Angles and

applications
trigonometry
▪ is the branch of mathematics concerned with the
measurement of the parts, sides, and angles of a
triangle.
▪ based on certain ratios, called trigonometric functions.
▪ Plane Trigonometry is restricted to triangles in a plane.
APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Surveying
2. Navigation
3. Engineering
4. Vibratory Phenomena (sound, light, electricity, etc).
Plane angle
▪ is the union of two rays that
share a common endpoint.
▪ The rays are called the sides
of the angle, and the
common endpoint is the
vertex of the angle.
CENTRAL ANGLE
An angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle.

terminal side Initial Side – stationary ray of the angle

initial side
Terminal Side – rotating ray of the angle
Angle measurement

Counter Clockwise Direction Clockwise Direction

Unit of Angle measurement
1
• Degree measure – 1 revolution = 360°, revolution = 180°
2
A minute (‘) is 1/60 of a degree; a second (“) is 1/60 of a minute.

• Radian measure – 2π radian = 360°, π radian = 180°

A radian (1 rad) is the measure of
the central angle subtended by an
arc of a circle whose length is equal
to the radius of the circle.
Unit of Angle measurement
Converting Degree to Radians, and vice versa
𝜋 rad
1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by .
180°

180°
2. To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by .
𝜋 rad
1. 15° 2. -225°
Conversion: Conversion:
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
15° = 15° × −225° = −225° ×
180°
180° Convert the
15𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 following −225 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
= = 180
180 Degree
15𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑÷15 measure to −225 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑÷45
= = 180÷45
180÷15 Radian
𝜋 5𝜋
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑 measure = − 4 𝑟𝑎𝑑
12

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
Therefore, 𝟏𝟓° = rad Therefore,−𝟐𝟐𝟓° = − 𝟒 rad
𝟏𝟐
 𝟓𝝅 𝟔𝝅
3. rad 4. − rad
𝟗 𝟓

Conversion: Conversion:
5𝜋 rad 5𝜋 rad 180° 6𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 6𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 180°
= × − =− ×
9 9 𝜋 rad Convert the 5 5 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
900°
following 1080°
= = − 5
9 Radian
measure to = −216°
= 100° Degree
Therefore, measure Therefore,
𝟓𝝅 𝟔𝝅
𝐫𝐚𝐝 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎° − 𝐫𝐚𝐝 = −𝟐𝟏𝟔°
𝟗 𝟓
LINEAR MEASURE OF A CENTRAL ANGLE (ARC LENGTH)
The linear measure of a central angle of a circle is the
length of the arc of the circle that subtends the angle.

In a circle of radius r, the length of s of an

arc intercepted by the central angle with
measure θ radians is given by

𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽
 Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius
10m that subtends a central angle of 30°.
EXAMPLE
Given: 𝑟 = 10 m, 𝜃 = 30° Then, solve for 𝑠 when
𝜋
Required: 𝑠 = ? 𝑟 = 10 and 𝜃 = 6 rad,
Solution: 𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽
𝜋
First, convert the given 𝜃 to 𝑠 = 10 m
radian: 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝟓𝝅
𝜃 = 30° × = 𝒔= 𝐦
180° 6 𝟑
 A central angle 𝜃 in a circle of radius 4 m is
subtended by an arc of length 6 m. Find the
EXAMPLE measure of 𝜃 in radians.

Given: 𝑟 = 4 m, 𝑠 = 6 m
Required: 𝜃 =?
Solution:
𝑠
From 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 we get 𝜃 = .
𝑟
6m
𝜃=
4m
𝟑
𝜽 = 𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝟐
THE UNIT CIRCLE
y

A circle with center at the origin

and radius equal to 1 unit. x
Your Give the degree/radian measure of the following special angles.

turn
Lengths of arcs on a unit circle
Area of a sector
The area K of a sector of a circle with radius 𝑟
and central angle 𝜃 radians is:
1 2
𝐾= 2
𝑟 𝜃.

Example:
1. For a circle of radius 30 𝑖𝑛, what is the area of a sector
1
intercepted by a central angle of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
3
2. For a circle of radius 18 𝑐𝑚, what is the area of a sector
intercepted by a central angle of 50°?
Linear and ANGULAR VELOCITY
Linear Velocity measures how fast the object travels.

𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑠
𝑣= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Angular Velocity measures how fast the angle changes.

𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝜃

𝜔= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
The relationship between the linear velocity 𝑣 and the angular velocity
𝜔 for an object with radius 𝑟 is 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 where 𝜔 is measured in radians
per unit of time and 𝑣 is distance per unit of time.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. A bicycle with 20 − 𝑖𝑛 wheels is travelling
down a road at 15𝑚𝑖/ℎ. Find the angular
velocity of the wheel in revolutions per
minute.
2. A wheel that is drawn by a belt is making 1
revolution per second (r/s). If the wheel is 18
cm in diameter, what is the linear velocity of
the belt in cm/s?