COMPLEX NUMBERS

- Is an expression of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 = √−1.

𝑎 − 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑏𝑖 − 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

Two complex numbers 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 are equal if and only if:

𝑎=𝑐
𝑏=𝑑

The conjugate of a complex number 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖, and conversely.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Graph the complex number 3 + 4𝑖,

Imaginary part

3 + 4i

Real part

ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS

Addition:

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖

Subtraction:

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) − (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 − 𝑐) + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑖

Multiplication:

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝑖 + 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑𝑖 2

= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝑖 + 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑(−1)
= ( 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖

Division:

- To divide complex numbers, multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by
the conjugate of the denominator, replacing 𝑖 2 by -1.
- Example:
2+𝑖
3 − 4𝑖
 Solution:
2+𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 6 + 8𝑖 + 3𝑖 + 4𝑖 2
( )( )=
3 − 4𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 9 − 16𝑖 2
6 + 11𝑖 + 4(−1)
=
9 − 16(−1)
6 + 11𝑖 − 4
=
9 + 16
2 + 11𝑖
=
25
2 11
= + 𝑖
25 25

COMPLEX NUMBER FORMS

• Rectangular form
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
• Polar form
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
• Exponential form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

COMPLEX NUMBER REPRESENTATION

Given 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦,

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
Given 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃,

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