The Architectural Character /Elements of Islamic Architecture

Minarets
A minaret is a spire or tower-like structure featuring small windows and an enclosed staircase. It is one of
the oldest elements of Islamic architecture, and is found next to most mosques. The primary function of
the minaret is to allow the muezzin to call worshippers to prayer from an elevated point. This occurs five
times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night.
Domes
Islamic architecture features domes placed on structures called pendentives that make it possible to fit a
round dome on a rectangular or square room. Pendentives are often decorated with mosaic tiling.
Muqarnas Vaulting
Due to their sculptural composition and patterned aesthetic, Muqarnas are often compared to stalactites or
honeycomb. In addition to domes and pendentives, this unique ornamentation also adorns vaults,
culminating in monochromatic, sculptural ceilings that contrast the surrounding tiles.
Arches
Another fixture of Islamic architecture is the arch. Evident in both entrances and interiors, Islamic arches
are categorized into four main styles: pointed, ogee, horseshoe, and multifoil.
The pointed arch features a rounded design with a tapered apex.
The ogee arch is similar to the pointed arch. However, its point is composed of two s-shaped lines,
culminating in a more sinuous silhouette.
The horseshoe arch (also known as a keyhole arch) is associated with Moorish architecture. As its crown
can be either rounded or pointed, this type of structure is defined by the dramatic widening and narrowing
of its sides.
Like the horseshoe arch, the multifoil arch is characteristic of Moorish architecture. This arch feature
multiple foils, or “leaves,” resulting in a scalloped shape.
Ornamental Details
Islamic decoration often includes multi-colored mosaic tiling featuring repeated patterns and non-
figurative geometric or vegetal motifs and patterns such as the arabesque. It also typically includes the use
of Arabic calligraphy scripts, such as passages from the Qur'an.

Another striking feature is mashrabiya, or wood lattice work, that is used on windows for privacy and
climate control and sometimes used in a modern context as a purely decorative element or option for
dividing interior spaces. Other decorative elements of Islamic design include wall paintings; stucco
sculpture and wall panels; and decorative woodwork.

Outdoor Elements
Islamic architecture often features gardens; walled interior courtyards; open hypostyle halls held
up by columns; and vaulting.
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