PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

PORTFOLIO
IN DYNAMICS OF RIGID
BODIES
(ME 221)

Submitted to: Engr. Kuinee Olaget

Submitted by: Aldren Carbon

 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

COMPILATION OF

LECTURE NOTES
RECTILINEAR MOTION

Type of motion describes the movement of a particle or a body. A body is said to be on

rectilinear motion if any two particles of a body travel the same distance in a parallel straight
line.

Rectilinear motion is simply the motion along a straight line.

MOTION WITH CONSTANT VELOCITY (UNIFORM MOTION)

The simplest type of motion velocity. This type of motion occurs in everyday life
whenever an object slides over a horizontal, low friction surface: e.g., a puck sliding across a
hockey rink.

𝒔 = 𝒗𝒕

MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION

Motion with constant acceleration occurs in everyday life whenever an object is

dropped: the object moves downward with the constant acceleration under the influence of
gravity.

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕

𝟏
𝒔 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝒇 ² = 𝒗𝒊 ² + 𝟐𝒂𝒔

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
FREE-FALLING BODY

All bodies in free-fall close to the Earth's surface accelerate vertically downwards with
the same acceleration: namely, g = 9.81 ms 2 .

𝒗 = 𝒈𝒕

𝟏 𝟐
𝒉= 𝒈𝒕
𝟐

Note: From constant acceleration, initial velocity = 0, final velocity = V, s = h and a = g .

MOTION WITH VARIABLE ACCELERATION

When a varying force (force that either increases or decreases with time) then body will
move with variable acceleration.

𝒅𝒗
𝒂=
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒔
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂𝒅𝒔

Where: Note:

𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 • a is positive (+) if v is increasing (accelerate).

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 • a is negative (-) if v is decreasing
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (decelerate).
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 • g is positive (+) if the particle is moving
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 downward.
𝑔 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 • g is negative (-)if the particle is moving
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 upward.
PROBLEM SET

Problem 1.
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft (24.38 m) high at the same instant that a
second ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 40 ft/sec (12.19 m/s).
When and where do they pass, and with what relative velocity?

Given:
ℎ= 80 ft
𝑣𝑓 = 0
𝑣𝑖 = 40 ft/s

𝑔= 32.2 ft/s2

Solution:

From A to C (freefall) For 𝒉:

1
ℎ = ℎ1 + ℎ2
ℎ1 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2 80 = 16.1𝑡 2 + (40𝑡 − 16.1𝑡 2 )
1
ℎ1= 2 (32.2)𝑡 2 80 = 40𝑡
𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 : Therefor ℎ1 = 64.4 𝑓𝑡
2
ℎ1 = 16.1𝑡 They pass each other after 2 seconds at 64.4 ft from the top
of the tower. Answer
From B to C (upward motion)
𝟏
From the formula 𝒔 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐
Velocity at C of stone from A (after 2 seconds)
1
ℎ2 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑣𝑐1 = gt = 32.2(2) = 64.4 ft per sec
1
ℎ2 = 40𝑡 − 2 (32.2)𝑡 2
Velocity at C of stone from B (after 2 seconds)
2
ℎ2 = 40𝑡 − 16.1𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑐2 = 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑔𝑡 = 40 − 32.2(2) = −24.4 (Downward)
𝑠𝑒𝑐

Relative velocity
𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝑐1 + 𝑣𝑐2
𝑣𝑟 = 64.4 − 24.4
𝑣𝑟 = 40 ft per sec answer
Problem 2.
A baseball is thrown downward from a 50-ft tower with an initial speed of 18 ft per sec.
Determine the speed at which it hits the ground and the time travelled.

Solution:

18 ft/ sec Given:

ℎ = 50 𝑓𝑡

𝑣𝑖 = 18 𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐
50 ft
𝑎 = 𝑔 = 32.2 𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐²

𝑣𝑓 ² = 𝑣𝑖 ² + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣𝑓 ² = (18)2 + 2(32.2)(50)
𝑣𝑓 ² = 59.532 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
59.532 = 18 + (32.2)𝑡
𝑡 = 1.3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer .
answer.

Problem 3.

Traveling with an initial speed of 70 km/h, a car accelerates at 6000 km/h² along a
straight road. How long will it take to reach a speed of 120 km/h? Also, through what distance
does the car travel during this time?
Given:
Final velocity = 120 km/h Initial velocity = 70 km/h Acceleration = 6000km/h²

Solution:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑓 ² = 𝑣𝑖 ² + 2𝑎𝑠
1202 = 702 + 2(6000)𝑠
120 km/h = 70 km/h + 6000 km/h²(t)
𝑠 = 0.792 𝑘𝑚 = 792 𝑚 answer.
1 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡 = 120 ℎ𝑟 ∗ ( )
1 ℎ𝑟

𝑡 = 30 𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer
Problem 4.
Problem 5.
Alan Iverson slam dunks a basketball and a physics student observes that Iverson’s feet
are 1 m above the floor at his peak height. At what upward velocity must Iverson leave the floor
to achieve this?

Given: Solution:
𝑠 = 1𝑚 𝑣𝑓 ² = 𝑣𝑖 ² + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑎 = 𝑔 = −9.81 𝑚/𝑠²
𝑣𝑓 = 0 0 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2(−9.81)(1)

Find 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 4.4 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer.

Problem 6.
A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft (7.32 m) during the 10th sec of its
motion and 18 ft (5.49 m) during the 12th sec of its motion. Find its initial velocity and its
constant acceleration

Solution:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

From (1):
24 = 𝑣𝑖 + 10𝑎 (1)
24 = 𝑣𝑖 + 10(−3)
18 = 𝑣𝑖 + 12𝑎 (2)
𝑣𝑖 = 54 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer.

Subtract (1) to (2).

6 = −2𝑎
𝑎 = −3 𝑓𝑡/𝑠² answer.
Problem 7.
An airplane lands with initial velocity of 70 m/s and then decelerates at 1.50 m/s² for 40
sec. What is its final velocity?

Given:
𝑣𝑖 = 70 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎 = −1.50 𝑚/𝑠²
𝑡 = 40 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Solution:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣𝑓 = 70 + (−1.50)(40) = 10 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer.

Problem 8.
Dragsters can achieve an average acceleration of 26.0 m/s². Suppose a dragster
accelerates from the rest at this rate for 5.56 sec. How far does it travel in this time?

𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓

𝑠𝑖 𝑎 = 26.0 𝑚/𝑠² 𝑠𝑓

Solution: 1
Given: 𝑠= (26)(5.56)²
2
1
Initial velocity = 0 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑠 = 402 𝑚 answer.
2
Acceleration = 26 m/s²
1 2
Time = 5.56 sec 𝑠= 𝑎𝑡
2
Problem 9.

Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is
10 m/s and it accelerates at 2.00 m/s², how long does it takes the car to travel the 200 m up the
ramp?

𝑠𝑖 = 0 𝑠𝑓 = 200 𝑚

𝑣𝑖 = 10𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 = 2 𝑚/𝑠² 𝑣𝑓 =?

Given:
Initial velocity = 10 m/s
Acceleration = 2 m/s²
Distance = 200 m

Solution:

1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑚 1 𝑚
200 𝑚 = (10 𝑠 ) (𝑡) + 2 (2 𝑠2 )(𝑡)²

200 = 10 𝑡 + 𝑡²

Using quadratic formula

−𝑏±√𝑏²−4𝑎𝑐
𝑡= 2𝑎𝑐

𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer.
Problem 10.

A construction worker accidentally drops a brick from a high scaffold.

a. What is the velocity of the brick after 4.0 s?

b. How far does the brick fall during this time?

𝑡 = 4𝑠𝑒𝑐

S
𝑎 = −9.8 𝑚/𝑠²

Solution:

(a)

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + (−9.8)(4)

𝑣𝑓 = −39 𝑚/𝑠 (Downward) answer.

(b)

1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
𝑠 = 0 + 2 (−9.8)(4)²

𝑠 = 78 𝑚 ..the bricks falls 78 meters. Answer.

Problem 11.

A small rocket with a booster blast off and head straight upward. When at a height of 5
km and velocity of 200 m/s, it releases its booster.

(a) What is the maximum height the booster attains?

(b) What is the velocity of the booster at the height of 6 km? Neglect air resistance.

Solution:

(a).

𝑣=0

𝑔 = −9.8 𝑚/𝑠²

𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑔ℎ

𝑣² (200)²
ℎ = 2𝑔𝑖 = 2(−9.8)

ℎ = 2040.8 𝑚 answer.

(b).
𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑔ℎ
𝑚
𝑣 2 = (200𝑚)2 + (−9.8 𝑠 )²(6000𝑚)

𝑣 2 = 142.8 𝑚/𝑠 answer.

Problem 12.

A stone is dropped from a captive balloon at an elevation of 1000ft. Two seconds later
another stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 248ft/s. if g =
32ft/s². When and where the stones pass each other?

Given:

ℎ = 1000 𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑖2 = 248 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑔 = 32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠²

Stone dropped from captive balloon (free fall)

1
ℎ1 = 2 𝑔𝑡²
1
ℎ1 = (32)𝑡1 ²
2

ℎ1 = 16𝑡1 ²

Stone thrown vertically upward 2 seconds later.

1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖2 𝑡2 − 𝑔𝑡2 2
2
1
ℎ2 = 248𝑡2 − 2 (32)𝑡2 ²
ℎ2 = 248(𝑡1 − 2) − 16(𝑡1 − 2)²

ℎ = ℎ1 + ℎ2
1000 = 16𝑡12 + [248(𝑡1 − 2) − 16(𝑡1 − 2)2 ]
1560 = 312𝑡1
𝑡1 = 5𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer.
ℎ2 = 248(5 − 2) − 16(5 − 2)²
ℎ2 = 600 𝑓𝑡 answer.
Problem 13.

A mango falls from a branch 5meters above the ground. With what speed in meters per
second does it strike the ground?

Solution:

vf2 – v02 = + 2gh

vf2 – 0 = 2(9.81)(5)
vf = √98.1
5m

vf = 9.9m/s answer.

Problem 14.
The car on the left in the photo and in Fig. 12–2 moves in a straight line such that for a
short time its velocity is defined by v = (3t2 + 2t) ft/s, where t is in seconds. Determine its
position and acceleration when t = 3 s. When t = 0, s = 0.

Acceleration. Since v = f (t), the acceleration

is determined from a = dv/dt, since this
equation relates a, v, and t.

answer.
Problem 15.

A ball is dropped from a building 100 m high. If the mass of the ball is 10 gm after what
time will the ball strike the earth?

100m

Solution:

NOTE: since the ball is dropped the initial velocity is zero.

1
ℎ= 𝑔𝑡 2
2

1 𝑚
100 𝑚 = 2 (−9.81 𝑠2 ) 𝑡²

𝑡 = 4.52 𝑠𝑒𝑐 answer.

EXERCISES:

1. A car is travelling at a constant speed of 72 km/h and passes a stationary police car. The
police car immediately gives chase, accelerating uniformly to reach a speed
of 90 km/h in10 s and continues at this speed until he overtakes the other car. Find:

(a) the time taken by the police to catch up with the car,

(b) the distance travelled by the police car when this happens.

2. Two sport cars start from rest at the same place. One of them, colored red, accelerates at
0.90 ms−2 for 15 s, and continues at constant speed thereafter. The other car, colored blue,
accelerates at 0.85ms−2 for 20 s and then remains at that speed.

