“The Effect of Font Color to the Selected Freshmen Students’

Memorization and Comprehension in

La Concepcion College
A.Y. 2021-2022”

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject in

Experimental Psychology
PSY155

Presented by Modino,
Kate Anne C.
Navales, Kimberly B.
Claveria, Divine S. Gener,
Dominic O.
Alpay, Hana G.

Presented to
Ma. Lourdes S. Eleazar-MPSP
Professor

LA CONCEPCION COLLEGE INC.,

A.Y. 2021

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LETTER

First and foremost praises and thanks to Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior, for

giving the wisdom, strength, support and knowledge, for the guidance that helped us to

surpass the trials we have encountered while conducting this study, and to finish this

project.

The researchers would like to send their gratitude to all the people who

contributed to this study to make it possible and we are extending our heart felt thanks to

our teachers, research advisers who helped and guided us on finishing this project.

We would like to thank the respondents who cooperated to help us find answers on

our study. We appreciated your given time and effort. We would also like to thank our

classmates who helped us in different aspects when we are in need.

And lastly, we would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to each of the

members of the group who contributed in this study by means of any support to fulfill and

make this study interesting.

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We extremely grateful for all your love and support. Thank you and God blesses!

Sincerely,

Modino, Kate Anne C.

Navales, Kimberly B.
Claveria, Divine S.
Gener, Dominic O.
Alpay, Hana G.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page…….…………………………………………………………………...i

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….…...ii

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting…………………………………..……….1

Introduction………………………………………………………………..……..1

Statement of Problem...……………………………………….………………..4

Hypothesis………………………………………………….……………………5

Scope and Limitation....…………...……………………………………………5

Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………5

Identifying Dependent and Independent Variables….…..….………………9

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………….………10

Definition of Terms…... ………………………………………….……...……11

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies………………………....14

Foreign Literatures..………………...…………………………………………14

Local Literatures……..…………………………………………………….…..17

Foreign Studies.…………………………...………………………..…………21

Local Studies…….…………………………………………….………….……21

Chapter 3: Research Methodology……………...………………….…………….29

Research Method.…………………………………………..……………....…29

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 Research Design……………………………………………………...……….29
Population and Sample………………….….……….............…...………….30

Research Instrument..……………………………………………..………….30

Data Collections………………………………………………………………..31

Statistical Tools…………………………………………….………..…………32

Chapter 4: Interpretation of Data...………………...……………………..….……33

Interpretation of Data………………………………………………...…….….33

Discussion….………………………………………………………...……..….35

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation…….........………...37

Summary of Findings…………………………………………………...…..…37

Conclusion….……………………………………………………….………….38

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………….………………………………..………..40

APPENDICES………….…...…………………………...……………...……..42

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 CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Setting

This study presents the introduction, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope

and limitation, Theoretical framework, Conceptual Framework, Identifying dependent

and independent variables and definition of terms.

Introduction

Working memory is an engaging area of psycholinguistics, yet it goes through

certain complex learning processes in retrieving different images, colors and vocabulary.

Even, the process becomes more complex if color is taken into consideration as an

external stimulus for memory in the learning processes of adults and children (Khan &

Liu, 2021). An excessive of studies revealed the paramount importance of colors that

trigger human working memory in the learning process. In this regard, Chang, Xu, and

Watt (2018) argued that colors play a significant role in reducing cognitive overload in

learning process. Therefore, psycholinguists recommend the inclusion of words with

colorful background in textbooks for the curtailment of such cognitive overload to

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optimize learning goals. This research is all about how the font color affects the

comprehension and memorization of the students. We want to know if the font color help

the students to comprehend and memorize a certain context or not. Also, if who are from

the students have a faster understanding when using colored font.

According to Davis (2021), colour affects your learning by the way your brain

functions and uses colour to develop pattern recognition, memory and absorbing new

information. It can also visually guide you to locate, compare, understand and recall

information faster. the study says that some colors have a contribution for enhancing

cognitive skills and improving brain function. Red was much better than blue as far as

detail oriented tasks, and memory retention were concerned by as much as 31%. Font

color helps to organize notes for us to find important things and it leads to easily

memorize and remember it. Some of the students suffering difficulties in studying

specially now, because of the pandemic, we are facing online classes that students having

difficulty catching up the lessons so the easiest way is to take down notes the things that

we need to understand.

According to Krahn (2018), red color retains high accuracy in recognition

memory, and the majority of participants recalled red color faster than black and blue

colors during the experiment. In this regard, if color attracts human attention and

2
attention causes arousal, then color almost certainly optimizes memory performance.

These study explain that red color is much more effective for majority of the people when

in terms of memory recognition other than any other color basically the color red makes

the memory remember faster.

Do colors has a contributions in the memorization skills? Colour affects your

learning by the way your brain functions and uses colour to develop pattern recognition,

memory and absorbing new information. It can also visually guide you to locate,

compare, understand and recall information faster (Simpson, 2018). Short term memory

is what this study will be focusing on and will show if having colors shown to individuals

visually help people remember better. Long term applications of this can very useful if

the participants do show a better memory when given colors rather than no color

(Peteranderl & Oberauer, 2018). There are other people who remember something by a

color and this is what they remember, most of them make their memory more active by

remembering the color of an object or an event. Color does a lot for us especially in

comprehension and memory because we understand something better when it has color

and color has different meanings so it is important.

