NAME: FADRIQUEL, KENT ORRIELE T.

SR-CODE: 19-03152
LABORATORY NO. 2
Answer the following questions based on the videos posted on the google
classroom. Kindly answer with complete thought. Always remember that

1. What is the importance of carbon brushes on DC motors?

2. What are the disadvantage of DC motors?
3. How does AC motors work?
4. What are the disadvantages of AC motors?
5. What is an electronically commutated motor and how these motors
work?
6. Why are three phase induction motors used to power large industrial
machines?
7. What are the components of a squirrel cage motor discussed on the
video? Explain each.
8. What are the two major components of an induction motor? Why?
9. What is the role of the stator in a three-phase induction motor?
10. What is relative motion?
11. What is the difference between synchronous speed and rated speed?
12 .How does the number of poles affect the stator and rotor?
13 .Discuss the relationship of speed and torque curves of a motor.
14. What are the NEMA design standards for induction motors? Explain
each.
15. What specifications can we found on a motor nameplate. Explain
each.
16. What are the different types of induction motor enclosures? Explain
each.
17. Write all the chapter review questions and the answers on the video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xjn7KAQ2uA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpKybaLURy0
1. Carbon brushes on DC motors switch the direction of current in a
rotating armature.
2. It has short lifespans and suffer from very specific losses that are a
product of their design.
3. AC motors are powered and controlled by AC input voltage. They rely
on an outside stator with coils that produce a rotating magnetic field
and inside rotor attached to the outside shaft and producing a second
rotating magnetic field. The interaction between these rotating fields
inducers the rotation of the motor.
4. AC motors are less efficient than DC motors because they have to create
their own magnetic field.
5. These are brushless DC motors controlled by external electronics. The
rotor contains permanent magnetics and the stator has fixed windings.
Electronic circuitry switches the phases in the windings to make the
motor turn. EC motors are the most efficient of the three and deliver
exceptional control but they are expensive and current technology limits
them to lower power output applications.
6. Because they have the ability to produce a lot of torque. Three-phased
induction motor typically power large industrial machines used for
product manufacturing, processing, and other applications. Their simple
construction and relatively low cost and low maintenance are the main
reasons for their popularity.
7. Stator - is made up of a series stacked insulated and compressed iron
slices with cutouts or slots through which we run the stator windings.
We use stacked metal slices to reduce electrical losses in the system.
Centrally located within the stator is the rotor.
The Rotor - is basically a cylinder with an iron core which is made up of
laminated slices just like the stator. The rotor has conducting end caps
on each end and conducting bars running through the slots in the
laminated slices that connected to the end caps. The rotor is attached
to the motor shaft. Bearings support the motor shaft allowing the shaft
and rotor to rotate as it remains centrally positioned within the stator
enclosure.
The Shaft - transports the mechanical energy created from the rotor to
the load and an air gap between the stator and rotor eliminates any
physical contact between the two components.
The Enclosure - which consists of the motor frame and the end valves.
The end valves contain bearings which allow the rotor shaft to turn freely
on its axis. The type of enclosure can vary depending on the motors
application.
8. Stator and the Rotor. These components work together to convert
electrical energy to mechanical energy.
9. The stator creates a rotating magnetic field, which induces a voltage in
the rotor bars, which are shorted on the ends. That allows current to
flow in the rotor, which then creates its own opposing magnetic field to
the stator field.

10. Relative motion is a calculation between the speed of one moving

object relative to the speed of another moving object.

11. Synchronous Speed is the speed of the rotating magnetic field in

the stator. While the mechanical speed of a rotor is called Rated Speed.
A rated speed is based off a motor’s rated load. You can usually find the
value for the rated speed on the motor’s template indicating the general
speed of the rotor at rated load. With AC induction motors, the rotors
always rotates slower than ng magnetic field of the stator.
12. You can increase or decrease torque by adding or subtracting the
number of poles in the stator. The more poles, the slower the magnetic
field rotates. Sync speed decreases as the number of poles increases.
High torque induction motors have slower sync speeds and lower torque
motors of the same size have less torque and higher synchronous
speeds. The pole count increases, the higher the cost of manufacturing.
13. A Speed Torque Curve shows you how the torque produced by an
induction motor varies throughout the different phases of its operation.
Starting Torque (150%) is the amount of torque an induction
motor produces as its ramps up from a standstill. Pull Up Torque (125%)
is the amount of motor torque available as the motor accelerates
towards its rated speed. If the motor’s Pull Up Torque is less than the
amount required to accelerate the load, the motor will never reach its
rated speed. As the motor’s continuous to accelerate towards its rated
speed, it encounters its Breakdown Torque. Breakdown Torque (200-
250%) is the greatest amount of torque a motor can generate. When
the motor has accelerated itself to its rated speeds, the motor should
be producing between 80-100% of its rated torque.
As the load is increased and the motor speed decreases, the amount
of torque produced by the motor increase the load. As the load
increases, it increases the amount of current that the motor draws and
consequently the amount of motor torque produced.
When the motor slips beyond its Breakdown Torque, it begins to
produce less torque which then causes the motor speed to decrease
even more, or worse, stall. This situation usually results in a damage to
the motor if left in this state, due to overheating of the stator.