Draw both journeys on the same velocity-time graph and determine the time and distance that
the second car overtakes the first car.
Given these assumptions, the following steps are then used to analyze projectile motion:

Step 1. Resolve or break the motion into horizontal and vertical components along the x- and y-
axes. These axes are perpendicular, so Ax=Acosθ and Ay=Asinθ are used.
The magnitude of the components of displacement s along these axes are x and y. The
magnitudes of the components of the velocity v are vx=vcosθ and vy=vsinθ, where v is the
magnitude of the velocity and θ is its direction, as shown in Figure 3.37. Initial values are denoted
with a subscript 0, as usual.

Step 2. Treat the motion as two independent one-dimensional motions, one horizontal and the
other vertical. The kinematic equations for horizontal and vertical motion take the following
forms:
Step 3. Solve for the unknowns in the two separate motions—one horizontal and one vertical.
Note that the only common variable between the motions is time t. The problem-solving
procedures here are the same as for one-dimensional kinematics and are illustrated in the solved
examples below.

Step 4. Recombine the two motions to find the total displacement s and velocity v. Because the
x - and y - motions are perpendicular, we determine these vectors by using the techniques
outlined in the Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods and employing
A=A2x+A2y−−−−−−−√ and θ=tan−1(Ay/Ax) in the following form, where θ is the direction of the
displacement s and θv is the direction of the velocity v:
 One of the most important things illustrated by projectile motion is that vertical and
horizontal motions are independent of each other. Galileo was the first person to fully
comprehend this characteristic. He used it to predict the range of a projectile. On level ground,
we define range to be the horizontal distance R traveled by a projectile. Galileo and many others
were interested in the range of projectiles primarily for military purposes—such as aiming
cannons. However, investigating the range of projectiles can shed light on other interesting
phenomena, such as the orbits of satellites around the Earth. Let us consider projectile range
further.
 How does the initial velocity of a projectile affect its range? Obviously, the greater the
initial speed v0, the greater the range, as shown in Figure 3.40(a). The initial angle θ0 also has a
dramatic effect on the range, as illustrated in Figure 3.40(b). For a fixed initial speed, such as
might be produced by a cannon, the maximum range is obtained with θ0=45º. This is true only
for conditions neglecting air resistance. If air resistance is considered, the maximum angle is
approximately 38º. Interestingly, for every initial angle except 45º, there are two angles that give
the same range—the sum of those angles is 90º. The range also depends on the value of the
acceleration of gravity g. The lunar astronaut Alan Shepherd was able to drive a golf ball a great
distance on the Moon because gravity is weaker there. The range R of a projectile on level ground
for which air resistance is negligible is given by

where v0 is the initial speed and θ0 is the initial angle relative to the horizontal. The proof of this
equation is left as an end-of-chapter problem (hints are given), but it does fit the major features
of projectile range as described.

When we speak of the range of a projectile on level ground, we assume that R is very
small compared with the circumference of the Earth. If, however, the range is large, the Earth
curves away below the projectile and acceleration of gravity changes direction along the path.
The range is larger than predicted by the range equation given above because the projectile has
farther to fall than it would on level ground. (See Figure 3.41.) If the initial speed is great enough,
the projectile goes into orbit. This possibility was recognized centuries before it could be
accomplished. When an object is in orbit, the Earth curves away from underneath the object at
the same rate as it falls. The object thus falls continuously but never hits the surface. These and
other aspects of orbital motion, such as the rotation of the Earth, will be covered analytically and
in greater depth later in this text.

Once again, we see that thinking about one topic, such as the range of a projectile, can
lead us to others, such as the Earth orbits. In Addition of Velocities, we will examine the addition
of velocities, which is another important aspect of two-dimensional kinematics and will also yield
insights beyond the immediate topic.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Air Resistance -a frictional force that slows the motion of objects as they travel through the air;
when solving basic physics problems, air resistance is assumed to be zero.
Analytical Method -the method of determining the magnitude and direction of a resultant vector
using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric identities.
Classical Relativity -the study of relative velocities in situations where speeds are less than about
1% of the speed of light—that is, less than 3000 km/s.
Commutative -refers to the interchangeability of order in a function; vector addition is
commutative because the order in which vectors are added together does not affect the final
sum.
Component (Of A 2-D Vector) -a piece of a vector that points in either the vertical or the
horizontal direction; every 2-d vector can be expressed as a sum of two vertical and horizontal
vector components.
Direction (Of A Vector) -the orientation of a vector in space.
Head (Of A Vector) -the end point of a vector; the location of the tip of the vector’s arrowhead;
also referred to as the “tip”.
Head-To-Tail Method -a method of adding vectors in which the tail of each vector is placed at
the head of the previous vector.
Kinematics -the study of motion without regard to mass or force.
Magnitude (Of A Vector) -the length or size of a vector; magnitude is a scalar quantity.
Motion -displacement of an object as a function of time.
Projectile -an object that travels through the air and experiences only acceleration due to gravity.
Projectile Motion -the motion of an object that is subject only to the acceleration of gravity.
Range -the maximum horizontal distance that a projectile travel.
Relative Velocity -the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame.
Relativity -the study of how different observers moving relative to each other measure the same
phenomenon.
Resultant -the sum of two or more vectors.
Resultant Vector -the vector sum of two or more vectors.
Scalar -a quantity with magnitude but no direction.
Tail -the start points of a vector; opposite to the head or tip of the arrow.
Trajectory -the path of a projectile through the air.
Vector -a quantity that has both magnitude and direction; an arrow used to represent quantities
with both magnitude and direction.
Vector Addition -the rules that apply to adding vectors together.
Velocity -speed in a given direction.
PROBLEM SET

Problem 1.
In the given picture below, Alice throws the ball to the +X direction with an initial velocity
10m/s. Time elapsed during the motion is 5s, calculate the height that object is thrown and Vy
component of the velocity after it hits the ground.

Problem 2.
John kicks the ball and ball does projectile motion with an angle of 53º to horizontal. Its
initial velocity is 10 m/s, find the maximum height it can reach, horizontal displacement and total
time required for this motion. (sin53º=0, 8 and cos53º=0, 6)
Problem 3.
In the given picture you see the motion path of cannonball. Find the maximum height it
can reach, horizontal distance it covers and total time from the given information. (The angle
between cannonball and horizontal is 53º and sin53º=0, 8 and cos53º=0, 6)

Problem 4.
You are trapped on the top of a burning building. Death is imminent and help is nowhere
in sight. There is a safe building 6.50 m away and 3.00 m lower. You decide to try and make it
across. You run horizontally off your building at 8.10 m/s. Do you make it across? If you don't,
how much faster must you be going?
First we sketch the situation and possible outcomes.

While you are jumping, you are a projectile. We solve projectile motion problems by considering
the x and y components separately, keeping in mind that the time in air is common. We write out
the i and j information in separate columns including the information that we can infer or that
we are supposed to know like the fact that running horizontally implies that 𝑉𝑜𝑦 = 0..

Looking at the x information, we see that we have enough data to find 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟 .The kinematics
equation that has allfour quantities is Δx = v0x t + ½ax t 2 . Since ax = 0 for a projectile, this
equation become Δx = v0x t. Solving for t, we get

This is the time it would take you to cross a horizontal distance of 6.50 m. You must be in the air
for at least this long if you are to safely make it across to the next building. On the other hand,
looking at the y information, we see that we also have enough data to find 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟 . The kinematics
equation that has all four quantities is Δy = v0y t + ½ay t 2 . We know v0y = 0 since you ran off
the roof horizontally and that ay = g, thus this equation becomes Δy = ½gt 2 . Solving for t, we get

This is the time it takes you to fall a vertical distance of 3.00 m. If you do reach the other building,
then this is how long you were in the air.

Since the time it takes to cross the horizontal distance is less than the time you have, you have
don't make it across.

To make it across safely you of course would need to run off the roof faster. Since ax = 0 for
projectiles, the kinematics equation become Δx = 𝑉𝑜𝑥 t where t is now the 0.7821 s. Solving for
𝑉𝑜𝑥 , we get ,

If you were able to run at 8.31 m/s you would safely make it to the other building.

Problem 5.
An aircraft is moving horizontally with a speed of 50 m/s. At the height of 2 km, an object
is dropped from the aircraft. Acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2, what is the time interval
before the object hits the ground.
Known :
Height = 2 km = 2000 meters
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
Wanted : The time interval (t)

Solution :
h = 1/2 g t2
2000 = 1/2 (10) t2
2000 = 5 t2
t2 = 2000/5 = 400
t = √400 = 20 seconds
Problem 6.
A kicked football leaves the ground at an angle θ = 45o with the horizontal has an initial
speed of 25 m/s. Determine the distance of X. Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.

Known :
Initial speed (vo) = 25 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
Angle (θ) = 45o
Wanted : X
Solution :
The horizontal component of the initial velocity :
vox = vo cos θ = (25 m/s)(cos 45o) = (25 m/s)(0.5√2) = 12.5√2 m/s
The vertical component of the initial velocity :
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = vo sin θ = (25 m/s)(sin 45o) = (25 m/s)(0.5√2) = 12.5√2 m/s

Projectile motion could be understood by analyzing the horizontal and vertical component of the
motion separately. The x motion occurs at constant velocity and the y motion occurs at constant
acceleration of gravity.

Time in the air (t) :

The time in air calculated with the equation of the upward vertical motion.
Choose upward direction as positive and downward direction as negative.
Known :
The initial velocity (vo) = 12.5√2 m/s (upward direction, positive)
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = -10 m/s2 (downward direction, negative)
Height (h) = 0
Wanted : Time interval (t)
Solution :
h = vo t + 1/2 g t2
0 = (12.5√2) t + 1/2 (-10) t2
0 = 12.5√2 t – 5 t2
12.5√2 t = 5 t2
12.5√2 = 5 t
t = 12.5√2 / 5
t = 2.5√2 seconds
The horizontal distance (X) :
Calculated using the equation of the uniform linear motion with constant velocity.
Known :
Velocity (v) = 12.5√2 m/s
Time interval (t) = 2.5√2 seconds
Wanted : Distance
Solution :
d = v t = (12.5√2)(2.5√2) = (12.5)(2.5)(2) = 62.5 meters
Problem 7.
An object projected upward at an angle θ = 30𝑜 with the horizontal has an initial speed of 20 m/s.
Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. Determine the maximum height.
Known :
The initial velocity (vo) = 20 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
Angle (θ) = 30o
Wanted : The maximum height
Solution :
First, find the vertical component of the initial velocity (voy) :
voy = vo sin 30o = (20)(sin 30o) = (20)(0.5) = 10 m/s
Calculate the maximum height. Choose upward direction as positive and downward direction as
negative.
Known :
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = -10 m/s2 (downward direction, negative)
The vertical component of the initial velocity (voy) = 10 m/s (upward direction, positive)
Velocity at the maximum height (vty) = 0
Wanted : The maximum height (h)
Solution :
vt2 = vo2 + 2 g h
02 = 102 + 2 (-10) h
0 = 100 – 20 h
100 = 20 h
h = 100/20
h = 5 meters
The maximum height is 5 meters.

Problem 8.
A balloon having 20 m/s constant velocity is rising from ground to up. When the balloon
reaches 160 m height, an object is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 40m/s with respect to
balloon. Find the horizontal distance travelled by the object.
Problem 9.
An object hits the ground as given in the picture below. Find the initial velocity of the
object.