People these days are exposed in technology, even now in studying, teacher's and

student' used technology to be able to teach and to be able to learn. So that the

3
researchers believes that the color of font will help the person to facilitate person's

memorization and comprehension. Memory and comprehension is very important to all

learning as it help to us to save and retrieve and record our learning as a researcher we

think that color of font has a big impact to be easily memorize and comprehend the text

or any pictures that we see. colours helps us memorize specific information and increase

level of understanding (Haynes 2017).

Statement of the problem

1. What is the memorization and comprehension level of college freshmen

psychology students grouped according to their;

A. Sex

B. Age

2. What is the effect of font color to the college freshmen psychology students in

this study in terms of comprehension and memorization?

3. Is there a significant difference before and after the treatment in terms of

memorization and comprehension of the respondents?

4
Hypothesis

Ho: Font color does not have an effect to the memorization and comprehension of the

college freshman

Ha: Font color does have an effect to the memorization and comprehension of the

college freshman.

Scope and limitation

The participant’s, of this study will be the selected freshmen Psychology

student's LA Concepcion College in Barangay Kaypian, San Jose Del Monte Bulacan.

This study will be conducted to find out whether the font color has an effect to the

memorization and comprehension of the participants.

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Theoretical framework

BAKER-MILLER PINK
Baker-Miller pink’s effects have not been documented in the area of cognition

with nearly as much tenacity as physiological output. I expect to find a correlation

between color and cognitive performance. If Baker-Miller pink has a tempering effect on

human physiological stress, then according to Hudetz et al. (2000, 2004), the color may

have a significant positive effect on cognitive performance. Pink’s effect on working

memory should also parallel that of blue, which research has shown may have a relaxing

effect on individuals. On this note, the color red may have a negative effect on cognitive

performance, due to its propensity to elicit physiological arousal. While the

aforementioned studies analyzed color in a host of different methodologies, varying from

a random image to a laboratory background, it has yet to be seen whether intentionally

attending to the color itself will have an effect on performance. The studies did not

require participants to consciously attend to the color, barring those that required

participants to concentrate on colored panels. I manipulated the stimuli, using the n-back

to measure working memory performance. In the present study, target letters in an n-back

task were manipulated into either Baker-Miller pink, blue, red, or black, in order to more

appropriately test the effect of color on working memory performance. With the increase

in load, there will be a decrease in working memory accuracy. With this in mind, I

predict that red will be positively correlated with greater total working memory accuracy.

Blue will be positively correlated with working memory accuracy for the 3-back, while

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red will be negatively correlated. There will be no effect of either pink or black on

working memory accuracy.

RED AND BLUE

Color research is not limited to pink. Indeed, red and blue have also been studied

for their effects on creativity, approach-avoidance conflict, detail-orientation, and stress.

In a study by Elliot et al. (2011), color was thought to influence cognition and behavior

through learned associations, where red has come to signal avoidance and blue is

associated with approach. As such, people are primed to associate the color red with

aversive stimuli and blue with attractive or neutral stimuli. Red was found to enhance

performance on detail-oriented tasks as a result of its aversive association. Interestingly,

Elliot et al. (2011) found that the color red (relative to gray and blue) influences motor

functioning by increasing the force and velocity of motor output. In their first experiment,

participants were asked to state their participation number, written in red, gray, or blue,

before pinching a clasp. The maximum width of the opening was recorded. Participants

in the red manipulation pinched the clasp open with greater force than those in the gray

and blue manipulations. In their second experiment, participants were asked to squeeze a

Biopac hand dynamometer when the word “squeeze” was presented (in black letters) on a

red, blue, or gray computer background. Those in the red manipulation squeezed more

rapidly, with greater maximum force and greater total force. No differences were

observed between the blue and gray manipulations. Transition, Mehta and Zhu (2009)

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utilized a detailoriented task to measure memory after exposure to red. Participants were

instructed to study a 36-word list for 2 minutes, and asked to recall the list after 20

minutes. The red condition recalled more correct items than the blue condition. In the

realm of creative cognition, the color blue is a frequent topic of research. Blue enhances

performance on creative tasks, and this effect is attributed to its association with

approach motivation (Mehta & Zhu, 2009). While red enhances memory for negative

words, green has the opposite effect, enhancing memory for positive words (Kuhbandner

& Pekrun, 2013).

STROOP EFFECT

This paper is anchored to the theory of the “stroop effect experiment” of John

Ridley Stroop in 1935. “ Stroop effect” or “name that color” was the study of interference

in the serial verbal reaction in which the stroop was presented in different ways. First, the

meaning of the word and the color were congruent to each other. For example, the word

“red” was written in color red. Second, the meaning of the word was incongruent to the

color. For example, the word “red” was written in blue color. The implication of the

study was naming colors in incongruent form was longer than colors in congruent form.

The implication is explained through speed processing theory and automaticity (Stirling

1977) Speed processing theory stated that brain read words faster than it recognizes

colors. Moreover, word information arrived in decision making stage than word

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information. On the other hand, automaticity theory was the most common theory in

stroop effect. It stated that reading was an automatic process prior to recognized word.

Selective attention memory stated that naming colors requires more attention than

reading words.

