The later Kriegel eations already bad the corer heading, bat Seott follows some eusies editions, *» "The reading in some inferior mantxcripts, manips for mancipibus, makes no sense In aie on ‘bakers. The Ketegel edition aleody had ght.