Problem 10.
An object is thrown with an angle 370 with horizontal. If the initial velocity of the object
is 50m/s, find the time of motion, maximum height it can reach, and distance in horizontal.

Problem 11.
A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 150 m/s and an angle of 56° at the top of a 120 m
tall building. Neglecting air resistance, determine the following:

The maximum height above the level ground that can be reached by the bullet.
The time for the bullet to hit the ground.
The velocity with which the bullet will hit the ground.
Problem 12.
Consider the figure. How fast must the basketball player shoot the ball so that it goes
through the hoop without touching the backboard?
Problem 13.
A hockey puck slides of the edge of a table with an initial velocity of 20.0m/s. The height
of the table above the ground is 2m. What is the angle below the horizontal of the velocity of the
puck just before it hits the ground?

Problem 14.
A cannon is fired with muzzle velocity of 150 m/s at an angle of elevation = 45°. Gravity =
9.8 m/𝑠 2 . What is the maximum height the projectile reaches?

Let’s set up what we know. First, let’s define our variables.

𝑣0 = initial velocity = muzzle velocity = 150 m/s
𝑣𝑥 = horizontal velocity component
𝑣𝑦 = vertical velocity component
θ = angle of elevation = 45°
h = maximum height
R = range
x = horizontal position at t=10 s
y = vertical position at t=10 s
m = mass of projectile
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/𝑠 2

The formulas we will be using are:

d = v0t + ½at2 and vf – v0 = at

The initial vertical velocity is

v0y = v0·sinθ
v0y = 150 m/s · sin(45°)
v0y = 106.1 m/s

F = ma = -mg
solve for a
a = -g
vhy – v0y = at
0 – v0y = -9.8 m/s2·t
0 – 106.1 m/s = -9.8 m/s2·t
Solve for t

t = 10.8 s
Now solve the first equation for h
h = v0yt + ½at2
h = (106.1 m/s)(10.8 s) + ½(-9.8 m/s2)(10.8 s)2
h = 1145.9 m – 571.5 m
h = 574.4 m

The highest height the projectile reaches is 574.4 meters.

Problem 15.
A cannon is fired with muzzle velocity of 150 m/s at an angle of elevation = 45°. Gravity
= 9.8 m/𝑠 2 . What is the total time aloft?

Let’s set up what we know. First, let’s define our variables.

𝑣0 = initial velocity = muzzle velocity = 150 m/s
𝑣𝑥 = horizontal velocity component
𝑣𝑦 = vertical velocity component
θ = angle of elevation = 45°
h = maximum height
R = range
x = horizontal position at t=10 s
y = vertical position at t=10 s
m = mass of projectile
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/𝑠 2

ttotal = tup + tdown

The same acceleration force acts on the projectile in both directions. The time down takes the
same amount of time it took to go up.

tup = tdown
or
ttotal = 2 tup

we found tup in Part a of the problem: 10.8 seconds

ttotal = 2 (10.8 s)
ttotal = 21.6 s

The total time aloft for the projectile is 21.6 seconds.

EXERCISES:

1. A bullet fired at an angle θ = 60o with a velocity of 20 m/s. Acceleration due to

gravity is 10 m/s2. What is the time interval to reach the maximum height?

2. An object projected at an angle. The height of the object is the same when the time
interval = 1 second and 3 seconds. What is the time interval the object in air.
 Kinematics is the description of motion. The kinematics of rotational motion describes
the relationships among rotation angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and time. Let us
start by finding an equation relating 𝜔, 𝛼 and 𝑡. To determine this equation, we recall a familiar
kinematic equation for translational, or straight-line, motion:

𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎)

Note that in rotational motion 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡 , and we shall use the symbol 𝑎 for tangential or
linear acceleration from now on. As in linear kinematics, we assume 𝑎 is constant, which means
that angular acceleration 𝛼 is also a constant, because 𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼. Now, let us substitute 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
and 𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼 into the linear equation above:

𝑟𝜔 = 𝑟𝜔0 + 𝑟𝛼𝑡

The radius 𝑟 cancels in the equation, yielding

𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛼),

where 𝜔0 is the initial angular velocity. This last equation is a kinematic relationship among 𝜔, 𝛼,
and 𝑡 —that is, it describes their relationship without reference to forces or masses that may affect
rotation. It is also precisely analogous in form to its translational counterpart.

Kinematics for rotational motion is completely analogous to translational kinematics.

Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion without regard to force or mass. We will
find that translational kinematic quantities, such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration have
direct analogs in rotational motion.
Starting with the four kinematic equations we developed in One-Dimensional Kinematics,
we can derive the following four rotational kinematic equations (presented together with their
translational counterparts):

Rotational Translational
̅𝒕
𝜽=𝝎 𝑥 = 𝜈̅ 𝑡
𝝎 = 𝝎𝟎 + 𝜶𝒕 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛼, 𝑎)
𝟏 1
𝜽 = 𝝎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝜶𝒕𝟐 𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛼, 𝑎)
𝟐 2

𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜽 𝑣 2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛼, 𝑎)

In these equations, the subscript 0 denotes initial values (𝜃0 , 𝑥0 and 𝑡0 are initial values),
and the average angular velocity 𝜔
̅ and average velocity 𝜈̅ are defined as follows:
𝜔0 + 𝜔
𝜔
̅=
2
 𝑣0 + 𝑣
𝜈̅ =
2
Take a look at the given figure below,

𝜔
𝜃

For Uniform Motion:

𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
For Uniform Angular Acceleration:
𝜔𝑓 − 𝜔0 1
𝛼 = 𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡² 2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2
𝑡 2
Linear and Angular Relations:
𝜔
𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃 𝑉 = 𝑟𝜔 𝛼= 𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑟𝜔2 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑟𝛼

where:
𝜃 = angular displacement in radians 𝑎 = linear velocity
𝜔 = angular velocity in (rad/sec) 𝑉 = linear velocity
𝛼 = angular acceleration in (rad/sec2) 𝑆 = linear distance

Rotational Variables
In normal translational motion, there are five key variables: position, initial velocity, final
velocity, acceleration and time. Now we need to look at variables for rotational motion. Each linear
variable has a corresponding rotation one.
Position, x, is replaced with angle, theta, which is the position of an object around an axis
of rotation, measured in radians.
Initial and final velocity are replaced with initial and final angular velocity, which is just
how fast the object rotates, measured in radians per second.
Acceleration is replaced with angular acceleration, which describes the rate at which the
angular velocity is changing, measured in radians per second per second, or radians per second
squared.
And time is just time. It doesn't really matter what the object's doing -- the clock still ticks the same
way.
Definition of Terms
Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, objects and
systems of groups of objects, without reference to the causes of motion (i.e., forces).
Angular displacement is defined as the angle in radians (degrees, revolutions) through which a
point or line has been rotated in a specified sense about a specified axis. It is the angle of the
movement of a body in a circular path.
Angular velocity is the rate of velocity at which an object or a particle is rotating around a center
or a specific point in a given time period. It is also known as rotational velocity. Angular velocity
is measured in angle per unit time or radians per second (rad/s).
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity with a time of an object in motion.
Acceleration is the change in velocity of moving an object with respect to time. If the object moves
on a circular direction than its velocity is called angular velocity. t is a quantitative expression of
the change in angular velocity per unit time.
Normal acceleration is the component of acceleration for a point in curvilinear motion that is
directed along the principal normal to the trajectory toward the center of curvature; normal
acceleration is also called centripetal acceleration. It measures the changes in the direction of the
velocity with time.
Tangential acceleration is a measure of how quickly a tangential velocity change. It always acts
perpendicular to the centripetal acceleration of a rotating object. It is the rate of change of the
velocity tangent to the plane curve. It is equal to the angular acceleration α, times the radius of the
rotation.

Problems
𝑚
1. A motorcycle moves at a constant speed of 𝑣 = 12 around a curved road of radius 𝑟 =
𝑠
100 𝑚. What is the magnitude and general direction of the motorcycle's acceleration?
Solution:
The normal acceleration, an is,
𝑚 2
𝑣2 (12 ) 𝑚
𝑠
𝑎𝑛 = = = 1.44
𝑟 100 𝑚 𝑠2

Since the velocity in the tangential direction

is constant, 𝑎𝑡 = 0. Thus, only the normal
component of acceleration contributes to total
𝑚
acceleration, so 𝑎 = 1.44 𝑠2 . The normal
component is always directed toward the
center of curvature.
 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2. The rotating arm starts from rest and acquires a rotational speed 𝑁 = 600 𝑚𝑖𝑛 in 2 seconds
with constant angular acceleration. Find the time t after starting before the acceleration vector of
end P makes an angle of 45⁰ with the arm OP.
Solution: 𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = 600 𝑥 𝑥 = 10𝜋 2
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼 = 6 𝑖𝑛. (10𝜋 2
) = 60 2
𝑠 𝑠
𝑖𝑛
2
𝑎𝑛 √60𝜋 𝑠 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟𝜔 ; 𝜔 = √ = = 5.6
𝑟 6 𝑖𝑛 𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 − 𝜔0 5.6 𝑠 − 0
𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡; 𝑡 = = = 0.1784 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝛼 𝑟𝑎𝑑
10𝜋 2
𝑠
3. The two V-belt pulleys form an integral unit and rotate about the fixed axis at O. At a certain
𝑚
instant, point A on the belt of the smaller pulley has a velocity 𝑣𝐴 = 1.5 𝑠 , and point B on the belt
𝑚
of the larger pulley has an acceleration 𝑎𝐵 = 45 𝑠2 as shown. For this instant determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of point C.
Solution:
𝑚
𝑣 1.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔; 𝜔 = = 𝑠 = 20
𝑟 150𝑚𝑚 1𝑚 𝑠
𝑥
2 1000𝑚𝑚
𝑚
𝑎𝑡 45 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼; 𝛼 = = 𝑠 = 112.5 2
𝑟 800𝑚𝑚 1 𝑚 𝑠
2 𝑥 1000𝑚𝑚

1𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑚
(𝑎𝑐 )𝑛 = 𝑟𝜔2 = (360𝑚𝑚 𝑥 )(20 ) = 144 2
1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
1𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑚
(𝑎𝑐 )𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼 = (360𝑚𝑚 𝑥 )(112.5 2 ) = 40.5 2
1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝑎𝑐 = √(𝑎𝑐 )𝑛 2 + (𝑎𝑐 )𝑡 2 = √1442 + 40.52 2
= 149.6 2
𝑠 𝑠

𝑟𝑎𝑑
4. Initially, a ball has an angular velocity of 5.0 counterclockwise. Sometime later, after
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
rotating through a total angle of 5.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠, the ball has an angular velocity of 1.5 clockwise.
𝑠
(a) What is the angular acceleration? What is the average angular velocity? How much time did
this take?
Solution:
a) b)
2𝜃
2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡=𝜔
0 +𝜔𝑓

𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2 2(5.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝛼= 𝑡= 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2𝜃 (5 )+ (−1.5 )
𝑠 𝑠

𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
(−1.5 ) − (5 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝛼= 2(5.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝑡 = 3.143 𝑠