Identifying independent and dependent variables

“The Effect of Font Color to the Selected Freshmen Psychology Students' Memorization

and Comprehension in La Concepcion College A.Y. 2021-2022”

Selected
freshmen of
Psychology students

Independent

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 Effect of font
color to
memorization
and
comprehension

Variable (ID)

Dependent
Variable (DV)

Conceptual Framework

“The Effect of Font Color to the Selected Freshmen Psychology Students' Memorization

and Comprehension in La Concepcion College A.Y. 2021-2022”

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 PRE-TEST
NO TREATMENT
CONTROL GROUP
EFFECT OF FONT
POST-TEST TO
COLOR TO
CONTROL GROUP
MEMORIZATION
and
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
PRE-TEST COMPREHENSION
GROUP
WITH ON 2 GROUPS
EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT
GROUP

Definition of Terms

The researchers provided the following definition of terms for better

understanding of the study and are operationally and conceptually defined as follows;

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Cognitive tasks - are those undertakings that require a person to mentally process new

information and allow them to recall, retrieve that information from memory and to use

that information at a later time in the same or similar situation.

- Performance may be qualitative (poor to excellent) or quantitative (0% to 100%)

and indicates the individual's successful execution of the task.

Cognitive skills - Are the core skills your brain uses to think, read, learn, remember,

reason, and pay attention.

- Researcher will asks the respondents to complete a series of post-test and pre-test

that relate to measuring critical thinking and reasoning ability.

Comprehension - the action or capability of understanding something.

- processing the text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the

respondents already knows.

Font - A set of printed letters, numbers, and other symbols of the same style.

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– Researcher will be determining how does font color effect the memorization and

comprehension of the respondents.

Instructional Materials - These are the printed materials and multi-media materials, and

shall include materials used in the classroom.

¬ Researchers will be using materials such as font colored

printed papers and google forms in able to conduct the experiment.

Legability -It is the quality of being clear enough to read.

– The test is important to be clear enough to read in able for the respondents to

understand.

Memorization - the process of committing something to memory or learning something

by heart.

- in this study the number of words should be recalled correctly.

Readibility - it is the quality of being easy or enjoyable to read.

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 -how easy it is to read and understand a text. of respondents and asked them

questions to check their comprehension.

Retention - having the information stored in long-term memory in such a way that it can

be readily retrieved.

– Tests are conducted after a certain retention interval, with all groups performing

under the same conditions.

Tranquility - it is in a state of calm, peace and quiet environment.

– respondents should be in a nice peace quiet room for them to be able to

concentrate while been given a test by the researchers.

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 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

In this chapter, the researchers would present some information about the related

literature that connects to the effects of font color to the freshmen psychology students'

memorization and comprehension.

Foreign Literature

Good memory is essential for independent living, staying focused, completing

tasks and getting good grades. Research has now proven the link between the use of color

to improve memory (Olesen, 2021).

Synthesis: This citation connects to our research because it discussed about how color

affects the memory of a person which is the topic of our research. It supports our study

because it says that color helps us to more easily memorize things. Color has an effect to

our memory. It makes us more focused on what we are hearing or reading. Also, color

gives us positive feedback on what we are doing.

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 According to Chang (2018), the use of colors in instructional materials has proven

to play an important role in creating different emotional reactions and capturing learners’

attentions. Also colors help learners increase their attention level in certain information.

And will help such information to be transferred to short-term and long-term memory.

Synthesis: This article connected to our current study because it discussed the purpose

of how colors can impact learners’ learning by manipulating their cognition and

emotions. In this article, it review on how memory functions, how colors influence

learners’ memory performances and their cognitive loads, and how colors stimulate

learners’ emotions and further motivate learners to learn. This article support out current

study because it says that colors increases level of attention on information.

Colors can have an impact on what you remember. You are more likely to recall

negative words if there is a lot of red around. Green, on the other hand, encourages you to

focus on the positive. That may help you have a more positive outlook on life and a

healthier mental state (DerSarkissian, 2019).

Synthesis: This means that every color has a meaning it affects the human mind, and

these can be useful on a certain level. like a powerful communication tool capable of

signaling action, influencing mood, and even influencing physiological reactions, each

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color signifies something depend on how we perceive it to be. Taking these in

accordance to our topic this could be an additional information to strengthen our

research.

The color improve student performance on tests or quizzes. It can also help kids

remember what they learned and not have to take as much time doing review in their next

school year. In conclusion, color can be a great help to the school system when used the

right way (Edward & Praire, 2019).

Synthesis: This foreign literature say that color may affect the school system. it will

support our study because it say that the color have contribution to improve the students

performance. It help student to review on exams or test. Color also contribute to

remember what students learn. It can be our basis because our study talk about

memorization and comprehension. it is example of students skills that color help to

improve.

Functions in the brain that relate to memory – such as the hippocampus, which

was first described in 1587 by a Venetian anatomist named Julius Caesar Aranzi

(Mandal, 2017) – have been discovered, how those different organs and cognitive

systems specifically distribute their weight of the memorization process is still being

17
researched amongst scientists to this day. The majority of current debate is centered

around the ability to heighten memory and have more elevated retention capabilities;

however, those cannot be found without the basic knowledge of memory. Journal of

Student Research (2018)

Synthesis: citation connected to our study because it says that the functions of the brain

that can be relate to the memory such as hippocampus. Hippocampus was first described

in 1587 by a Venetian anatomist named Julius Caesar Aranzi. He discovered that how

different organs and cognitive systems has contribution in our memorization process and

it still researched by some scientists. Hippocampus means region of the brain that is

associated primarily with memory or it has a role in learning and memory. Some scientist

still want to discover in the brain and its functions and what it can do more specially in

memorization.

