Mock Act 1 - Student - 2023

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Name: Date:

0001. MOCK ACT 1 -- STUDENT - READING COMPREHENSION SENT 05-18-22 REVIEWED XX-XX-22

READING TEST
35 Minutes—40 Questions
DIRECTIONS: There are several passages in this
test.
Each passage is accompanied by several questions.
After reading a passage, choose the best answer to
each question and fill in the corresponding oval on
your answer document. You may refer to the
passages as often as necessary.

Passage I: PROSE FICTION We thank our lucky stars that we live out in the wilderness,
40 that we are not on congested streets and highways or
This passage is adapted from a short story. It describes clustered in high-rise city rookeries, with jangling noise and
first life in the country, then life in the big city. turmoil all about, that we are not in smog, that we can drink
clean clear water, not fluoridized or chlorinated, from our
August bubbling spring, that our homegrown food is not stale,
The snow falls gently on our quiet meadow sloping 45 preserved or embalmed and bought from the supermarket.
down to Penobscot Bay, with spruce trees back against We are thankful; for what the wilderness makes
the gray of the water. A raven croaks from a nearby possible. Peace, progress, prosperity? We prefer peace,
treetop. Two gulls sail over the house and squawk quiet, and frugality.
5 unintelligibly together. The only other sounds are the
wood fire snapping, the kettle steaming on the stove September
and Pusso purring. You look out the window of your one-bedroom apartment
There is no phone to ring, no radio to turn on, 50 and see swarms of people in the streets as if the day never
no television to watch. We need don no city disguise ends. You live with the interminable sounds of the cars,
10 and ride subways, catch trains, attend cocktail parties or trucks, and repair services and hassles encountered. But
dinner. We can choose and make our own music, reread there is an excitement that makes you alive. You can leave
our favorite books, wear our old clothes, eat when and your apartment at three in the morning and go to a coffee
what we like from a well-stocked root cellar, or happily 55 shop, which remains open. You can lose your identity and
abstain from food, if we wish, the whole day. There is forget about your problems by mingling during the day with
15 wood to cut, snow to shovel, mail to answer, but all in the thousands of people roaming the streets. You may be
our own good time. No one is pushing, no on shoving, walking right next to a famous celebrity or a lowly
no one ordering about. There is no job to lose; we make degenerate. But it doesn’t matter. It is the excitement that
our own jobs. Free men? Almost. 60 counts, the fact that you can call anybody anytime by
A neighbor may amble in on snowshoes and phone, get up up-to-the-minute news through radio, TV, or
20 bring us word of his horse’s health or wife’s pregnancy. internet. You can choose from hundreds of international
Over a glass of cider, we may talk of snowmobile restaurants, and although the food may not be homegrown,
incursions or hunters’ depredations. He may bring us a you certainly have the exciting ambience of a packed
huge cabbage he has grown and we send him back with 65 restaurant with constant movement. You can choose from
a bottle of our rosehips juice and a knitted doll for his the best of hospitals and doctors, although it may take you
25 little daughter. In our chat beside the fire we will some time to get an appointment with a doctor or get to the
probably not touch on the outside world, though we are hospital because of traffic. But the noise, the
not unaware of what stirs the nation. inconveniences, the muggings, all this goes with the
The newspaper, reaching us by mail, brings us 70 territory-with the excitement. You can always escape to the
echoes of an inconsequential election between two country by train, car, bus, or even plane if you need to.
30 shadow-boxing candidates for an office no one should However, city living is certainly not for everyone. And your
covet. We read that two high officials, the Episcopal ability to live or even survive
Bishop of New York and the chief of the Russian
delegation to the United Nations, have separately been 75
held up in daylight and robbed by armed men in
35 Central Park. We learn that invaders are entering
classrooms in Manhattan’s public schools and at knife
or gunpoint relieving teachers of their cash and trinkets
before their open-mouthed pupils.

in a city depends on your temperament, your 7. The contrasting views differ in that