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = −2.068
𝑠2

𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(5 𝑠 ) + (−1.5 𝑠 )
𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1.75
𝑠
5. In problem no. 4, at some point the angular velocity of the ball had to have been zero. At what
angle from its initial orientation did this occur and how long did it take?
Solution:
When a rotating object changes its direction of rotation, the object is instantaneously at rest and
𝑟𝑎𝑑
its velocity at that point is 𝜔3 = 0. Thus, 𝜔3 = 0 (This is our new final angular velocity)
𝑠

𝜔𝑓 −𝜔0
2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2 𝑡=
𝛼
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2 (0
𝑠
)−(5
𝑠
)
𝜃= 2𝛼
𝑡= 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(−2.068 2 )
𝑠

𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
(0 ) − (5 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝜃= 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑡 = 2.418 𝑠
2(−2.068 2 )
𝑠

𝜃 = 6.04 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑟𝑎𝑑
6. The angular velocity of the rear wheel of a stationary exercise bike is 4 at time 𝑡 = 0, and
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
its angular acceleration is constant and equal to 2 . A particular spoke coincides with the +𝑥
𝑠2
axis at time 𝑡 = 0. What angle does this spoke make with the +𝑥 axis at time 𝑡 = 3𝑠? what is the
wheel’s angular velocity at this time?
Solution:
1
𝜃𝑓 = 𝜃0 + 𝜔0 𝑡 + 2
𝛼𝑡²

𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃𝑓 = 0 + (4 ) (3𝑠) + (2 2 ) (3𝑠)2
𝑠 2 𝑠
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜃𝑓 = (21 𝑟𝑎𝑑) ( ( ))
2 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝜃𝑓 = 3.34 𝑟𝑒𝑣

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 3𝑠
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑓 = (4 𝑠
)+ (2 𝑠2
) (3𝑠)

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑓 = 10
𝑠
 𝑟𝑎𝑑
7. A figure skater is spinning with an angular velocity of +15 . She then comes to a stop over
𝑠
a brief period of time. During this time, her angular displacement is +5.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑. Determine (a) her
average angular acceleration and (b) the time during which she comes to rest.
Solution:
a) b)
𝜔𝑓 − 𝜔0
2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2 𝛼 = 𝑡

𝜔𝑓 2 = 𝜔0 2 + 2𝛼(𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖 ) 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼(𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )

0 = 𝜔0 2 + 2𝛼𝜃𝑓 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼(𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝜔 2
𝛼 = − 2𝜃0 0 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡𝑓
𝑓

𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
(15 ) 𝜔0
𝑠
𝛼=− 𝑡𝑓 = −
2(5.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑) 𝛼

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑟𝑎𝑑 (15 )
𝑠
𝛼 = −22 𝑠2
𝑡𝑓 = − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
−22 2
𝑠

𝑡𝑓 = 0.68 𝑠

𝑟𝑎𝑑
8. The wheels of a bicycle have an angular velocity of +20 . Then, the brakes are applied. In
𝑠
coming to rest, each wheel makes an angular displacement of +15.92 revolutions. (a) How much
time does it take for the bike to come to rest? (b) What is the angular acceleration (in rad/s2) of
each wheel?
a)
Solution: 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃 = (15. 92 𝑟𝑒𝑣) ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
) = 100 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1
𝜃 = 2
(𝜔0 + 𝜔𝑓 )𝑡
2𝜃
𝑡=
(𝜔0 + 𝜔𝑓 )
2(100 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝑡=
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(15 +0 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑡 = 10 𝑠
b)
𝜔𝑓 2 = 𝜔0 2 + 2𝛼𝜃
𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2
𝛼=
2𝜃
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
(0 𝑠 ) − (20 𝑠 )
𝛼=
2(100 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = −2
𝑠
9. A rotating wheel requires 3𝑠 to rotate 37 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. Its angular velocity at the end of the 3𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
interval is 98 . What is the constant angular acceleration of the wheel?
𝑠

Solution:
∆𝜃 = 𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖 = 37 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼(𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖 = 𝜔0 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 ) + 2 𝛼(𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 ) (98 𝑠
) = 𝜔0 + 𝛼(3𝑠)
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
37 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
) = 𝜔0 (3𝑠) + 2 𝛼(3𝑠)2 𝜔0 = (98 𝑠
)− 𝛼(3𝑠) ---------- 2

74𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜔0 (3𝑠) + 𝛼(4.5𝑠 2 ) ------------ 1

Substitute Equation 2 in Equation 1.

𝑟𝑎𝑑
74𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ((98 ) − 𝛼(3𝑠)) (3𝑠) + 𝛼(4.5𝑠 2 )
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
74𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 294 − 𝛼(9𝑠)2 + 𝛼(4.5𝑠 2 )
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
74𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 294 − 𝛼(4.5𝑠 2 )
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
294 𝑠 − 74𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼=
(4.5𝑠 2 )
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = 13.672 𝑠2

𝑟𝑒𝑣
10. A potter’s wheel moves uniformly from rest to an angular speed of 0.16 in 33 𝑠. Find: a)
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
its angular acceleration in and b) would doubling the angular acceleration during the given
𝑠2
period have doubled final angular speed?
Solution:
a)
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
𝜔𝑓−𝜔0
𝛼 = 𝑡
𝜔𝑓−𝜔0
𝛼 =
𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(0.16 𝑠 ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 )) − 0
𝛼=
(33 𝑠)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = 0.030 2
𝑠
b)
∆𝜔
2𝛼 = 2
𝑡
2∆𝜔
2𝛼 =
𝑡
∴ The angular speed will be doubled as well.
11. A centrifuge used in DNA extraction spins at a maximum rate of 7000 rpm, producing a “g-
force” on the sample that is 6000 times the force of gravity. If the centrifuge takes 10 seconds to
come to rest from the maximum spin rate: (a) What is the angular acceleration of the centrifuge?
(b) What is the angular displacement of the centrifuge during this time?
Solution:
𝜔𝑓−𝜔0
a) 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 ∴ 𝛼 = 𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(7000 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ) ( 60 𝑠 )) − 0
𝛼=
(10 𝑠)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = 73.304 2
𝑠
𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2
b) 2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 2 − 𝜔0 2 ∴ 𝜃= 2𝛼
2
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0 − (7000 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ) ( 60 𝑠 ))
𝜃=
𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 (73.304 )
𝑠2
𝜃 = 3665.18 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑟𝑎𝑑
12. A spinning wheel has a constant angular acceleration of 5.0 . Starting from rest, it turns
𝑠2
through 300 𝑟𝑎𝑑. (a) What is its final angular velocity? (b) How much time elapses while it turns
through the 300 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠?
Solution:
a)
2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 2 – 𝜔0 2
𝜔𝑓 = √2𝛼𝜃 + 𝜔0 2

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑓 = √2 (5.0 ) (300 𝑟𝑎𝑑) + 0
𝑠2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑓 = 54.77
𝑠

b)
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
𝜔𝑓 − 𝜔0
𝑡=
𝛼
𝑟𝑎𝑑
54.77 𝑠 −0
𝑡=
𝑟𝑎𝑑
5.0 2
𝑠
𝑡 = 10.954 𝑠
 According to Newton’s second law, a
particle will accelerate when it is subjected
to unbalanced forces. Kinetics is the study
of the relations between unbalanced forces
and the resulting changes in motion. This
topic requires that we combine our
knowledge of the properties of forces,
which we developed in statics, and the
kinematics of particle motion just covered
beforehand.

With the aid of Newton’s second law, we can combine these two topics and
solve engineering problems involving force, mass, and motion.The three general
approaches to the solution of kinetics problems are:
(A) direct application of Newton’s second law (called the forcemass-
acceleration method)
(B) use of work and energy principles, and
C) solution by impulse and momentum methods

REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS

Time is a measure of the succession of events and is considered an absolute

quantity in Newtonian mechanics.

Mass is the quantitative measure of the inertia or resistance to change in motion

of a body. Mass may also be considered as the quantity of matter in a body as
well as the property which gives rise to gravitational attraction.

Force is the vector action of one body on another.

A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. When the dimensions of a body are

irrelevant to the description of its motion or the action of forces on it, the body
may be treated as a particle. An airplane, for example, may be treated as a
particle for the description of its flight path.
A rigid body is a body whose changes in shape are negligible compared with the
overall dimensions of the body or with the changes in position of the body as a
whole.
Vector and scalar quantities. Vector has both direction and magnitude while
scalar is just a magnitude without direction. Scalar quantities are printed in
lightface italic type, and vectors are shown in boldface type. Thus, V denotes the
scalar magnitude of the vector V.

The normal force is the force that surfaces exert to prevent solid objects from
passing through each other. Normal force is a contact force. If two surfaces are
not in contact, they can't exert a normal force on each other.

The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may
be calculated as the mass times the acceleration of gravity.
W = mg
𝑚 𝑓𝑡
g= 9.81 2 , g= 32. 17 2
𝑠 𝑠

Friction is a force that oppose the direction of a moving object.

F=ukN

IMPORTANT FORMULAS
Kinematics Calculus based

Vf=Vi +at Differential Integral

Vf2=Vi 2 +2as 𝑑𝑣 𝑡𝑓
RECTILINEAR MOTION a= S=∫
𝑡𝑖
𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
1
s= s0+ Vit+2gt2
𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑓
Rectilinear motion is another name v=
for straight-line motion. This type of
V= ∫𝑡𝑖 𝑎𝑑𝑡
ads=vdv 𝑑𝑡
motion describes the movement of a particle or a body. A body is said to
experience rectilinear motion if any two particles of the body travel the same
distance along two parallel straight lines.
D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE

D’Alembert’s principle, alternative form of Newton’s second law of motion,

stated by the 18th-century French polymath Jean le Rond d’Alembert. In effect,
the principle reduces a problem in dynamics to a problem in statics.
The force F plus the negative of the mass m times acceleration a of the
body is equal to zero
F - ma = 0.
𝑾𝒂
or F- =0
𝒈

In other words, the body is in equilibrium under the action of the real force
F and the fictitious force -ma. The fictitious force is also called an inertial force
and a reversed effective force. Inertial force is always opposite in the direction of
acceleration.