Local Literature

"I like the books because they have nice colors and drawings. I like to stay there

with my classmates after lunchtime" says John, who is now in second grade and can read,

write, speak and comprehend in Filipino and Sinugbuanong Binisaya (Educational

Development Center Inc., 2018).

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Synthesis: This citation relates to our research by the colors help the student to be more

interested in reading and may help him to have more comprehension on what his is

reading. It is also supports our study because the color does really piqued the interest of a

kid to be more interested in his readings. If a person is interested on something, they will

focus on that matter. Color makes a person interested, so they will comprehend what they

are doing better. Color has a huge impact in a person’s comprehension.

According to Larson (2018), fonts are often used in text, images, and color of an

object. The color of a font can make or break your image and can even influence how

people feel about the message of the content. Colors can make a bigger impact and draw

out an emotional response. Just like font colors help add to the imagery of your text

content, colour has a big impact of your written word.

Synthesis: This journal connected to our current study because its says that colour helps

call attention to your text, but you may not realize that colours also evoke emotions. And

colour influences your learning through the manner your mind features and makes use of

color to expand your learning, memory will easily absorbing new information It also can

visually manual you to locate, compare, recognize and bear in mind data faster.

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 Colors affect our memories every day and throughout our lives, and are used both

intentionally and subliminally by educators and even marketing companies. Scientific

testing has found that certain colors are more stimulating, which enhances memory. This

stimulation can be negative and positive; affecting how you are distracted, what you can

recall and what initially attracts your attention (Cando, Calora & Perillo, 2019).

Synthesis: Understanding of the color is that it thought to be the most important aspect of

human experience. It serves as a reliable source of information. to the human cognitive

system and has been discovered to serve a significant role in improving overall memory

ability and enables the mind to comprehend words with the use of certain colors. these

could help the researcher including me to gain such knowledge in order to back up our

topic.

Font characteristics such as style, size and color play a role in information

retention or recall, too, because font design is vital to our familiarity — or unfamiliarity

— with a given word, says Banham. Large font items may predict higher recall

regardless of font style, but very small font sizes can also introduce a desirable difficulty.

However, texts with difficult-to-read font sizes (or challenging color contrast) may pose

more of a readability issue rather than a legibility one. Although both are involved in the

visual clarity of a given text, readability relates to the ease of understanding or reading

20
words and sentences, while legibility refers to the ability to distinguish between

characters and glyphs (Delgado, 2021).

Synthesis: This citation connect to our study because it says that color may affect

comprehension. when text has challenging contrast its not readable and hard to

understand that affect the comprehension. It also say that color may affect the familiarity

that connected to memorization. Font color is have a big contribution to readability and

understanding. It will connect to our study because our study is all about the effect of

font color on the comprehension and memorization.

Color is a central component of primate vision and perception of color is crucial

to scene identification, recognition, and visual memory. Color is an important part of

human perception. It is a central component of primate vision. Perception of color is

crucial to scene identification, recognition, and to visual memory (Jadhao, 2020).

Synthesis: This citation is connected to our study because it is to find out relationship

between color perception and memory. It says that red background color perception has a

positive influence on attention span and short-term memory as compared to white or blue

color. Red is often associated with dangers and mistake and has been linked to the

highest level of hazard and also the highest level of compliance. In contrast, blue is often

21
associated with openness, peace, and tranquility. Every color has its meaning like pink, it

symbolizes the love while the white is purity and because of that, there is a meaning too

when it comes to our cognitive system.

Foreign Study

Previous studies on the effect of color on cognitive task performances and have

led to two different views. Some researchers think that the influence of red and blue on

cognitive tasks is modulated by the difficulty of the task, and other researchers suggest

that the influence mainly depends on the type of task. The current study combined these

factors to investigate the effect of color on cognitive task performance (Xiu et al., 2016).

Synthesis: This citation helps us because it is inline to our topic which is the effects of

color to the memorization and comprehension of a person. In addition, this citation

supports our study by having an outcome that color somehow describes the difficulty of a

certain task and may affects their comprehension. For example is red color symbolizes

that a certain task is hard while yellow color is easy. With that, people can make their

tasks more organized. They can start on the easier tasks then later the harder tasks.

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 According to Sajnani and Chaturvedi (2021), memory retention is positively

impacted by colour, these findings reported that colour leads to better recall. And colour

in comprises impact family type of memory, study presented a words with a black color

font and a words with a red color font and the result was color red font performed well

better than black font.

Synthesis: This research study connected to our current study because they conclude

that colour leading to a higher recall and improvement in the memory. There purpose of

studying colour as a variable is to try and establish the possible ways to enhance memory

for learning purposes. This will support our experimental in determining the significant

of impact black color to other color , it will be our basis to determining the significance

of our two variable in our experiment, also they prove in their study that color has a big

impact to our memory.

Certain colors have also been shown in studies to have an effect on performance.

No one likes seeing a graded test covered in red ink, but one study discovered that seeing

the color red before taking an exam actually improves performance. While the color red

is frequently described as threatening, it has been shown to have a negative impact on test

performance. enticing or arousing, many previous studies on the impact of the color red

have come up short. However, the study discovered that exposing students to the color

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red before a test has been shown to have a negative impact on test performance in the

first of the six experiments described in the study, 71 college students from the United

States were presented with a participant number in red, green, or black before attempting

a five-minute test (Cherry, 2020)

Synthesis: this study shows that red color could have a very high impact on the

performance of the student making it much easier to improve memorization and

comprehension of a person, sample here is when students decided to use red color fonts

for memory recognition enabling them to get the result they wanted when taking a test.

by the help of these citation we would easily determine how color could really affect the

students abilities.