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0001. MOCK ACT 1 -- STUDENT - READING COMPREHENSION SENT 05-18-22 REVIEWED XX-XX-22

principles, your occupation and your interests. But for A. in lines 50-79, there is more of a tendency to qualify
many, the trade-off for a vibrant life, a pulse which the good with the bad
never ends, and access to almost every cultural event B. in the first part there are no hospitals in the village,
80 almost at any time is certainly a lure to live in the city whereas there are many in the city
environment. C. the author of the first section believes that everyone
should live in the country, whereas in the second
section the author believes that everyone would do
1. The general feeling running through lines 1-49 is well in the city
one of D. in the country there are no post offices to deliver
A. guarded resentment mail
B. tolerable boredom
C. restless indecision 8. Which would be more likely to be surprising to the
D. peaceful satisfaction author?
F. In Penobscot Bay, reading a headline in a
2. Which of the following is the most appropriate title newspaper: “Scientists Find Cancer Cure”
for lines 1-49? G. In the city, speaking with famous movie celebrity in
F. Winter in the Country the street
G. The Frills Aren’t Needed H. In Penobscot Bay, seeing some people skip a few
H. Peace, Progress, and Prosperity meals
J. A Lack of Conveniences J. In the city, hearing someone complain about city
living
3. The author’s reference to “an inconsequential
election between two shadow-boxing candidates” 9. We can infer from the passage that
(lines 29-30) indicates that the author A. the country author believes most news is bad,
A. has no faith in politicians whereas the city author believes most news is good
B. is opposed to professional prizefighting B. the country author believes politics and elections are
C. does not believe in having any elections useless, whereas the city author believes they are
D. prefers that people govern themselves necessary
C. the country author believes that city schools are
4. The author states or implies in the first half that dangerous and prefer not to have his or her children
F. there is no work to be done attend them, whereas the city author may agree but
G. he is a completely free man accepts the situation
H. he reads no newspapers D. the country author believes only the parks in the
J. he has a farm cities are safe, whereas the city author believes that
crime “goes with the territory”
5. Of the states below, the location of the author’s
home in the country is most likely in the state of 10. Which situation or condition is described or mentioned
A. Arizona in one section but not in the other?
B. Florida (I) The sociable and friendly nature of people
C. Maine (II) The positive effects of the environment
D. Louisiana (III) The impossibility of attaining any news from
outside locations or sources
6. It can be inferred from lines 50-79 that the author F. I only
believes that in the city G. II only
F. many people live in one-bedroom apartments H. III only
G. when eating out, you’ll never get homegrown J. I and II only
food
H. you can meet rich and poor at the most
expensive restaurants
J. losing one’s identity is considered a “plus”

Passage II: SOCIAL SCIENCE


the Chinese. Many different ethnic strains have gone to
This passage, adapted from “An Enduring Empire,” is 60 make up the people whom we call the Chinese. Presumably
about the Chinese Empire, the forces that kept the in the Chou and probably, earlier, in the Shang, the bearers
Empire together, its culture, and its philosophy. of Chinese culture were not a single race. As Chinese
culture moved southward it encountered differing cultures
First of all, it is important to note that the old China and, almost certainly, divergent stocks. The, any invaders
was an empire rather than a state. To the Chinese and 65 from the north and west brought in more variety. In contrast
their rulers, the world China did not exist and to them with India, where caste and religion have tended to keep
it would have been meaningless. They sometimes used apart the racial strata, in China assimilation made great
5 a term which we translate “the Middle Kingdom.” To progress. That assimilation has not been complete. Today
them there could be only on legitimate ruler for all the discerning observer can notice differences even among
civilized mankind. All others were rightly subordinate 70 those who are Chinese in language and customs, and in

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0001. MOCK ACT 1 -- STUDENT - READING COMPREHENSION SENT 05-18-22 REVIEWED XX-XX-22