If we choose the x-direction, for example, as the direction of the rectilinear

motion of a particle of mass m, the acceleration in the y- and z-directions will be
zero
ΣFX = max
 ΣFY = 0
ΣFZ = 0

For cases where we are not free to choose a coordinate direction along the
motion, we would have in the general case all three component equations

ΣFX = max
ΣFY = maY
ΣFZ = maZ

where the acceleration and resultant force are given by

A=axi +ayj+azk

𝑎 = √𝐚𝐱 2 + 𝐚𝐲 2 + 𝐚𝐳 2
ΣF= ΣFXi + ΣFYj + ΣFZk

ΣF=√ΣF𝑥 2 + ΣF𝑦 2 + ΣF𝑧 2

Sample Problem:
 1. The 350N box rests on horizontal for which coefficient of kinetic
friction µ𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐.If the box is subjected to 400N towing force as shown,
find the velocity of the box in 4 seconds starting from rest.
400N
GIVEN:
30◦ Vi= 0 Ꝋ=300
Vf=?
t= 4 sec
W= 350N
350N 400N
a Fa=400N
ma
30◦
FIND

a.Vf

µ𝑘 = 0.32

𝑅𝑛
FBD of Box

+∑=Fy
SOLUTION:
𝑅𝑛 + 400sin30◦-350=0
Vf=Vi + at 𝑅𝑛 = 150N

Vf = 0 + 4a ∑Fx=0
400cos30◦ - 0.32𝑅𝑛 - ma= 0
V=4a 350
400c0s30◦ - 0.32(150) - a=0
9.81
a= 8.364 m/𝑠 2

V= 4(8.364)
V= 33.45 m/s
 GIVEN: FIND

𝑀1
𝑎2

𝑎1 µ𝑘 = 0.2

Ꝋ= 45◦ 𝑀2

SOLUTION
FBD 0f Block 𝑴𝟏
∑𝑓𝑥 =m𝑎𝑥 :
T
𝑀1
y
µ𝑁1 + T - 𝑀1𝑔 sin45◦ = 𝑀1 (𝑎1 ) (1)
µ𝑁1
𝑎1
𝑁1 ∑𝑓𝑦 =m𝑎𝑦 :

𝑀1𝑔 𝑁1 - 𝑀1𝑔 cos45◦ =0 𝑀1𝑔

Ꝋ= 45◦

From (1),

𝑁1 - 𝑀1𝑔 cos45◦ = 0 𝑁1 = 𝑀1𝑔 cos45◦

T - 𝑀1 𝑎1 = 𝑀1𝑔 sin45◦ -µ𝑀1𝑔 cos45◦ (2)

 T
2T
T
𝑀1 T
T 𝑎2 𝑎1 = 2𝑎2

𝑎1 T 𝑎2 𝑀2𝑔
T 2T

Ꝋ= 45◦ 𝑀2

∑𝑓𝑦 =m𝑎𝑦

(3)

4. The baggage truck A has a weight of 900 lb and tows a 550-lb cart B and a
325-lb cart C. For a short time the driving frictional force developed at the
wheels of the truck is FA = (40t) lb, where t is in seconds. If the truck starts from
rest, determine its speed in 2 seconds. Also, what is the horizontal force acting
on the coupling between the truck and cart B at this instant? Neglect the size of
the truck and carts.

GIVEN:

WA=900 lb VA =40t
WB= 550 lb t=2s
WC = 325 lb V0 =0 at
t=0sec. FA = (40t) lb

DETERMINE
FBD 0f Baggage Truck and Carts
a. V at 2 sec
Solution
b. T (Horizontal Force)
 ➢ Considering FBD 0f Baggage Truck and Carts

Only motion in the horizontal direction has to be considered

∑ Fx= max
40t= 900 + 550 + 325 a
32.2

Use Kinematics. Since the acceleration is a function of time, the velocity of the
𝑑𝑣
truck is obtained using a = with the initial condition that V0 =0 at t=0 sec.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
adt=dv

2s
0

FBD 0f Baggage Truck

and Cart A
Considering FBD 0f Baggage Truck and Cart A
∑ Fx= max
900
0.7256 (2)
32.2

5. 10-kg projectile is fired vertically upward from the

𝒎
ground, with an initial velocity of 50 as shown in
𝒔

DETERMINE:
figure 5-a. Determine the maximum height to which it will travel if (a)
atmospheric resistance is neglected; and (b) atmospheric resistance is measured
as FD = (0.01v2) N, where v is the speed of the projectile at any instant,
measured in m/s.

𝑚 y
50
𝑠
m
g= 9.81 2
s
FD = (0.01v2) N

FIG. 5-A

SOLUTION

a. atmospheric resistance is neglected

y
∑ Fy =may
-98.1= 10 a
𝑚
a=-9.81 2 W=98.1 a
𝑠
N

FIG. 5-B

FD= (0.01v2) N

y
b. atmospheric resistance is FD= (0.01v2) N
a
∑ Fy =may
-0.01v2 -9.81 =10a
a= -(0.001v2 +9.81) FIG. 5-C

ady=vdv
-(0.00v2+9.81) dY =vdv
 0.00v2 + 9.81
0
+
50
𝑚
𝑠
9
.
8
6. A man weighing 75 kg stands 1
on
a spring scale in an elevator. During the first
3 seconds of motion from rest, the tension T in the hosting cable is 8300 N. The
total mass of the elevator, man and scale is 750 kg.

FIND:
a. Find the vertical acceleration of the elevator
b. Find the reading R of the scale in Newtons during this interval.
c. Find the upward velocity of the elevator at the end of the 3 seconds
T=8300 N
GIVEN
Mman =75 kg
MTOTAL= 750 kg
𝑚
Vi =0 a=1.257
𝑠2
Ti =0
Tf =3s
T=8300N

FIG. 6-A

W=750(9.81)= 7360 N FIG. 5-B

SOLUTION

Considering FIG. 6-A Considering FIG-6B

∑ Fx =max ∑ Fy =may
T-W=mtotala R-W=mtotala
8300-7360=(750)a R-7360=750 (1.257)
𝑚
A= 1.257 R= 830 N
𝑠2
 Velocity at the end of 3 sec
Vf=Vi +at
Vf=0 +(1.257)(3)
𝑚
Vf=3.77
𝑠2

𝒎
7. The block shown reaches a velocity of 12 in 30 m. starting from rest.
𝒔
Compute the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground.

N=718 N
30 m COMPUTE :
𝑊𝑎 a.uk
P=268 N
𝑔

𝑚
Vi=0 Vf=12
F=uk 𝑠
W=718 N N

SOLUTION

Vf2=Vi2 +2as ∑ Fx =max F=ukN

𝑊𝑎
92.34= uk(92.34)
122 =0 +2a(30) P= +F
𝑔 uk= 0.34
𝑚
A= 2.4 (718)(2.4)
𝑠2 268= +F
9.81

F=92.34 N
8. A small inspection car with a mass of 200 kg runs along the fixed overhead
cable and is controlled by the attached cable at A. Determine the acceleration of
the car when the control cable is horizontal and under a tension T=2.4 kN. Also
find the total force P exerted by the supporting cable on the wheels.

GIVEN

M=200kg

T=2.4 kN

FIND

a. Acceleration
b. P

SOLUTION

The free-body diagram of the car

and wheels taken together and treated
as a particle discloses the 2.4-kN tension T, the weight W = mg = 200(9.81) = 1962
N, and the force P exerted on the wheel assembly by the cable.

The car is in equilibrium in the y-direction since there is no acceleration in

this direction. Thus,
[ΣF(y) = 0
5 12
P - 2.4 13
- 1.962 13
=0

P = 2.73 kN

In the x-direction the equation of motion gives

ΣFx = max
12 5
2400 13 - 1962 13
= 200a
𝑚
a = 7.30
𝑠2
9. The design model for a new ship has a mass of 10 kg and is tested in an
experimental towing tank to determine its resistance to motion through the
water at various speeds. The test results are plotted on the accompanying
graph, and the resistance R may be closely approximated by the dashed
parabolic curve shown. If the model is released when it has a speed of 2 m/s,
determine the time t required for it to reduce its speed to 1 m/s.
GIVEN DETERMINE

m=10 kg a. t
𝑚
V0 =2
𝑠
𝑚
V =1
𝑠

SOLUTION

We approximate the resistance-velocity

relation by R = kv2 and find k by substituting R = 8
𝑚
N and v = 2 into the equation, which gives
𝑠
𝑁𝑠 2
k= 2 . Thus, R = 2v2.
𝑚2

The only horizontal force on the model is R,

so that

ΣF(x) = max
-R = max
𝑑𝑣
-2v2 = 10
𝑑𝑡
We separate the variables and integrate to obtain
𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∫0 𝑑𝑡 = −5 ∫2 𝑣2

1 1
−
T= 5s 𝑣 2

𝑣𝑖
Thus, when v= = 1 m/s,
2
 1 1
the time is t =5s −
1 2
t= 2.5 s

10. The package of 5kg is released from the top. It slides down the smooth plane
which is inclined at angle of 30 deg. onto the rough surface having a coefficient
of kinetic friction of µk = 0.2.Determine the acceleration until it reach at the end
of inclined plane.

GIVEN DETERMINE

M=5kg a. acceleration

µk = 0.2

Ꝋ= 30

S0LUTION:

 Fy = 0
Wsin(330)+ nsin(90)= 0
m
− (5kg)(9.81 )sin(330)
− Wsin(330) s2
n= =
sin(90) sin(90)
n = 24.525N
 Fx = 0
REF = ma
W cos(330) + n cos(90) +  k n cos(180) − REF = 0
mg cos(330) + n cos(90) +  k n cos(180) − ma = 0
mg cos(330) + n cos(90) +  k n cos(180)
a=
m
m
(5kg)(9.81 2 ) cos(330) + 24.525cos(90) + 24.525N (0.2) cos(180)
a= s
5kg
a = 7.51N
Activity:

1. A 40 kg block rest at the top of an inclined plane with a height of 1meter and
the incline distance is 2 meters. If the acceleration of the block until it reach at
m
the end of the inclined plane is 5 . The coefficient of kinetic friction.is 0.71.
s2
Determine angle and the distance travelled by the block

2. A 40 kg block rest at the top of an inclined plane with a height of 1meter and
the incline distance is 2 meters. If the acceleration of the block until it reach at
m
the end of the inclined plane is 5 . Determine then coefficient of kinetic
s2
friction.
 INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to transfer energy to an object you’ve got to exert force on that object. The
amount of energy transferred by a force is called the work done by that force.

WORK
- It is concerned with the application of a force to an object and the distance the object
moves as a result of the force.
- It is defined as the magnitude of the applied force multiplied by the parallel distance
through which the force acts.

Work = force x distance = F(d)

W = F cos θ (d)

Units: MKS – N.m = Joule

CGS – dyne.com = erg
FPS – ft. lb

• Work is positive when the force is in the same direction to the direction of the motion.
• Work is negative when the force is in opposite to the direction of the motion.
• Work is zero when the force is in perpendicular to the direction of the motion.

Work Done by a Varying Force

Consider a particle being displaced along the x axis under the action of a force that varies
with position. The particle is displaced in the direction of increasing x from x = xi to x = xf . In
such a situation, we cannot use W = F Δr cos θ to calculate the work done by the force because
this relationship applies only when F is constant in magnitude and direction. However, if we
imagine that the particle undergoes a very small displacement Δx, shown in the Figure 1, the x
component Fx of the force is approximately constant over this small interval; for this small
displacement, we can approximate the work done by the force as
F = Δx
 Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 1. The work done by the force
component Fx for the small displacement Δx is
Fx Δx, which equals the area of the shaded
rectangle. The total work done for the
displacement from xi to xf is approximately equal
to the sum of the areas of all the rectangles
Figure 2. The work done by the component Fx
of the varying force as the particle moves from
xi to xf is exactly equal to the area under this
curve.

This is just the area of the shaded rectangle in Figure 1. If we imagine that the Fx versus x
curve is divided into a large number of such intervals, the total work done for the displacement
from xi to xf is approximately equal to the sum of a large number of such terms:
𝑥𝑓

𝑊 ≈ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑥𝑖

If the size of the displacements is allowed to approach zero, the number of terms in the
sum increases without limit but the value of the sum approaches a definite value equal to the area
bounded by the Fx curve and the x axis:
𝑥𝑓
𝑥𝑓
lim ∑ 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥 = ∫ 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑥→0 𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑖
Therefore, we can express the work done by Fx as the particle moves from xi to xf as
𝑥𝑓
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖
This equation reduces to the first equation of work when the component Fx = F cos θ is
constant. If more than one force acts on a system and the system can be modeled as a particle,
the total work done on the system is just the work done by the net force. If we express the net
force in the x direction as ΣFx, then the total work, or network, done as the particle moves from
xi to xf is
𝑥𝑓
∑ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∫ (∑ 𝐹𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖
 If the system cannot be modeled as a particle (for example, if the system consists of
multiple particles that can move with respect to each other), we cannot use the above equation.
This is because different forces on the system may move through different displacements. In this
case, we must evaluate the work done by each force separately and then add the works
algebraically.