Research on text comprehension has frequently focused on either skill learning or

disabilities. Among research on the physical characteristics of text, font size or simple

stylistic differences (i.e. boldface) were of common interest. Based on prior research, it

was hypothesized that recall would be better for proportionally-spaced serif and

blackcolored fonts. Participants (N = 236) read an online health-related document

presented in text varying in font type (serif or sans serif), font spacing (monospacing or

proportional spacing), and color (black, blue, red). After reading the document, each

participant was tested on the recall of key points. No significant differences in recall were

detected across all conditions. These results were inconsistent with not only our

24
predictions but also some previous work. Findings indicated online learning may not be

affected by our choices of stylistic differences. Rather, other appearance-related factors,

such as significance and context, may have a stronger role in recall (Beyon & Cox-Boyd,

2020).

Synthesis: This study say that online learning may not be affect our choices of stylistic

differences. It can be our basis when we conduct our experiment, because it say that the

results of this study is inconsistent. It connect to our research because it hypothesized that

recall is better with black-colored font. Recall may connect to memorization that our

study talk about.

Colour affects your learning by the way your brain functions and uses colour to

develop pattern recognition, memory and absorbing new information. It can also visually

guide you to locate, compare, understand and recall information faster. Colour has great

importance in enhancing memory performance and one’s visual sense in order to achieve

a positive response towards learning. Therefore using colours to emphasise a particular

feature or piece of work can increase the attention level of learners: it can also help

reduce boredom and increase attention spans. However, too much use of colour can over-

stimulate instead of inspire, so you’ll need to ensure a good balance between bold and

neutral colours. The most attention-grabbing colours are warm colours such as red,

orange and yellow. Educators need to use more attention-grabbing colours to encourage

25
learning, focus, alertness, and awareness. Cooler colours, such as blue and green tones,

can evoke calmness which will stimulate concentration, broader thinking and observation

(Simpson, 2018).

Synthesis: The findings of the study synthesized here are highly relevant to my research

idea. First, our research is connected in color because color is really important in our

brain and it has a contribution in our memory performance. Color is also easy to catch

attention and it store in our memory. Recognizing all the colors is a must to know like

what is the bold and neutral colors for a good balance. Colors has many functions in our

brain like memorizing something or to understand everything we see or we touch.

Local Study

The researcher conclude that the red colored questionnaire are effective when it

comes to their study, because the color red pertains the meaning of very high visibility

and it’s an emotionally intense color and can enhance cognitive skills (Araza et al.,

2020).

Synthesis: This study connects to our research because it supports our topic which is the

effect of color to the memorization and comprehension. In this citation, they concluded

26
that color red helps the students to determine if a certain text or question is important

which is really relates to our research topic. If color has a specific role in terms of

questions, then it help people to know the importance of a text. They can focus more on a

question which has a color that represents the difficulty of it. Because of that, people will

be able to answer the questions according to what they want to answer, if it is those

difficult or those easy.

According to Santos, et al. (2019), memory does not only refer to the recollection

of past information but also the functions of acquiring, encoding, and retaining it.

Addition of colors within words found to effectively improve memory retention as it

mainly attract attention. this is because of the color perception that gives a sense of

emphasis.

Synthesis: This research connected to our current study because it state that colors

possess great significance in conveying, interpreting, and portraying information. It

effectively increases memory retention in terms of level of attention. Their concept

eventually help create a new and healthy learning environment where an efficient and

effective visual learning strategy aids every student. And colors on a words effectively

improve our memory, this will support our current study because their research study has

similarities in our current study.

27
 Based on the result on the experiment that is been conducted in terms of color,

color has an effect on memory. Color red contributes more to memory recall than the

color blue. Present study finding suggest that color may be a factor of a certain stimuli

(like words) to be more recalled (Villones, 2019).

Synthesis: These results explain that the effect on memory varies depending on the color.

The findings also backed up the theory of attention and arousal. Red and blue are the best

example for enhancing cognitive skills and improving brain function. Giving us a better

understanding of how this process works, This knowledge can help researchers by

allowing them to take advantage of the effect of color on memory more effectively.)

This study says that colors have been an inherent part of human beings the Brain,

Behavior, and it can influence performance of students. Color can play an important role

in conveying information, Creating certain moods, and even influencing the decisions

people make (Nisay, 2018).

Synthesis: This study is connected to our research topic. it says that the color has a part

on human brain. It affect your mood and It also can affect our performance like

comprehension and memorization. Color have a big part of our mood. As a student I

28
can’t think correctly when I’m not in a good mood. And color may help to decide

correctly.

Readability of text has been the subject of research of language educators and

instruction manual writers as a means of estimating the difficulty and comprehensibility

of a given text. This is essential to develop the reading abilities and to enhance the

comprehension and higher-order analytical skills of learners. Educators need to prescribe

guided or independent reading materials and exercises that are appropriate to the current

reading capability of a learner to prevent boredom, discouragement and disengagement

from the required reading task. Similarly, the readability of instruction manuals can

promote proper installation and usage of devices to ensure the safety of their users

(Imperial & Ong, 2020).

Synthesis: This citation is connected to our study because it says that it is important to

have readability of text because it has been in the subject on the research on the language

educators. It can be estimated the difficulty and the comprehensibility of a given text.

