The Writing of

Scientific Article
Group 2:
Amirah Yunelza (20129244)
Latania Yusma Fitas Taftian (20129153)
Rizka Khairani (20129200)
Tiara Utari (20129356)
 1. Formulation of Problem
● The formulation of the problem in scientific work can be understood
as a critical question or a flexible argument that is generated based
on a statement general from problem study. in short, formula
problem is a question raised from the background of the problem.

● Criteria for the formulation of the problem:

1. The problem should be formulated in the form of a question.
2. The formulation should provide clues about the possibility of
collecting data to answer the questions contained in the
formulation.
The Form of Research Problem

● Descriptive problem : a problem related to a statement

regarding the existence of an independent variable, either
only on one variable or more (stand-alone variable).
● Comparative problems are problems that compare the
existence of one or more variables in two or more different
samples, or at different times.
● An associative problem is a problem that is a relationship
between two or more variables.
How to formulate a problem:

● Problems are usually formulated in the form of questions.

● The formulation of the problem should be clear and concise.
● The problem formulation must contain the implications of the
existence of data to solve the problem.
● The formulation of the problem must be the basis for making
a hypothesis.
● The problem must be the basis for the title of the research.
The title of the research must reflect the problem to be
studied.
Various common mistakes that researchers usually make in
finding research problems include:

● The concept is immature.

● The ideas offered are not accurate.
● Less Contribution: incompatibility of research phenomena
with analytical methods.
● The nature of the phenomenon to be studied is not suitable to
be carried out using the selected analysis. For example,
researching a phenomenon that is analyzed quantitatively,
even though it should be more appropriate to do it
qualitatively.
 2. Literature and Theory Studies
Theory is a set of constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions
that function to view phenomena systematically and thoroughly,
through the specification of relationships between variables, so that
they can be useful for explaining and predicting phenomena (Kerlinger,
1978).

There are several kinds of theories in research, including:

(1) Inductive theory which explains something from data to theory.
(2) A deductive theory that provides information starting from an
estimate or certain speculative thoughts towards the data to be
explained.
(3) Functional theory that appears to have an influence interaction
between data and theoretical estimates,
According to (Bennett, Borg, & Gall, 1984; Gall, Borg, & Gall,
2003), several objectives of the theoretical review process
include:
1. limiting research problems,
2. finding new threads that are researched ,
3. avoiding inappropriate approaches,
4. acquiring enlightening methodologies.
5. identify recommendations for further research and look for
grand supporting theories
The steps for conducting a theoretical study according to (Gall
et al., 2003) are as follows:

1. Look for primary sources that can be referred from

journal articles, books, research reports and other
publications that can be used as primary references.

2. Using additional sources from the results of a person's

thoughts which he summarizes from various references
by examining them in depth.
3. Read primary sources. After all sources have been
identified, the researcher must then read all the reading
sources to find various perspectives about the research
that will be carried out.

4. Synthesize reading material. This stage is an important

stage, because researchers are usually tempted to copy
paste from the references they read, even though the
researcher should be conducting an analytical study
and comparing it with the results of other studies.
 3. Research Methodology

The research method contains a description of the material or

research materials, research tools, variables, and data collected.
The purpose of this section is to provide information to the
reader regarding the methods used in the process of collecting
and analyzing data.
Some views of research methods specifically according to experts:

1. Historical Research Methods

According to Jack. R. Fraenkel & Norman E. Wallen (1990: 411) in Yatim Riyanto (1996:
22), in Nurul Zuriah (2005: 51) " historical research method is research that exclusively
focuses on the past", whereas according to Donald Ary, et al (1980) in Yatim Riyanto
(1996: 22) in Nurul Zuriah (2005: 51) "historical research method is research to
establish facts and reach conclusions about things that have past".

2. Survey Research Methods

According to Zikmund (1997) "survey research method is a form of research technique
in which information is collected from a number of samples in the form of people,
through questions", according to Gay & Diehl (1992) "survey research method is a
method used as a general category of research that uses questionnaires and
interviews", while according to Bailey (1982) "survey research method is a research
method in which data collection techniques are carried out through written or oral
questions".
3. Quantitative Research Methods

According to Jonathan Sarwonno (2006) "quantitative research method is systematic

scientific research on the parts and phenomena and their relationships".

4. Experimental Research Methods

According to Arikunto (2006) "the experimental research method is a way to look for a
causal relationship (causal relationship) between two factors that are deliberately
generated by researchers by eliminating or reducing or setting aside other disturbing
factors".

5. Naturalistic Research Methods

Bogdan and Tylor in Moleong (1993:3) "Qualitative research methods are research
procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from
people and observable behavior."
6. Wisdom Research Methods (Descriptive)
According to Suharsimi Arikunto "wisdom research method is a
research method that is not intended to test a particular hypothesis, but
only describes a variable, symptom or condition".

7. Action Research Methods

According to Kemmis (1988) "the action research method is a form of
reflective and collective research carried out by researchers in social
situations to improve reasoning in social practice", whereas according
to Kemmis & Taggar (1988) in Zuriah (2003: 54) "the action research
method is a a form of self-reflective research that is collectively
conducted by researchers in social situations to improve the reasoning
and fairness of their social education practices, as well as their
understanding of the practices and of the situations in which these
practices are carried out.
 References
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● Mhadiyah. Perumusan Masalah Penelitian .
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