14. National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA)-establishes

technical standards for the manufacturing of electronic products. NEMA
 has established standards for four different designs of electrical
Induction motors which are A, B, C, and D respectively. Each
standardized design has unique speed, torque, and slip capabilities
depending on the work they perform.
NEMA Design A motors are allowed a maximum slip of 0.5-5%.
Similar to Design B in terms of Torque Output. However, they are not
limited on their starting current. This allows for lowering winding
impedance which in turn our state or resistance making Design A one of
the most efficient motors from an energy standpoint. Design A motors
often offer greater breakdown torque than Design B. Centrifugal fans
and pumps are typical Design A applications.
NEMA Design B Motors are the most commonly used induction motors
in the industry. They have a maximum slip of 0.5-5% and speed torque
characteristics that are similar to Design A motors but with NEMA
mandated limit to their starting current. Because they can provide good
Pull Up Torque, Design B motors are used in a wide variety of
applications. Design B motors can also take impact or burst loads at full
speed without stalling.
NEMA Design C motor has also a maximum of 1-5% slip. Design C
motors are built to power equipment requiring high breakaway torque
like positive-displacement pumps and conveyors.
Similar to the Design C motor, a NEMA Design D motor is squirrel
cage motor design with a maximum slip of 5-13%. Low starting current
to withstand full voltage starting and very high locked rotor torque. Like
Design C motors, you’ll find Design D motors powering equipment with
high starting torque requirements like cranes or hoists. Design D motors
are also well suited to high impact load applications like stamping
presses.
15. North America NEMA establishes the standards for the information
provided on the nameplate. This information is vital to determining the
motors characteristics.
Horsepower (HP) - A measure of the motor’s mechanical output rating.
HP = (RPM x Torque (ft-lb))/5252
Torque – A measure of the turning of twisting force supplied by the
motor to the load.
Torque (ft-lb) = (HP x 5252)/RPM
Motor Rated Voltage – the optimal performing voltage of the motor.
Motors are rated with 10% tolerance above and below the rated voltage
shown on nameplate.
 Motor Rated Current (FLA) – the amount of amperage the motor needs
when it is operating at full-load torque and horsepower. FLA means Full
Load Amps.
Motor Rated Frequency (HZ) – The frequency at which the motor is
designed to operate. Some motors are designed to work with a variable
frequency drive (VFD). They are rated at different frequencies.
Motor Rated Speed (RPM) – The approximate RPM at which the rotor is
rotating when the motor is operating under full load.
Motor Poles – The number of poles inside the stator of a three-phase
motor.
Motor Phase – The number of AC power lines supplying the motor. With
the three-phase motor there are three power lines.
NEMA Design Letter – The motor’s NEMA design type, either A, B, C, or
D. The letter designation describers the motor’s torque and current
characteristics.
Insulation Class (INS) – insulation is crucial in an induction motor, the
insulation class describes the thermal tolerance of the motor windings.
The letter indicates the motor windings ability to withstand operating
temperatures for specific length of time. Motors controlled with a
variable frequency drive and/or motors that run at lower speeds usually
have a higher insulation class.
Service Factor (SF) – The percentage of overloading a motor can handle
over short periods when operating at rated voltage and frequency.
Frame size – The mounting dimensions, including the foot hole mounting
pattern and shaft dimensions.
16. Standards have been established by NEMA for the types of
Induction Motor Enclosures. The standards are based on the motors
used and designated on the nameplate as ENCL.
Open Drip-Proof (ODP) – Typically used for indoor applications. ODP
enclosures allow outside air to circulate over the windings while
preventing any liquid from entering the enclosure with fifteen degrees
from vertical.
Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV) – Uses cooling fins to dissipate
heat instead of a fan or vent opening. TENV enclosures are designed for
installation indoor or outdoor in dirty and/ or slightly damp conditions.
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) – Cooled by a motor shaft connected
to an exterior fan. TEFC enclosures are not waterproof, but they are
used outdoors in dirty locations.
 Totally Enclosed Blower Cooled (TEBC) – Cooled through forced
convection by a rear-mounted blower. TEBC enclosures are used in both
indoor and outdoor applications.
Other types of Induction Motor Enclosures:
- Totally Enclosed Air Over
- Totally Enclosed Wash Down
- Explosion Proof
- Hazardous Location
17.
Chapter 1 Review Questions and Answers:
What are the two major components of an induction motor?
Stator and the Rotor. These components work together to convert
electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Chapter 2 Review Questions and Answers:
Is the rotor connected to the three-phase incoming power?
No. The stator creates a rotating magnetic field, which induces a
voltage in the rotor bars, which are shorted on the ends. That allows
current to flow in the rotor, which then creates its own opposing
magnetic field to the stator field
Chapter 3 Review Questions and Answers:
Is the rotor’s speed the same as the rotating magnetic field speed?
No. the rotor’s speed is always slower than the rotating magnetic
field of the stator in a positive torque application. If both were at the
same speed there would be no conduction and the rotor would not be
able to create a magnetic field.
Chapter 4 Review Questions and Answers:
If we have a motor with rated speed of 1774 rpm, how many poles does
it have?
4 poles. We know that our rated speed is going to be a little bit
less than our sync speed.
Chapter 5 Review Questions and Answers:
If we look at the speed torque curve, at what point is the torque at its
maximum?
Breakdown Torque. Breakdown Torque is the greatest amount of
torque a motor can generate.
Chapter 6 Review Questions and Answers:
Which NEMA design motor will be the best for a fan or pump application?
Design A and Design B are both suitable for this application due
to their low amount if slip and high breakdown torque.
Chapter 7 Review Questions and Answers:
What is usually given on the motor nameplate – Synchronous speed or
the rated speed?
Rated Speed is usually given for a motor. With this we know how
fast the shaft is spinning at the rated load and can easily figure out the
synchronous speed if needed.
Chapter 8 Review Questions and Answers:
What does TENV stand for?
TENV stands for Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated. TENV enclosures
are designed for installation indoor or outdoor in dirty and/ or slightly
damp environment.