The researcher says that having a good text can be develop the reading abilities and to

enhance the comprehension and higher-order analytical skills. Reading is important skill

that every learner has to master. And using font color can be more easy to read and it

easy to memorize and recognize. Using font color is having an encourage to be more

active in writing and also reading the text.

29
 CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

Methodology

This chapter discusses the research design, population and sample, research

instruments, data collection, and statistical tools that will be used in this study.

Research Design

This study will determined if the font color has an effect to the memorization and

comprehension of College freshmen psychology students. The experimental method will

be used in this study.

The experimental methods involves manipulating one variable to determine if

changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. It is an investigation which the

hypothesis is being scientifically tested.

30
Population and Sample

The respondents of the study will be the selected freshmen psychology students of

La Concepcion College located at City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan.

The researcher made used of own test and created questionnaire that is validated

by a Psychometrician, Ms. Davigail Navales which will be administered to 30 students,

15 for the experimental group and 15 for the control group from psychology department

that will be selected using the purposive method.

Research Instruments

PART I. In order to meet the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared a personal

data sheet to find out the respondents' demographic profile. It compose of the following:

age and sex.

PART II. The researcher will employing their own-made test questionnaire validated by

Ms. Davigail Navales, RPm to identify the effect of font color to the memorization and

comprehension of the respondents.

31
Data Collections

The study will be conducted at La Conception College. The researcher will ask

permission to the program head of Psychology Division to be able to acquire the target

number of sample population for this study.

A request letter will be given to the freshmen's program head and another letter

consent to the respondents. Upon securing the approval of the respondents and school

authorities, the researcher will explain the nature and the purpose of the study and will

administer psychometric test on the available time of the control and experimental groups

to serve as pre-test.

After administering the pre-test, the researcher will be introducing the treatment

to the experimental group and none to the control group, A post-test will be administered

using the same test. The experimental treatment will be done through google meet and

the questionnaire will answer through google form. The questionnaires will be retrieved

to be interpreted.

32
Statistical Tools

Frequency Count and Percentage

A percentage frequency distribution is display of data that specifies the

percentage of observations that exist for each data or group of data (Lavrakas,2008) it

will be used to determined the demographic profile of the respondents by using the

following formula.

Formula:

Where:
% = f/N X 100
%=percent
f = Frequency

N=Number of Students

This study will utilize the dependent t-test which allows the researcher to use the

sample mean as basis for testing hypothesis about the population mean.

Formula:
Where: t = sample population
parameter
X = mean

33
D = difference SD = standard deviation n = sample

CHAPTER IV

Interpretation, Analysis and Presentation of Data

Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the data in a tabular form with corresponding analysis and

interpretation. These data were gathered from the instrument used.

Part I. Demographic Profile

Table 1.
Age % F

17-19 83.3% 25

20-22 16.7% 5

100% 30

34
 The Table 1 shows the age of the respondents, twenty five (83.3%) are those

between 17-19 while five (16.7%) are between 20-22.

Table 2.
AGE Pre-Test Post-Test df a Decision

17-19 25 or 83.3% 25 or 83.3% 24 0.05 Not significant

20-22 5 or 16.7% 5 or 16.7% 4 0.05 Not significant

The Table 2 shows the demographic profile of the respondents of the study in

terms of age. Among 30 respondents treated with 0.05 level of significance, 25 or 83.3%

are those between 17-19 years old with 24 degrees of freedom, while, 5 or 16.7%

between 2022 with 4 degrees of freedom.

Table 3.
Sex % F

Male 26.7% 8

Female 73.3% 22

35
 100% 30

The Table 3 shows the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of sex,

female respondents is 22 or 73.3% and male respondents is 8 or 26.7%

Part II. Effect of Font Color to the Memorization and Comprehension of selected

Freshmen Psychology Students.

Table 3.
Group Computed t-value T-value df a decision

Experimental -1.81 2.145 14 0.05 Accept the null

hypothesis

Control -1.26 2.145 14 0.05 Accept the null

hypothesis

Table 3 shows the effect of font Color to the Memorization and Comprehension

of selected Freshmen Psychology Students, both in experimental and control group. This

data was treated with 0.05 level of significance with 14 degrees of freedom.

Table 3 suggest that there is no significant difference in terms of the pretest and

posttest of both groups when compared to the tabular value of 2.145, however there is a

36
slight difference between the experimental and control group with respect to their

computed value.

While experimental group obtained -1.81 in computed value and control group has

-1.26, this does not affect the result of the study that the font color does not have an effect

on the Memorization and Comprehension of selected Freshmen Psychology Students.

37
 CHAPTER V

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study. It is also drafts conclusions

based on the findings.

Summary of Findings

This research conducted to determine if the font color has an effect to the

memorization and comprehension of selected college freshmen psychology students.

The researchers made used of their own-made test validated by Davigail Navales,

RPm which has been administered before and after the treatment.

The salient findings of the study as are follows:

38
 The Demographic Profile of the respondents. The respondents of the study are the

selected college freshmen psychology students of La Concepcion College in San Jose Del

Monte, Bulacan. Twenty five (25) of the respondents are between 17-19 of age, and five

(5) are between 20-22 of age.

The Demographic Profile of the respondents. The respondents of the study are the

selected college freshmen psychology students of La Concepcion College in San Jose Del

Monte, Bulacan. Twenty two (22) of the respondents are female by sex, and eight (8) are

male.