Work Done by a Spring

A model of a common physical system for which the force varies with position is shown
in the figure below. A block on a horizontal, frictionless surface is connected to a spring. If the
spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance from its unstretched (equilibrium)
configuration, it exerts on the block a force that can be expressed as

Fx = -kx

where x is the position of the block relative to its equilibrium (x = 0) position and k is a positive
constant called the force constant or the spring constant of the spring. In other words, the force
required to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression
x. This force law for springs is known as Hooke’s law. The value of k is a measure of the
stiffness of the spring. Stiff springs have large k values, and soft springs have small k values. As
can be seen from the equation above, the units of k are N/m.

The negative sign in the equation signifies that the force exerted by the spring is always
directed opposite to the displacement from equilibrium. When x >0 as in Figure a, so that the
block is to the right of the equilibrium position, the spring force is directed to the left, in the
negative x direction. When x < 0 as in Figure c, the block is to the left of equilibrium and the
spring force is directed to the right, in the positive x direction. When x = 0 as in Figure b, the
spring is unstretched and Fs = 0.
ENERGY
- It is the measure of the change imparted to the system.
- It is given to an object when the force does work on the object.
- The amount of energy transferred to the object is equal to the to the work done .

Basic Forms:
1. Potential Energy – energy due to position
2. Kinetic Energy – energy due to motion
3. Mass Energy – energy due to mass.
4. Mechanical Energy – this energy is due to motion or arrangement
5. Chemical Energy – this energy is involved in chemical reactions. It is released in the
chemical reaction called oxidation.
6. Radiant Energy – is the energy that travels through space. Most people think of light or
sunlight when considering this form of energy.
7. Electrical Energy – is another form of energy from electromagnetic interactions. It travels
through wires to your home from a power plant.

Two Forms of Mechanical Energy:

Kinetic Energy (KE)

- It is the energy possessed by an object because it is in motion
- If an object of mass m is moving with a speed v, it has a translational KE given by
1
KE = 2 𝑚𝑣 2

Gravitational Potential Energy (PEG)

- It is the energy possessed by an object because of the gravitational interaction.
- In falling through a vertical distance h, a mass m can do a work with the amount mgh.
- If the object is at height h above the reference level its
PEG = mgh
 - Where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Notice that mg is the weight of the object. The
unit of PEG are joules when m is in kg, g is in m/s2, and h is in m.

Work-Energy Relation

Work and Kinetic Energy

W = ΔK = K2 - K1 = ½ mv22 - ½ mv12

• Work is positive when the final kinetic energy is greater than the initial kinetic energy;
the kinetic energy increases
• Work is negative when the final kinetic energy is less than the initial kinetic energy; the
kinetic energy decreases
• Work is zero when the final kinetic energy is equal to the initial kinetic energy; the
kinetic energy remains constant
Work and Gravitational Potential Energy
W = -ΔU = U1 – U2 = mgy1 – mgy2

• The gravitational force does a positive work when the body moves downward; y
decreases; potential energy decreases.
• The gravitational force does a negative work when the body moves upward; y increases;
potential energy increases.

Types of Potential Energy:

1. Gravitational potential energy
2. Elastic potential energy
3. Electrical potential energy

Conservation of Energy
W=0
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
½ mv12 + mgy1 = ½ mv22 + mgy2 - gravitational potential energy
½ mv12 + ½ kx12 = ½ mv22 + ½ kx22 - elastic potential energy
½ mv12 + kq1q2/r1 = ½ mv22 + kq1q2/r2 - electrical potential energy

Power – the time rate at which work is done or energy transferred.

P = W/t and P = Fv where: W – work

t – time
F – force
 v - velocity
Units:
1 hp = 550 ft.lb/s = 33,000 ft.lb/min = 746 watt = 0.746 kW
1 kW-hr = 3.6 x 10 6 J = 3.6 MJ
 PROBLEM SETS

PS1. The figure below shows that the object being pulled along the ground by a 75-N force
directed 28° above the horizontal. How much work does the force do in pulling the object 8.0 m?

Solution: the work done is equal to the product of the displacement, 8.0 m, and the component of
the force is parallel to the displacement, (75 N)(cos 28°). Thus,
W = (75 N)(cos 28°)(8.0 m)
W = 0.53 kJ

PS2. Figure shows a bead sliding on a wire. If friction forces are negligible and the bead has a
speed of 200 cm/s at A, what will be its speed (a) at pint B? (b) At point C?

1 1
Solution: 2 𝑚vf 2 - 2 𝑚vi 2 + mg(hf - hi) = 0

(a) Here, vi = 2 m/s, hi = 0.8 m, and hf = 0. Using these values, while noticing m cancels out,
gives vf = 4.4 m/s
 (b) Here, vi = 2 m/s, hi = 0.8 m, and hf = 0.5 m. Using these values, while noticing m cancels
out, gives vf = 3.1 m/s

PS3. A force acting on a particle varies with x, as shown in the figure. Calculate the work done
by the force as the particle moves from x = 0 to x = 6.0 m.

The force acting on a particle is constant for the first 4.0 m of motion and then decreases linearly
with x from xB = 4.0 m to xC = 6.0 m.
Solution: with these kind of graph, since work done is under the curve we can say that A1
(rectangle) = Work done 1, A2 (triangle) =Work done 2. Thus the total area is the sum of A1 and
A2.
A1 = bh = (xB - 0)(Fx) = (4.0 m)(5 N) = 20 J
1 1 1
A2. = 2bh = 2(xC - xB)(Fx) = 2(6 – 4)(5) = 5 J

Net work = A1 + A2 = 20 J + 5 J =
Net Work = 25 J

PS4. A 1200 kg car is coasting down a 300 hill as shown in the figure below. At the time when
the car’s speed is 12 m/s, the driver applies the brakes. What constant force F (parallel to the
road) must result if the car is to stop after travelling 200 m?

200 sin 30

300
Given:
m = 1200 kg
vf = 0
vi = 12 m/s
hf –hi = (200 m) sin30
s = 200 m
Solution:
The change in total energy of the car (KE + PEG) is equal to the work done on it by the braking
force F . this work is Fs cos 180o because F retards the car’s motion. We have
1
𝑚(𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2 ) + 𝑚𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑖 ) = Fs(−1)
2
1
1200𝑘𝑔((0𝑚/𝑠)2 − (12𝑚/𝑠)2 ) + (1200𝑘𝑔)(−9.8𝑚/𝑠)(200𝑚(𝑠𝑖𝑛30)) = F(−1)
2

−86400 + (−1176000) = F(−1)

−86400 + (−1176000) = −𝐹

−1262400 = F(−1)

𝑭 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵

PS5. A small object of mass m = 234 g slides along a track with elevated ends and a central flat
part, as shown in below figure. The flat part has a length L = 2.16 m. The curved portions the
tracks are frictionless; but in traversing the flat part, the object loses 688 mJ of mechanical
energy, due to friction. The object is released at point A, which is a height h = 1.05 m above the
flat part of the track. Where does the object finally come to rest?

a 2
234 g
1.05 m

2.16 m

Given:
m = 234 g = .234 kg
h = 1.05 m
 L = 2.16 m
ME = 688 mJ
Solution:
The potential energy (U) is defined as,
U = mgh
Here, m is the mass of the body, g is the free fall acceleration and h is the fall of height.
U = mgh
= (.234 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(1.05m)
= 2.41 kg*m2/s2
=( 2.41 kg*m2/s2) (1J/(1kg*m2/s2)
U =2.41 J
The curved portions of the track are frictionless; but in traversing the flat part, the object losses
688 mJ of mechanical energy, due to friction.
The number of times (n) that the particle will move back and forth across the flat portion is the
ratio of the potential energy (2.41 J) of the object at the point A to the mechanical energy (688
mJ) that the object losses due to friction.
So,
n = 2.41 J/688 mJ
= (2.41 J/688 mJ) (1 mJ/10-3 J)
n = 3.50
The number of times n signifies that, the particle will come to a rest at the center of the flat part
while attempting one last right to left journey.

PS6. A 500-g block is shot up the incline in the figure below with an initial speed of 200 cm/s.
how far up the incline will it go if the coefficient of friction between it and the incline is 0.150?

500 g
250
Given:
𝜇 = 0.150
m = 500 g = .5 kg
vi = 200 cm/s = 2 m/s
Solution:
We first find the friction force on the block as
−𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝐹𝑁 − 𝜇(𝑚𝑔 cos 25)

−𝐹𝑓 = − .150(.5𝑘𝑔 ∗ 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ∗ cos 25)

𝐹𝑓 = .666136

As the block slides up the incline a distance D, it rises a distance D sin 25. Because the change in
energy of the block equals the work done on it by the friction force

∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝐹𝑓 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠180

1
𝑚(𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 ) + 𝑚𝑔𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛25 = − 𝐹𝑓 𝐷
2
1
(0.5 𝑘𝑔)(02 − 22 ) + (0.5 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛25 = −(.666136)𝐷
2
𝑫 = . 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒎

PS7. An archer pulls her bow string back 0.400m by exerting a force that increases from zero to 300N. (a)
What is the equivalent spring constant of the bow? (b)How much work is done in pulling the bow?

Given:
x= 0.400 m
 Fstring= 300 N
Solution:
The force of a bow string (a) on the object pulling it back can be modelled as an ideal spring (b)
exerting a restoring force on the mass attached to its end.
(a)
F = kx
300N = k(0.400m)
300N
k=
0.400m
𝐍
𝐤 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝐦

(b)
1 1
W = kxi2 − kxf2
2 2
1 N
W = 0 − (750 ) (0.400m)2
2 m
𝐖 = −𝟔𝟎 𝐉

PS8. The 10-kg block shown rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is originally stretched 0.5 m,
determine the total work done by all the forces acting on the block when a horizontal force P = 400 N
pushes the block up the plane s = 2 m.

Solution:
At Horizontal Force P.
Wp = 400 N cos 30(2m)
Wp = 692.8 J
At Spring Force
1 1
Wstring = − [ kxi2 − kxf2 ]
2 2

1 N 1 N
Wstring = − [ (30 )(2.5m)2 − (30 )(0.5m)2 ]
2 m 2 m

Wstring = − 90 J
Weight
Wweight = −(98.1 N sin 30°)(2m)
 Wweight = −98.1 J

Total Work
Wtotal = 692.8 J − 90 J − 98.1 J
𝐖𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝐉

PS9. The 8-kg block is moving with an initial speed of 5 m/s. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and plane is 𝜇k = 0.25, determine the compression in the spring when the block momentarily
stops.