to him and should acknowledge his suzerainty. From many parts of China Proper there are groups who preserve
this standpoint, there could not, as in Europe, be not only their racial but also their linguistic and cultural
10 diplomatic relations between equal states, each of them identities. Still, nowhere else on the globe is there so
sovereign. When, in the nineteenth century, Europeans numerous a people who are so nearly homogeneous as are
insisted upon intercourse with China on the basis of 75 the Chinese.
equality, the Chinese were at first amused and then This homogeneity is due not merely to a common cultural
scandalized and indignant. Centuries of training had tie, but also to the particular kind of culture, which
15 bred in them the conviction that all other rulers should constitutes that tie. Something in the Chinese tradition
be tributary to the Son of Heaven. recognized as civilized those who conformed to certain
The tie which bound this world-embracing 80 ethical standards and social customs. It was the fitting into
empire together, so the Chinese were taught to believe, Confucian patterns of conduct and of family and
was as much cultural as political. As there could be community life rather than blood kinship or ancestry, which
20 only one legitimate ruler to whom all mankind must be labeled one as civilized and as Chinese.
subject, so there could be only one culture that fully
deserved to be called civilized. Other cultures might
have worth, but ultimately, they were more or less
barbarous. There could be only one civilization, and
25 that was the civilization of the Middle Kingdom. 11. The force that kept the Chinese Empire together was
Beginning with the Han, the ideal of civilization was largely
held to be Confucian. The Confucian interpretation of A. military
civilization was adopted and inculcated as the norm. B. economic
Others might be tolerated, but if they seriously C. a fear of invasion from the north and west
30 threatened the Confucian institutions and foundations D. the combination of a political and a cultural bond
of society they were to be curbed and, perhaps,
exterminated as a threat to the highest values. 12. The reason China resisted having diplomatic relations
Since the bond of the Empire was cultural and since with European nations was that
the Empire should include all civilized mankind, racial F. for centuries the Chinese had believed that their
35 distinctions were not so marked as in most other parts nation must be supreme among all other countries
of the world. The Chinese did not have so strong a G. the Chinese saw nothing of value in European
sense of being of different blood from non-Chinese as culture
twentieth-century conceptions of race and nation later H. China as afraid of European military power
led them to develop. They were proud of being “the J. the danger of disease was ever present when
40 sons of Han” or “the men of Tang,” but if a people foreigners arrived
fully adopted Chinese culture no great distinction was
perceived between them and those who earlier had 13. Confucianism stresses, above all,
been governed by that culture. A. recognition of moral values
This helps to account for the comparative B. division of church and state
45 contentment of Chinese under alien rulers. If, as was C. acceptance of foreigners
usually the case, these invading conquerors adopted D. separation of social classes
the culture of their subjects and governed through the
accustomed machinery and by traditional Confucian 14. Han and Tang were Chinese
principles, they were accepted as legitimate Emperors. F. philosophers
50 Few of the non-Chinese dynasties completely made G. holidays
this identification. This probably in part accounts for H. dynasties
such restiveness as the Chinese showed under their J. generals
rule. For instance, so long as they were dominant, the
Manchus, while they accepted much of the Chinese
55 culture and prided themselves on being experts in it
and posed as its patrons, never completely abandoned
their distinctive ancestral ways.
The fact that the tie was cultural rather than racial
helps to account for the remarkable homogeneity of

15. If the unifying force in the Chinese empire had been racial, 20. The perception of the Chinese that other cultures were
it is likely that barbarous (line 23) most nearly meant that
A. China would be engaged in constant warfare F. they threatened the Middle Kingdom with invasion
B. China would have become a highly industrialized nation G. the Chinese considered themselves more
C. there would have been increasing discontent under cosmopolitan than other culture
foreign rulers H. other cultures were racially inferior
D. China would have greatly expanded its influence J. other cultures lacked Chinese traditions, values, and
Confucian philosophy
16. A problem of contemporary India that does not trouble
China is
F. the persistence of the caste system

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G. a lack of modern industrial development


H. a scarcity of universities
J. a low standard of living

17. The Manchus encountered some dissatisfaction within the


empire because
A. of their tyrannical rule
B. they retained some of their original cultural practices
C. of the heavy taxes they levied
D. they rejected totally Chinese culture

18. The Chinese are basically a homogeneous people because


F. different races were able to assimilate to a great degree
G. there has always been only one race in China
H. the other races came to look like the Chinese because of
geographical factors
J. all other races were forcibly kept out of China

19. The author uses the word “restiveness” in line 51 to mean


A. authority
B. happiness
C. impatience
D. quietude

Passage III: HUMANITIES 60 engineer? There is no gainsaying that About


Behaviorism is an unusually compact summery of both
This passage is adapted from “Clarifying Behaviorism,” the history and “the philosophy of the science of
an article based on B.F. Skinner’s book About human behavior” (as Dr. Skinner insists on defining
behaviorism. behaviorism). It is a veritable artwork of
65 organization. And anyone who reads it will never again
In his compact and modestly titled book About be able to think of behaviorism as a simplistic
Behaviorism, Dr. B. F. Skinner, the noted behavioral philosophy that reduces human beings to black boxes
psychologist, lists the twenty most salient objections to responding robot-like to external stimuli.
5 “behaviorism or the science of behavior,” and he has gone Still, there are certain quandaries that About
on to answer them both implicitly and explicitly. He has 70 Behaviorism does not quite dispel. For one thing,
answers and explanations for everyone. though Dr. Skinner makes countless references to the
For instance, to those who object that behaviorists advances in experiments with human beings that
“deny the existence of feelings, sensations, ideas, and behaviorism has made since it first began running rats
10 other features of mental life,” Dr. Skinner concedes that through mazes many decades ago, he fails to provide a
“a good deal of clarification” is in order. What such 75 single illustration of these advances. And though it may
people are really decrying is “methodological be true, as Dr. Skinner argues, that one can extrapolate