The result of the memorization and comprehension level in terms of age and sex

of the respondents suggests that there is no significant difference with regards to the

pretest and posttest of both groups within compared to the tabular value of 2.145,

however, there is a slight difference between the experimental and control group with

respect to their computed value.

39
Conclusions

Based from the summary of findings , the researchers therefore conclude the

following:

1. The findings of the study suggest that the font color does not have an influence to

the memorization and comprehension of the college freshmen students in

psychology. Nonetheless it may be inferred that another study maybe needed to

dig deeper in to the explanation as to why does the font color does not have any

affect to the memorization and comprehension of the students

2. Based on the results of the study it shows that there is no significant difference

before and after the treatment in terms of memorization and comprehension of the

respondent.

40
 Bibliography

Introduction:
https://scholarworks.harding.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1000&context=honorsresearch
https://sfleducation.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8
https://scholarworks.harding.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1000&context=honorsresearch https://psycnet.apa.org/home
https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-best-color-formemorization/
#How_do_Colours_influence_learning

Theoretical Framework:
http://stars.library.ucf.edu › cgiPDF
The Effect of Color on Working Memory Performance – ucf stars
https://stars.library.ucf.edu › ...PDF
The Effect of Color on Working Memory Performance – ucf stars
https://www.sciencedirect.com › topics
Stroop Effect – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Review of Related Literature: https://www.color-meanings.com/how-does-color-affect-

memory/
https://www.edc.org/sites/default/files/uploads/3_USAID%20Basa%20Pilipinas%20Final
%20Report%20(Digital%20Version,%20LowRes-Quality)_23JUL2018.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00784/full
https://www.academia.edu/43020550/The_Effects_of_Color_in_Terms_of_Enhancing_C
ognitive_Skills_and_Brain_Function_of_Senior_High_Learners_in_Our_Lady_of_Fatim
a_University_Valenzuela_Campus https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?
direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=c
rawler&jrnl=15277143&AN=141816959&h=UNAeej5iQGsasl5Jfe%2f4nt89DIFiVj7zu
V35FvKVRMAZbPDT6pQfX%2bSrACQP3el9oN5qaxgRe1o26NDGLaYhoQ%3d%3d

41
&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx
%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jr
nl%3d15277143%26AN%3d141816959
https://www.swnewsmedia.com/eden_prairie_news/news/opinion/letters_to_the_editor/le
tter-does-text-color-affect-comprehension/article_a904d06e-47ef-563e-b793-
67b6532cbca5.html https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/how-fonts-affect-
learning-and-memory http://www.lsneducation.org.uk/five-ways-colour-can-
affect-children-learningenvironment/ https://jofsr.org
https://colips.org/conferences/ialp2020/proceedings/papers/IALP2020_P67.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?q=The+impact+of+colors+on+learning&sa=X&ved=2a
hUKEwj6vqv0opT0AhWHsFYBHXfhDQIQ1QJ6BAgKEAE&biw=360&bih=598&dpr=
2
https://www.relevance.com/the-psychology-of-colours-and-fonts-in-content-
andbranding/ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3438889
https://ijip.in/
(https://sfleducation.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8)
https://www.verywellmind.com/color-psychology-2795824#modern-research-on-color-
psychology
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316539970_Effect_of_Color_on_Information_
Retention_by_Young_Men_and_Women
https://www.scribd.com/document/410881670/HUMAN-EXP-docx
https://www.scribd.com/document/471598948/THE-EFFECT-OF-GENDER-
ANDCOLOR-ON-MEMORY
APPENDIX A
“The Effect of Font Color to the Selected Freshmen Psychology Students’ Memorization
and Comprehension in La Concepcion College A.Y. 2021-2022”

I. Demographic Profile

Age: _____________ Sex: _____________

II. Questionnaire

42
 Direction: Rate the following statements on a scale 1-6
1 – STRONGLY DISAGREE 2 – DISAGREE
3 – AGREE 4 – STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4
1. Colorful font helps me to memorize words easily.
2. I understand the sentence better if it is colored or highlighted.
3. Colorful font affects my comprehension in reading.
4. Colorful font affects my memorization of words or statements.
5. Uniformed font color in a sentence helps me understand the words
easily.
6. Uniformed font color in a sentence helps me memorize the words
easily.
7. Black font color looks plain and hard to remember.
8. Red font color gives emphasis to a word and makes me remember it
easier.
9. Light or Primary color fonts (e.g. Red, Blue or Green, etc.) enlightened
the meaning of the sentence.
10. I make a font colored to take note that it is an important word.

Validated by:

DavigailNavales, RPm

Validator

APPENDIX B

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf2MIYr9DhtNU8U1pbekXQ4PsFlke74s9H
ZOr06YJor1ZNQLQ/viewform?usp=pp_url

43
 APPENDIX C

November 28, 2021

LOURDES ELEAZAR

Program Head of Psychology Division La

Concepcion College Inc.

44
Dear Ma’am,

Greetings of Peace!

In partial fulfillment of our requirements for our subject Experimental Psychology, we second
year college students of section BSP2A namely: Kate Anne Modino, Divine Claveria, Dominic
Gener, Hana Alpay and Kimberly Navales would like to ask for permission to conduct a research
study entitled “The Effect of Font Color to the Selected Freshmen Psychology Students'
Memorization and Comprehension in La Concepcion College A.Y. 2021-2022”

In connection with this, we would like to ask your good office to allow us to conduct our research
study in your vicinity. Rest assured that the data we will gather will remain absolutely
confidential and to be used in academic purpose only.

