Submitted To

Dr. Farhana Umar

Submitted By
Abdur Rahman

Roll No
Fa19c2bc038

Subject
Power System Protection

Semester
8th

Assignment #1
Q1: Explain the function of klydonograph and magnetic link?
Ans: Klydonograph is used to measure the surge voltage on transmission line
caused by lightning.
since lightning surges are infrequent and random in nature, it is necessary to
install a large number of recording devices to obtain a reasonable amount of data
regarding these surges produced on transmission lines and other equipment’s.
Some fairly simple devices have been developed for this purpose.
Klydonograph is one such device which makes use of the patterns known as
Lichtenberg Figure which are produced on a photographic film by surface corona
discharges. The Klydonograph consists of a rounded electrode resting upon the
emulsion side of a photographic film or plate which is kept on the smooth surface
of an insulating material plate backed by a plate electrode. The minimum critical
voltage to produce a Figure is about 2 kV and the maximum Voltage that can be
recorded is about 20 kV, as at higher voltages spark overs occurs which spoils the
film. The device can be used with a potential divider to measure higher voltages
and with a resistance shunt to measure impulse current. There are characteristic
differences between the Figure for positive and negative voltages. However, for
either polarity the radius of the Figure (if it is symmetrical) or the maximum
distance from the centre of the Figure to its outside edge (if it is unsymmetrical)
is a function only of the applied voltage. The oscillatory voltages produce
superimposed effects for each part of the wave. Thus, it is possible to know
whether the wave is unidirectional or oscillatory. Since the size of the Figure for
positive polarity is larger, it is preferable to use positive polarity Figure. This is
particularly desirable in case of measurement of surges on transmission lines or
other such equipment which are ordinarily operating on a.c.

Figure 1
voltage and the alternating voltage give a black band along the centre of the film
caused by superposition of positive and negative Figure produced on each half
cycle.
For each surge voltage it is possible to obtain both positive and negative polarity
Figure by connecting pairs of electrodes in parallel, one pair with a high voltage
point and an earthed plate and the other pair with a high voltage plate and an
earthed point.
Magnetic link
The maximum rate-of-rise of lightning currents is a critical parameter in lightning
protection. The study shows that with two magnetic links, which are pre recorded
with calibrated signal, laid simultaneously nearby the lightning channel and in
quadrature with each other, the maximum rate-of-rise of lightning currents can be
measured directly. The physical and mathematical models are established to
describe the demagnetization of the links. The signal-erased length for the link
placed in parallel way is determined by the lightning field intensity as well as the
inducted current in the link which is proportional to the maximum rate-of-rise;
and the signal-erased length for perpendicularly placed link solely relates to the
lightning field intensity, the inducted current effect is negligible in this case. So,
by calculating the difference between two signal-erased lengths, the maximum
lightning rate-of-rise can be determined. The experiments show that the
measuring error of this method is less than 5%.

Q2: What is the necessity of protecting electrical equipment

against traveling waves?
Describe in brief the protective devices used for protection of
equipment against such waves.
Ans: It is necessary to protect electrical equipment against travelling waves
because
 The high peak voltage of the surge may cause flashover in the internal
winding thereby spoil the winding insulation.
 The steep wave front of the surge may cause internal flashover between the
inter-turns of the transformer.
 The high peak voltage of the surge may cause external flashover, between
the terminals of the electrical equipment which may result in damage to
insulator.
 The steep wave front resulting into resonance and high voltages may cause
internal or external flashover of an un-predicable nature causing building
up of the oscillation in the electrical apparatus.
 The most common devices used for protection of equipment at the
substations against travelling waves are lightning arresters or surge
diverters.
A surge diverter is a device the is connected between line and earth, i.e., in
parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation.

Figure 2
When a travelling wave reaches the diverter, it sparks-over at a certain
prefixed voltage as illustrated by point A in the figure, and provides a
conducting path of relatively low impedance between the line and ground.
The surge impedance of the line restricts the amplitude of current flowing to
ground. This is necessary in order to protect the insulation of the equipment.
Fig.1 shows the shape of voltage and of current at the diverter terminals. It
should, however, be noted that the surge diverter should provide a path of low
impedance only when the travelling surge reaches the surge diverter, neither
before it nor after it.
An ideal surge diverter should have the following characteristics
1. It should not draw any current during normal operating conditions, i.e.,
its spark over voltage must be above the normal or abnormal power
frequency that may occur in the system.
2. Any abnormal transient voltage above the breakdown value must cause
it to breakdown as quickly as possible so that it may provide a
conducting path to ground.
3. When the breakdown have taken place, it should be capable of carrying
the resulting discharge current without getting damaged itself and
without the voltage across it exceeding the breakdown value.
4. The power frequency current following the breakdown must be
interrupted as soon as the transient voltage has fallen below the
breakdown value.

The choice of lightning arrestor depends upon the following

factor
1) Voltage of the line
2) Frequency of the lightning
3) Cost
4) Whether condition
5) Reliability