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0001. MOCK ACT 1 -- STUDENT - READING COMPREHENSION SENT 05-18-22 REVIEWED XX-XX-22

behaviorism,” an earlier stage of the science whose goal from pigeons to people, it would be reassuring to be
was precisely to close off mentalistic explanations of shown precisely how.
15 behavior, if only to counteract the 2,500-year-old More importantly, he has not satisfactory
influence of mentalism. But Dr. Skinner is a 80 rebutted the basic criticism that behaviorism “is
“radical behaviorist.” “Radical behaviorism…takes a scientistic rather than scientific. It merely emulates the
different line. It does not deny the possibility of self- sciences.” A true science doesn’t predict what it will
observation or self-knowledge or its possible accomplish when it is firmly established as a science,
20 usefulness…. It restores introspection...” not even when it is posing as “the philosophy of that
For instance, to those who object that 85 science.” A true science simply advances rules for
behaviorism “neglects innate endowment and argues that testing hypotheses.
all behavior is acquired during the lifetime of the But Dr. Skinner predicts that behaviorism will
individual,” Dr. Skinner expresses puzzlement. Granted, produce the means to save human society from
25 “A few behaviorists…have minimized if not denied a impending disaster. Two key concepts that keep
genetic contribution, and in their enthusiasm for what may 90 accreting to that prediction are “manipulation” and
be done through the environment, others have no doubt “control.” And so, while he reassures us quite
acted as if a genetic endowment were unimportant, but persuasively that his science would practice those
few would contend that behavior is ‘endlessly concepts benignly, one can’t shake off the suspicion
30 malleable.’” And Dr. Skinner himself, sounding as often that has advancing a science just in order to save
as not like some latter-day Social Darwinist, gives as society by means of “manipulation” and “control.” And
much weight to the “contingencies of survival” in the that is not so reassuring.
evolution of the human species as to the “contingencies of
reinforcement” in the lifetime of the individual.
35 For instance, to those who claim that behaviorism 21. According to the passage, Skinner would be most
“cannot explain creative achievements - in art, for likely to agree that
example, or in music, literature, science, or mathematics”- A. studies of animal behavior are applicable to
Dr. Skinner provides an intriguing ellipsis. “Contingency human behavior
of reinforcement also resemble contingencies of B. introspection should be used widely to analyze
40 survival in the production of novelty…In both natural conscious experience
selection and operant conditioning the appearance of C. behaviorism is basically scientist
‘mutations’ is crucial. Until recently, species evolved D. behavioristic principles and techniques will be of
because of random changes in genes or chromosomes, no use in preventing widespread disaster.
but the geneticist may arrange conditions under
45 which mutations are particularly likely to occur. We 22. The reader may infer that
can also discover some of the sources of new forms F. Skinner’s philosophy is completely democratic
of behavior which undergo selection by prevailing in its methodology
contingencies or reinforcement, and fortunately the G. behaviorism, in its early form, and mentalism
creative artist or thinker has other ways of introducing were essentially the same
50 novelties.” H. methodological behaviorism preceded both
And so go Dr. Skinner’s answer to the twenty mentalism and radical behaviorism
questions he poses - questions that range all the way J. the author of the article has found glaring
from asking if behaviorism fails “to account for cognitive weaknesses in Skinner’s defense of behaviorism
processes” to wondering if behaviorism “is indifferent to
55 the warmth and richness of human life, and…is
incomparable with the…. enjoyment of art, music, and 23. When Skinner speaks of “contingencies of survival”
literature and with love for one’s fellow men.” (line 30) and “contingencies of reinforcement” (line
But will it wash? Will it serve to silence those 31), the word “contingency” most accurately means
critics who have characterized B.F. Skinner variously as a A. frequency of occurrence
mad, manipulative doctor, as a naïve 19 th-century B. something incidental
positivist, as an unscientific technician, and as an C. a quota
arrogant social D. dependence on chance

24. The author of the article says that Skinner sounds “like 29. As used in the passage, the word “veritable” (line 64)
some latter-day Social Darwinist” (lines 28-29) most means
probably because Skinner A. careful
F. is a radical behaviorist who has differed from B. political
methodological behaviorists C. true
G. has predicted that human society faces disaster D. believable
H. has been characterized as a 19-century positivist
J. has studied animal behavior as applicable to human 30. Regarding the essay’s final paragraph, the statement
behavior that best summarizes the author’s attitude toward
Skinner’s prediction is
25. It can be inferred from the passage that “extrapolate” (line F. the consistency of Skinner’s arguments lends
75) means credibility to the idea that behaviorism can save