W=8(9.81)

Fsp

Ff=0.25N

Solution:
N = 8kg (9.81 m⁄ 2 )
s
N = 78.48 N
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑓 = 0.25(78.48)
𝐹𝑓 = 19.62𝑁
𝐹𝑠𝑝 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑁
𝐹𝑠𝑝 = 200 𝑥
𝑚
𝐹𝑠𝑝 = 200𝑥
𝐾𝐸1 + ∑ 𝑊1→2 = 𝐾𝐸2
1 1
𝑚𝑣12 + ∑ 𝑊1→2 = 𝑚𝑣22
2 2
1 2
∑ W1→2 = − kx − μkN(x + 2)
2
200 2
∑ W1→2 = − x − (0.25 ∗ 78.48)(x + 2)
2
∑ W1→2 = −100x 2 − 19.62x − 39.24
1
(8)(52 ) − 100x 2 − 19.62x − 39.24 = 0
2
100x 2 − 19.62x − 60.76 = 0
x = 0.688m
PS10. A block of mass 10 kg has a speed of 15 m/s on a frictionless surface, encounters an
incline 4 m long at an angle θ = 30°, with coefficient of kinetic friction 0.20. The box makes it
up the incline to a second flat frictionless surface. What is the work done by friction? And what
is the velocity of the block at the second flat frictionless surface?
a
m

m
fk W = mg

Given:
m = 10kg
vi = 15 m/s
𝜃 = 30°
μk = .20
Solution:
∑ Fy = may
N - Wcos 𝜃 = 0
N = mgcos 𝜃
where; N = f/μk
f = μk mgcos 𝜃
W = mg
Wf = f s cos 180°
Wf = - μk mgcos 𝜃 (s)
Wf = - (.20) (10 kg) (9.81 m/s2)cos 30° (4m)
Wf = - 67.966 J

Work-Energy Theorem
K1 + U1 + Wf = K2 + U2
1 1
mvi2 + Wf = 2mvf2 + mgh
2
mvf2 = mvi2 + 2Wf – 2mgh
𝑚𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑊𝑓 − 2𝑚𝑔ℎ
vf = √ 𝑚
for h

4m
30o

h = 4 sin 30°
h=2m
(10)(15)2 + 2(−67.966) − 2(10)(9.81)(2)
vc = √ 10
 vc = 13.121 m/s

PS11. A cart 5 kg is pushed up in an incline 17 m with a force of 18 N. With an initial velocity

of 5.4 m/s, calculate the work done on the cart. And use the work-energy theorem to find the
velocity at 17 m. The incline is 15° to the horizontal and the surface exerts a force of friction 8 N
on the cart.
N

F F
𝜃 𝜃

W=mg
Given:
m = 5 kg
F = 18 N
𝜃 = 15°
v = 5.4 m/s

Solution:
Wc = F s
Wc = (18N) (17m)
Wc = 306 J
Fnet = F - mgsin 𝜃 - f
Work-Energy Theorem
Wnet = ∆KE
1 1
Fnet s = 2mvf2 - 2mvi2
(F - mgsin 𝜃- f)(2s) = mvf2 – mvi2
(𝐹−𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃−𝑓)(2𝑠) +𝑚𝑣𝑖 2
Vf = √ 𝑚

(18−(5)(9.81) sin(15)−8)(2)(17) +(5)(5.4)2

Vf = √
5

Vf = 3.291 m/s
PS12. A block of ice 54 kg from rest at height h slides down a rough slope of length 13 m, which
makes an angle of 33° with the horizontal. It undergoes a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2 while
sliding the slope. Find the kinetic energy of the block of ice. Using the Work-Energy theorem
find the work on the block of ice by frictional force and the magnitude of the frictional force
acting on the box.

h
𝜃

Given:
m = 54 kg
a = 2 m/s2
𝜃 = 33°
Solution:
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2as
Vf2 = 2(2 m/s2) (13 m)
Vf2 = 52 m2/s2
Vf = 7.211 m/s

1
KE = 2mvf2
1
KE = 2(54 kg) (52 m2/s2)
KE = 1404 J
Wnet = Wf + Wg
Wg = Fg s
Wg = mgsin 𝜃 (s)
Work-Energy Theorem

Wnet = ∆KE
1 1
Wf + Wg = 2mvf2 - 2mvi2
1
Wf + mgsin 𝜃 (s) = 2mvf2
1
Wf = 2mvf2 - mgsin 𝜃 (s)
1
Wf = (54) (52) – (54) (9.81)sin 33° (13)
2
Wf = 1404 – 3750.722
Wf = -2346.722 J
 Wf = f s cos 180°
-2346.722 = -f (13)
f = 180.517 N

PS13. A 70N force is applied horizontally to a 10kg block at rest for a displacement of 200m
across a frictionless surface. A) How much work is done by the force? B) What is the final
kinetic energy? C) How fast is the block moving? D) What is the acceleration of the block in
horizontal direction?

70 N
10kg 200 m 10kg

Solution:
A.
W=FD
W=(70N)(200m)
W=14,000J
B.
Wnet=KEf - KEi
Wnet=14000J - 0J
Wnet=14000J
C.
1
KEf = 2mvf2
1
14000J= 2(10kg)(vf2)
√2800 = √vf2
vf = 52.195
D.
∑ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = F
max = F
(10kg)ax = 70N
ax = 7m/s2

PS14. (a) How much work is required to accelerate a 1500kg car from 15m/s to 40 m/s? (b)
What is the average net force acting on the car if it reaches a final speed of 40 m/s while
traveling a distance of 275m?
1500kg 1500kg
40m/s 15m/s

275m
Solution:
A.
Wnet = KEf - KEi
1 1
=2mvf2 - 2mvo2
1
Wnet = 2m [ Vf2 – Vo2]
1
= 2 (1500kg)[402 – 152]
= 750[1600-225]
= 750[1375]
Wnet = 1031250J

B.
Wnet = Fnet ∙ d
1031250 = Fnet(275m)
Fnet = 3750N

PS15. A 40kg box is pulled 100m by a tension force of 200N to 30 degrees above the horizontal
to the right. A constant kinetic frictional force of 80N impedes the motion of the box. (a) What is
the work done by a tension force? (b) How much work is done by friction? (c) Calculate the net
work done on the box

T= 200N
80N 100m
40kg 30o

Solution:
WT = Tx d
WT = (T cosθ) d
WT = (200)(100) cos (30o)
WT = 17320.5 J

A.
WFr = Frdcosθ
WFr = 80N(100m)cos 180o
WFr = -80N(100m)
WFr = -8000J

B.
Wnet = WT + WFr
Wnet = 9320.5J
PS16. A box of mass 60 kg starts from rest at a height h and slides down a rough slope of length
10 m, which makes an angle of 25° with the horizontal. It undergoes a constant acceleration of
magnitude 2 m/s2 while sliding down the slope.

h
25°

Calculate the following:

A.) The kinetic energy of the box, using the equations of motion.
B.) The work done on the box by the gravitational force.
C.) The work down on the box by the frictional force, using the work-energy theorem.
D.) The magnitude of the frictional force acting on the box.

FBD f

25
°

W
Solution:
A.

𝑣f2 = 𝑣i2 + 2𝑎∆𝑥

= (0)2 + (2)(2)(10)

𝑣f2 = 40

𝑣f = √40
 𝑣f = 6.32 m/s

KE = ½ m 𝑣f2

= ½ (60)(40)
KE = 1 200 J
B.

𝑊g = 𝐹g ∆𝑥cos𝜃

=[ 𝑚g sin𝜃 ]∆𝑥cos𝜃

= (60)(9,8 sin25°)(10)( cos0°)

WR = 2 485 𝐽
C.

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆KE

𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑓 = KE𝑓 −KE𝑖

2 485+ 𝑊𝑓 = 1 200−0

𝑊𝑓 = −1 285 𝐽

D.

𝑊𝑓 = f ∆𝑥cos𝜃
−1 285 = f (10)( cos180°)

f = 128,5 𝑁

PS17. A cyclist pushes his bicycle of mass 6.1 kg up an incline with a force of 20 N. The bicycle
is pushed from an initial velocity of 5 m/s from point A to point B. The road is inclined at 10° to
the horizontal and the distanfrom A to B is 32 m as shown on the figure..

32m

m
20N B

A 10°
The road surface exerts a force of friction of 11 N on the bicycle tyres.
A.) Calculate the work done by the cyclist on the bicycle.
B.) Use the work-energy theorem and calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the bicycle at 32
m.

FBD 32
F

B
𝑓
A 10O

W
Solution:
A.

𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑥cos𝜃
= (20)(32)(cos0°)

W = 640 𝐽

B. Option 1:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹 −W sin𝜃 −𝑓
= 20 – (6.1)(9.8) sin10° −11

= −1.38 𝑁

= 1.38 𝑁 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝐾E

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡∆𝑥cos𝜃 = ½ (𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖2)

(1.38)(32) cos180° = ½(6.1)(𝑣𝑓 2 −52)

∴ 𝑣𝑓 2 = 10.51
 ∴ 𝑣𝑓 = 3.24 /𝑠
Option 2:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆K𝐸

𝐹∆𝑥cos𝜃 +𝑓∆𝑥cos𝜃 + W ∆𝑥cos𝜃 = ½ 𝑚 (𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖2)

[ (20)(32)(cos0°) + (11)(32)(cos180°) ] + (6.1)(9.8)(32)cos10°=

½ (6.1)(𝑣𝑓2 – 52)

∴ 𝑣𝑓2 = 10.51 m2 / s2

∴ 𝑣𝑓 = 3.24 m /𝑠

PS18. A crate of mass 10.0 kg is pulled up a rough incline with an initial speed of 1.50 m/s. The
pulling force is 100 N parallel to the incline, which makes an angle of 20° with the horizontal.
The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.400, and the crate is pulled 5.00 m.

20°

A.) How much energy is lost due to friction?

B.) How much work is done by the 100 N force?
C.) What is the change in kinetic energy of the crate?
D.) What is the speed of the crate after being pulled 5 m?

FBD
N

Fappl
𝑓
20°
Φ= 110°
Solution:
A.
Fgrav = mg = (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) = 98N
Wgrav = Fdcosφ = (98N)(5m)cos 110◦ = −168J .
B.

𝑓 = µkN
= µmg cosθ = (0.40)(10kg)(9.8 m/s2 )cos 20◦
= 36.8N

Wfric = 𝑓 dcos 180◦ = (36.8N)(5m)(−1)

Wfric = −184J
C. The 100N applied force pulls in the direction up the slope, which is along the direction of the
displacement d. So the work that is does is
Wappl = Fdcos 0◦= (100N)(5m)(1)
Wappl = 500 J
D.
Wnet = Wgrav + Wfric + Wappl
= −168J − 184J + 500J
= 148J
∆KE = Wnet = 148J
E. Initial kinetic energy of the crate was
Ki = ½ (10kg)(1.5m/s )2 = 11.2J
If the final speed of the crate is v, then the change in kinetic energy was:
∆KE = Kf − Ki = ½ mv2 − 11.2J= 148J
2(159J)
v2 = 𝑚

2(159J)
v2 = 10kg

𝑣 = √ 31.8 m2/s2
v= 5.64 m/s
 Introduction
Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. When a sports announcer says that a team has
the momentum they mean that the team is really on the move and is going to be hard to stop.
The term momentum is a physics concept. Any object with momentum is going to be hard to
stop. To stop such an object, it is necessary to apply a force against its motion for a given period
of time. The more momentum that an object has, the harder that it is to stop. Thus, it would
require a greater amount of force or a longer amount of time or both to bring such an object to
a halt. As the force acts upon the object for a given amount of time, the object's velocity is
changed; and hence, the object's momentum is changed.