We believe that your are with us in our enthusiasms to finish the requirement as compliance for
our subject and to develop our well-being. We hope of your positive response on this humble
matter. Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated.

Respectfully yours,

The Researchers

Approved by:

LOURDES ELEAZAR
Program Head of Psychology Division

APPENDIX D

November 29, 2021

Dear Sir/Madame

45
Warmness Greetings!

We would like to ask your permission to please allow us to conduct a survey among the 1st
year Psychology students of BSP1D. This is in view of our research, entitled, The Effect of
Font Color to the Selected Freshmen Psychology Students’ Memorization and Comprehension
in La Concepcion College A.Y. 2021-2022.

The survey would last only about 30-60 minutes and would be arranged at a time convenient
to the students schedule. Participation in the survey is entirely voluntary and there are no
known or anticipated risk in this study. All information provided will be kept in utmost
confidentially and would be used only for academic purposes only.

We believed that you are with us in our enthusiasm to finish this requirement as compliance on
the subject and to develop our well being. We hope for your positive response on this humble
matter.

Respectfully yours,
The Researchers
Kate Anne Modino

Kimberly Navales

Dominic Gener

Divine Claveria

Hana Alpay

APPENDIX E

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

46
 This is to certify that the own-made test questionnaire made by the researches: Kate Anne
C. Modino, Kimberly B. Navales, Dominic O. Gener, Divine S. Claveria and Hana G. Alpay, 2nd
year Psychology students, had undergone validation by experts.

The experts can attest that the questionnaire had passed through careful examination and
were proven substantially useful for their research entitled: “The Effects of Font Color to the
Selected Freshmen Psychology Students’ Memorization and Comprehension in La Concepcion
College A.Y. 2021-2022”.

CERTIFIED BY:

DAVIGAIL NAVALES
Registered Psychometrician

APPENDIX F

DOMINIC OSANO GENER

AHUNIN ST. NORZAGARAY BULACAN
Cell Number: 09387295002
Email Address: dominicgener6@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Nickname : Dom
Birthday : May 12 2002
Birthplace : Sapang Palay Gen. Hospital

47
Age : 19
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : INC
Civil status : Single
Father's name : Doroteo Gener
Mother's name : Minerva Gener

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
ELEMENTARY : TIMOTEO POLICARPIO MEMORIAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
HIGH SCHOOL : MINUYAN NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: EBENEZER CHRISTIAN ACADEMY, INC.
COLLEGE : LA CONCEPCION COLLEGE,
INC.
HANA GARCIA ALPAY
BLK 10 lot 8 Oak St, Greenleaf Classic 2
Brgy. Kaypian San Jose Del Monte Bulacan
Cell Number: 09281741433
Email Address: alpayhana@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Nickname : Hana
Birthday : July 27 2001
Birthplace : Quezon City
Age : 20
Nationality : Filipino

48
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil status : Single
Father's name : Omar T. Alpay
Mother's name : Carmen M. Garcia

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
KINDER : CREATIVE LEARNING CENTER
GRADE 1 TO GRADE 6: HOLY FAMILY SCHOOL
GRADE 7 TO GRADE 11: INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINE SCHOOL IN
ALKHOBAR
Grade 12 to COLLEGE: LA CONCEPCION COLLEGE, INC.

KATE ANNE CARRILLO MODINO

BLK 7 Lot 72 Phase 1B Towerville, Brgy. Sto.
Cristo,
San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan 3023
Contact Number: 0956-416-5415
Email Address: kateannemodino@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Nickname : Kate
Birthday : March 10 2002
Birthplace : Paco, Manila
Age : 19

49
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil status : Single
Father's name : Marvin B. Modino
Mother's name : Karen C. Modino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
TERTIARY: La Concepcion College Inc. (2020-present)
Bachelor of Science Major in Psychology
SECONDARY: Asian Institute of Technology, Sciences, and the Arts Inc. (2018-2020)
Cabuyao Integrated National High School (2014-2018)
PRIMARY: North Marinig Elementary School (2008-2014)

DIVINE SOLOMON CLAVERIA

BLK 12 Gumaoc West CSJDM Bulacan
Cell Number: 09668868672
Email Address: claveriadivine824@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Nickname : Bheng
Birthday : March 14 2001
Birthplace : Quezon City
Age : 20

50
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil status : Single
Father's name : Noel Claveria
Mother's name : Yolanda Claveria

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
TERTIARY: LA CONCEPCION, INC.
Bachelor of Science major in Psychology (2020-Present)
SECONDARY: San Jose National High School (2016-2020)
PRIMARY: Gumaok Elementary School

KIMBERLY BAUNSIT NAVALES

BLK 25 LOT 4B AREA B PUROK 6
ST. MATAHIMIK BBI SAN JOSE DEL
MONTE
BULACAN 3023
Cell Number: 09656219231
Email Address: kimnavales0914@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Nickname : Kim

51
Birthday : September 14 2001
Birthplace : Sta. Cruz, Manila
Age : 20
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Born Again
Civil status : Single
Father's name : Arcadio C. Berdida
Mother's name : Maria Jasmin N. Berdida

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
TERTIARY: LA CONCEPCION COLLEGE, INC.
Bachelor of Science major in Psychology (2020-Present)
SECONDARY: Sapang Palay National High School (2014-2018) SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL: EBENEZER CHRISTIAN ACADEMY, INC. (2018-2020)
PRIMARY: Bagong Buhay B Elementary School (2009-2014)

52