Submitted To

Engr. Zeeshan Arfeen

Submitted By
Abdur Rahman

Roll No
Fa19c2bc038

Subject
Power System Operation & Control

Semester
8th

Assignment #1

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Table of Contents
Q1: What is active power? .................................................................................................................... 3
Q2: What is Reactive power?................................................................................................................ 3
Q3: What is Apparent power? ............................................................................................................... 3
Q4: What is turbine? ............................................................................................................................. 3
Q5: What is power factor? .................................................................................................................... 3
Q6: What is governor? ....................................................................................................................... 4
Q7: What is Hammering effect? ........................................................................................................... 4
Q8: Define Unit Commitment? ............................................................................................................. 4
Q9: Define speed regulation?................................................................................................................ 4
Q10: What is voltage regulation?......................................................................................................... 4
Q11: Define controller or regulator? ..................................................................................................... 4
Q12: Define Automatic voltage regulator? ........................................................................................... 4
Q13: What is Droop? ............................................................................................................................ 4
Q14: Define STATCOM? ..................................................................................................................... 4
Q15: What is Fact device? .................................................................................................................... 5
Q16: Define Compensator. ..................................................................................................................... 5
Q17: Define Condenser? ......................................................................................................................... 5
Q18: Define penstock? .......................................................................................................................... 5
Q19: Define synchronous machine? ....................................................................................................... 5
Q20: Define induction motor? .............................................................................................................. 5
Q21: What is PID Controller?............................................................................................................... 5
Q22: What is prime mover? .................................................................................................................. 5
Q23: Define excitation? ......................................................................................................................... 5
Q24: Define Load Frequency Control? ................................................................................................. 5
Q25: Define voltage stability? .............................................................................................................. 6
Q26: What is Rotor angle stability? ...................................................................................................... 6
Q26: Define steady state stability?........................................................................................................ 6
Q27: Define dynamic stability? ............................................................................................................ 6
Q28: Define transient stability? ............................................................................................................ 6

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Q1: What is active power?
Ans: The portion of power that is absorbed and used by the load is known as “active power”
and is always equal or less than the apparent power. It is measure in watt or kilo watt. It is also
known as real power or fruitful power. It is denoted by P. It is calculated by using formula
P = VICosѲ

Q2: What is Reactive power?

Ans: Reactive power is the part of complex power that corresponds to storage and retrieval
of energy rather than consumption. It is measure in VAR or KVAR and denoted by Q.
Q = VISinѲ

Q3: What is Apparent power?

Ans: The total power flowing is known as “apparent power”. It is the sum of active power
and reactive power. It measures in VA or KVA and denoted by S.

S = VI

Figure 1

Q4: What is turbine?

Ans: Turbine is the rotatory mechanical device that extract energy from fluid flow and convert
into useful work. The work is used for generating electrical power when combined with
generator.

Q5: What is power factor?

Ans: It is the ratio of active or real power (in W) that is consumed by load to apparent power
(VA) also known as demand. It is denoted by CosѲ.
𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
CosѲ =
𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲

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Q6: What is governor?
Ans: Governor is main system of the hydraulic turbine of hydroelectric power plant. Governor
is the essential system of power plant that control the speed and output power of plant by
changing the water flow of turbine.

Q7: What is Hammering effect?

Ans: A water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid, usually a liquid but
sometimes also a gas, in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly;
a momentum change. this phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an
end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe.

Q8: Define Unit Commitment?

Ans: Unit commitment (UC) is a popular problem in electric power system that aims at
minimizing the total cost of power generation in a specific period, by defining an adequate
scheduling of the generating units.

Q9: Define speed regulation?

Ans: Speed regulation can be defined as the change in speed from no load to full load
expressed in term of full load speed.
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
S.R =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

Q10: What is voltage regulation?

Ans: The change in terminal voltage from no load to full load is called voltage regulation.

Q11: Define controller or regulator?

Ans: A controller/regulator is a device that monitor and modifies the state of dynamical
system.

Q12: Define Automatic voltage regulator?

Ans: The automatic voltage regulator is the electronic device that maintain the constant
voltage level to the electrical equipment. The AVR regulates voltage variations to deliver the
constant and reliable power.

Q13: What is Droop?

Ans: The slope is also called droop. In power system droop speed control is a control mode
of AC electrical power system. Whereby the output power reduces as line frequency increases.

Q14: Define STATCOM?

Ans: A Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is fast-acting device capable of
providing and absorbing reactive current thereby regulate voltage at point of connection of
power grid.

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Q15: What is Fact device?
Ans: Fact devices are static power electronic devices installed in power transmission system
to increase the power transfer capability, stability and controllability of the transmission
network through series and/or shunt compensation.

Q16: Define Compensator.

Ans: A Compensator is the component in the control system it is used to regulate an another
system. In most of the time it is done by conditioning the input or the output to that system.

Q17: Define Condenser?

Ans: A condenser is a piece of industrial equipment that act as a heat exchanger to convert
vapor/steam in to liquid.

Q18: Define penstock?

Ans: A sluice or gate used to control flow of water. A pipe or conduit used to carry water to
turbine from dam.

Q19: Define synchronous machine?

Ans: Synchronous machine is the electrical machine whose rotating speed is proportional to
the frequency of alternating current supply and independent of load.

Q20: Define induction motor?

Ans: Induction motor or asynchronous motor is the electric motor in which the AC electric
current needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic
field of stator winding.

Q21: What is PID Controller?

Ans: A proportional integral and derivative controller is control loop mechanism employing
feedback that is widely used in industrial control system. PID find the error by comparing the
desired set point (SP) value and the measured process variable (PV) and implies correction
based of proportional integral and derivative terms

Q22: What is prime mover?

Ans: Prime mover is a machine that convert different form of energy (i.e., hydraulic energy,
wind energy, steam energy etc) in to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then
convert into electricity by mean of alternator.

Q23: Define excitation?

Ans: The process of generating magnetic field by means of current is called excitation.

Q24: Define Load Frequency Control?

Ans: In an electric power system, Load Frequency Control (LFC) is a system to maintain
reasonably uniform frequency, to divide the load between the generators and to control the tie-
line interchange schedules.

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Q25: Define voltage stability?
Ans: Voltage stability is defined as the ability of power system to maintain acceptable voltages
at all the system buses under normal conditions as well as after being subjected to a disturbance.
Voltage stability is a subset of overall system stability.

Q26: What is Rotor angle stability?

Ans: Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power
system to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance.

Q26: Define steady state stability?

Ans: Steady state stability is defined as the ability of a power system to remain stable (i.e.,
without losing synchronism) for small disturbance (gradually increasing load).
Static stability is the inherent stability that prevails without aid of control devices.

Q27: Define dynamic stability?

Ans: Dynamic stability is the artificial stability that given to the inherently unstable system
by automatic control devices. It concerned with small disturbance lasting for 10 to 30 second.

Q28: Define transient stability?

Ans: Transient stability is defined as the stability of the power system to remain stable for
large disturbance (such as sudden change is load, loss of generation, excitation, transmission
facilities, switching operation and faults).