The concepts in the above paragraph should not seem like abstract information to you. You have
observed this a number of times if you have watched the sport of football. In football, the
defensive players apply a force for a given amount of time to stop the momentum of the offensive
player who has the ball. You have also experienced this a multitude of times while driving. As you
bring your car to a halt when approaching a stop sign or stoplight, the brakes serve to apply a
force to the car for a given amount of time to change the car's momentum. An object with
momentum can be stopped if a force is applied against it for a given amount of time.

A force acting for a given amount of time will change an object's momentum. Put another way,
an unbalanced force always accelerates an object - either speeding it up or slowing it down. If
the force acts opposite the object's motion, it slows the object down. If a force acts in the same
direction as the object's motion, then the force speeds the object up. Either way, a force will
change the velocity of an object. And if the velocity of the object is changed, then the momentum
of the object is changed.
 Definition of Terms

Momentum

Linear Momentum (p) refers to the tendency of a moving object to continue moving and to
the difficulty encountered in reducing that motion. It is the amount of motion possessed by a
body. It is defined as the product of mass m and velocity v and is a vector quantity. It is usually
called as the momentum p. The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the
velocity. The magnitude is given by

P = mv

The units for measuring momentum are kg-m/s (MKS), gm-cm/s (CGS) and slug-ft/s (FPS).

Using Newton’s second law of motion, we ca relate linear momentum of a particle to the resultant
force acting on the particle. Starting from

In Newton’s second law, the mass m is assumed to be constant. Thus, we can bring m inside
the derivative notation to give us

This shows that the time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal
to the net force acting on the particle.

Conservation Of Linear Momentum: If the net external force acting on a system of objects
is zero, the vector sum of the momenta of the objects will remain constant.

In Collisions And Explosions, the vector sum of the momenta just before the event equals the
vector sum of the momenta just after the event. The vector sum of the momenta of the objects
involved does not change during the collision or explosion.

Thus, when two bodies of masses m1 and m2 collide,

 Total momentum before impact = total momentum after impact

m 1𝑽
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 + m2𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 ′ + m2𝑽
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 = m1𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 ′

where ⃗⃗⃗
𝑉1 and ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ′ and 𝑉
𝑉2 are the velocities before impact, and 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ′ are the velocities after. In one
dimension, in component form,

m1⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟏𝒙 + m2⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝟐𝒙 = m1𝑽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟏𝒙 ′ + m2𝑽𝟐𝒙 ′

and similarly for the y- and z-components. Remember that vector quantities are always boldfaced
and velocity is a vector. On the other hand, 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1𝑥 , 𝑉2𝑥 , 𝑉1𝑥 ′, and 𝑉2𝑥 ′ are the scalar values of the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
velocities (they can be positive or negative). A positive direction is initially selected and vectors
pointing opposite to this have negative numerical scalar values.

A Perfectly Elastic Collision is one in which the sum of the translational HEs of the objects is
not changed during the collision. In the case of two bodies,

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝑽′𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒎 𝑽′𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

Coefficient of Restitution: For any collision between two bodies in which the bodies move only
along a single straight line (e.g., the x-axis), a coefficient of restitution e is defined. It is a
pure number given by

∆𝑉 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑽′𝟐𝒙 − 𝑽′𝟏𝒙

𝒆= =
∆𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑽𝟏𝒙 − 𝑽𝟐𝒙

Linear Impulse (I) is the product of force (F) and the time (t) during which this force acts. F
may be the average force if the value of the force is not constant, as in the collisions and
explosions.

I = Ft

If F is known as a function of time, the impulse can be calculated by the equation

I = F Δt
In many physical situations, we shall use what is called the impulse approximation, in which we
assume that one of the forces exerted on a particle acts for a short time but which is much greater
than any other force present.

Relationship between Impulse and Momentum

The momentum of a particle changes if a net force acts on the particle. Knowing the change in
momentum caused by a force is useful in solving some types of problems. If a single force F acts
on a particle and that this force may vary with time. According to Newton’s second law.

𝒅𝒑⁄
𝑭= 𝒅𝒕, or 𝒅𝐩 = 𝐅𝒅𝒕

We can integrate this expression to find the change in momentum of a particle when the force
acts over some time interval. If the momentum of the particle changes from pi at time ti to pf at
time tf, after integrating,

To evaluate the integral, we need to know how the force varies with time. The quantity on the
right side of this equation is called the impulse of the force F acting on the particle over the time
interval Δt = tf - ti. Impulse is a vector defined by

The change in linear momentum of an object is equal to the linear impulse exerted on an object.
Impulse is equal to the change of momentum.

I = p 2 - p1

F (t2 - t1) = mv2 - mv1

where: p2 = final momentum

p1 = initial momentum

This is also known as the impulse-momentum theorem.

Impulsive forces are often very strong compared with other forces on the system and usually
act for a very short time, as in the case of collision.
 Problem Set
1. The driver of an SUV (m = 1700 kg) isn’t paying attention and rear ends a car (m = 950
kg) on level ground at a red light. On impact, both drivers lock their brakes. The SUV and
car stick together and travel a distance of 8.2 m before they come to a stop. How fast
was the SUV traveling just before the collision? The coefficient of friction between the
tires and the road is 0.72.

SOLUTION:

Pb = Pa

Conservation of Momentum equation.

KE2 + PE2 = KE3 + PE3 – Wnc

Note: Wnc is work done by friction force

From figure after collision

KE2 + PE2 = KE3 + PE3 – Wnc

0.5mTV22 + mTgh2 = 0.5mTV32 + mTgh3 – Ff (d) cos (180)

0.5mTV22 + 0 = 0 + 0 – (μmtg)(d)(-1)

0.5 V22 = - (0.72) (9.8) (8.2) (-1)

V2 = 10.8 m/s

From Point 2 of the figure

At point 2, the car/SUV system has enough kinetic energy to travel 8.2 m with the
brakes locked. This translates to a speed of 10.8 m/s at Point 2.

P1 = P2

msuvVsuv + mcarVcar = mTV2

(1700) Vsuv + 0 = (2650) (10.8)

Vsuv = 17 m/s
 2. A sled of mass m is given a kick on a frozen pond. The kick imparts to it an initial speed
vi = 2.00 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the sled and the ice is μk =
0.100. Utilizing energy considerations, find the distance the sled moves before it stops.

D=?

Ff

SOLUTION:

ΔKE + WNC = 0

Note: Wnc is the work done by Frictional force at a certain distance where a sled
stopped moving after it was kicked and skidded on ice.

0.5mVf2 - 0.5mVi2 + Ff (d) = 0

0.5mVi2 = (μkmg) (d)

0.5Vi2 = (μkg) (d)

(0.5) (2)2 = (1)(0.8)(d)

d = 2.04 m.
3. A 7500-kg truck traveling at 5.0 m/s east collide with a 1500-kg car moving at 20 m/s in
a direction 30o south of west. After the collision, the two vehicles remain tangled together.
With what speed and in what direction does the wreckage begin to move?

SOLUTION:
4. The 500 kg log rests on the ground (coefficients of static and kinetic friction are
µs = 0.5 and µk = 0.4). The winch delivers a towing force T to its cable at A as
shown. Find the speed of the log when t = 5 sec

SOLUTION:

ƐFy = 0 N = W = mg
= (500)(9.81)
= 4905 N

T = µsN
= (0.5)(4905)
= 2452.5 N
T = 400 t2 = 2452.5 N
t = 2.476 sec
 5. The rocket, having a total mass of 20 tons, has just completed firing of its first stage. An
explosive charge separates the first stage (now 12 tons) from the second, so that the
speed of separation of the two parts is 4.2 m s-1. What extra speed is imparted to the
second stage?

···· · ·-···-·· --- -·-· ·-· ··- ··· ····

SOLUTION:

P1= P2

0 = mAVA + mBVB (VA and VB unknown)

VB – VA = 4.2 m s-1
VA = VB - 4.2
0 = 12,000 (VB – 4.2) + 8000VB

0 = 20,000VB – 50,400

VB = 50,400 / 20,000
VB = 2.52 m s-1 VA = 1.68 m s-1
 6. A 1520 kg vehicle travelling at 30 m s-1 crashes into the rear of a 1780 kg one travelling
at 15 m s-1. Estimate the velocities immediately after the collision using a coefficient of
restitution estimate of 0.2.

SOLUTION:

P1= P2

mAUA + mBUB = mAVA + mBVB

Restitution e = 0.2

VB – VA = e(UA – UB)
VB – VA = 0.2 (30 - 15) =3 m s-1
V B = VA + 3
Initial Momentum mA UA + mBUB =72,300 N s

72,300 =1520VA + 1780 (VA + 3)

72,300 = 3300VA + 3

VA =20.3 m s-1 VB = 23.3 m s-1

 7. The three toy cars (with mass marked) is connected together is being pulled by a
horizontal force of magnitude of F = 3.5 N. determine the velocity of the cars after 2
seconds. (Neglect Friction)

SOLUTION:

𝑇2
mv1 + Ɛ∫𝑇1 𝐹 3 dt =mv2

0 + 3.5(2) = (.15 +.1+ .1) v2

v2 = 20 m/s

8. The 50 kg uniform crate initially rest on the inclined surface. If a force as shown starts
to pull the crate, determine the power output developed by the force at t =6 sec. The
coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the crate and the surface are µs =0.2
and µk =0.15.

@ t = 6s

P = Fv

SOLUTION:

Before motion starts After motion starts

𝑇2
ƐFx = F – Wsin30 –F1 = 0 mv1 +Ɛ ∫𝑇1 𝐹 x dt = mv2
6
ƐFy = N – Wcos30 –F1 = 0 0 + ∫3.255(40𝑡 + 200) 𝑑𝑡

N= 424. 8 N -50(9.81)sin30(6-3.255)

-0.15(424.8)(6-3.255) = 50v2

F1 = µN =84.96 N v2 =4.18 m/s

F =330.2 N = 40t + 200 P = Fv2 =1.84kw

t = 3.255s
 9. Initially block A has a speed of 3 m/s as shown. Determine the speed of block B at t =6s.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the surface is µk = .15. The pulley
are weightless and frictionless.

SOLUTION:

ƐFy = N – Wcos30 –F1 = 0

N = 84.96

Ff = µk N =12.74 N
𝑇2
mv1 +Ɛ ∫𝑇1 𝐹 x dt = mv2

10.3+(T – 10(9.81))sin30 -12.74)6

= 10v2

𝑇2
mv1 +Ɛ ∫𝑇1 𝐹 x dt = mv2

vby = -1/2vax

20(-3/2)+(2T-20(9.81))6 = 20vby = 20(-1/2vax)

10.3+(T-10(9.81)sin30-12.74)6 =10vax

T =86N

Vax =17.5 m/s

Vby =-8.76 m/s

10. The two balls collide and bounce off each other as shown in the figure below. (a) What is
the final velocity of the 500 – g ball if the 800-g ball has a speed of 15 cm/s after the
collison? (b) is the collision perfectly elastic?

SOLUTION:
11. A pendulum consisting of a ball of mass m is released from the position shown in Figure
below and strikes a block of mass M. The block slides a distance D before stopping under
the action of a steady friction force 0.20Mg. Find D if the ball rebounds to an angle of 20O.

SOLUTION:
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

COMPILATION OF

QUIZZES
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

COMPILATION OF

EXAMS
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

COMPILATION OF

SEATWORK
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

COMPILATION OF

HOMEWORK
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2nd SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

COMPILATION OF

PROBLEM SET