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A. to gather unknown information by extending known society


information G. “manipulation” and “control” are the only weak
B. to determine how one organism may be used to lines in an otherwise solid theory
advantage by another organism H. Skinner’s prediction lacks credibility because it
C. to insert or introduce between other things or parts relies on repetition of the slogan “manipulation and
D. to change the form or the behavior of one thing to match control” without supporting evidence
the form or behavior of another thing J. the full extent of Skinner’s true agenda is unknown,
which raises troubling questions about how
26. One cannot conclude from the passage that techniques of manipulation and control might be
F. Skinner is a radical behaviorist but not a methodological applied in the future
behaviorist
G. About Behaviorism does not show how behaviorists
have improved in experimentation with human beings
H. only human beings are used in experiments conducted by
behaviorist
J. methodological behaviorism rejects the introspective
approach

27. In Skinner’s statement that “few would contend that


behavior is ‘endlessly malleable’” (lines 26-27), he means
that
A. genetic influences are of primary importance in shaping
human behavior
B. environmental influences may be frequently
supplemented by genetic influences
C. self-examination is the most effective way of improving
a behavior pattern
D. the learning process continues throughout life

28. According to the author, which of the following are true


concerning scientist and scientific disciplines?
I. The scientific one develops the rules for testing the
theory; the scientist one does not.
II. There is no element of prediction in scientist disciplines
III. Science nerves assumes a philosophical nature.
F. I only
G. I and III only
H. I and II only
J. II and III only

Passage IV: NATURAL SCIENCE Werner Heisenberg discovered quantum mechanics one
night during vacation he had taken to recuperate from the
This passage, adapted from the article “Ingredients of 60 mental jumble he had fallen into trying to solve the
Scientific Genius,” explains the scientific process. atomic-spectra problem.

The discoveries made by scientific geniuses, from


Archimedes through Einstein, have repeatedly revolu- 31. Which statement is true, according to the passage?
tionized both our world and the way we see it. Yet no one A. The law of gravity followed the publication of
really knows how the mind of a scientific genius works. Einstein’s theory of relativity.
5 Most people think that a very high IQ sets the great B. Nikola Tesla learned about magnets from his
scientist apart. They assume that flashes of profound research of the works of Goethe.
insight like Einstein’s are the product of mental processes C. Archimedes and Einstein lived in the same
so arcane that they must be inaccessible to more ordinary century.
minds. D. We ought to refer to intelligences rather to
10 But a growing number of researchers in psychology, intelligence
psychiatry, and the history of science are investigating
the way scientific geniuses think. The researchers are 32. The author believes that, among the four intelligences

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beginning to give us tantalizing glimpses of the mental he cites, the most important one for the scientist is
universe that can produce the discoveries of and Einstein, F. spatial
15 an Edison, a Da Vinci – or any Nobel Prize winner. G. linguistic
Surprisingly, most researchers agree that the H. logical-mathematical
important variable in scientific genius is not the IQ but J. not singled out
creativity. Testers starts with 135 as the beginning of the
“genius” category, but the researchers seem to feel that, 33. The author focuses on the circumstances surrounding
20 while an IQ above a certain point – about 120 – is very the work of great scientists in order to show that
helpful for a scientist, having an IQ that goes much A. scientific geniuses are usually eccentric in their
higher is not crucial for producing a work of genius. All behavior
human beings have at least four types of intelligence. The B. the various types of intelligence have come into
greatest scientist possesses the ability to move back and play during their work
25 forth among them - the logical-mathematical; the spatial, C. scientists often give the impression that they are
which includes visual perception; the linguistic; and the relaxing when they are really working on a
bodily kinesthetic. problem
Some corroboration of these categories comes from D. great scientific discoveries are almost always
the reports of scientists who describe thought processes accidental
30 centered around images, sensations, or words. Einstein
reported a special “feeling at the tips of the fingers” that
told him which path to take through a problem. The idea 34. The passage can best be described as
for a self-starting eclectic motor came to Nikola Tesla F. an account of the unexpected things that led to
one evening as he was reciting a poem by Goethe and great discoveries by scientists
35 watching a sunset. Suddenly he imagined a magnetic G. an explanation of the way scientific geniuses really
field rapidly rotating inside a circle of electromagnets. think
Some IQ tests predict fairly accurately how well a H. a criticism of intelligence tests as they are given
person will do in school and how quickly he or she will today
master knowledge, but genius involves more than J. a lesson clarifying scientific concepts such as
40 knowledge. The genius has the capacity to leap quantum mechanics and relativity
significantly beyond his present knowledge and produce
something new. To do this, he sees the relationship 35. The passage suggest that a college football star who is
between facts or pieces of information in a new or majoring in literature is quite likely to have which
unusual way. intelligences to a high degree?
45 The scientist solves a problem by shifting from one I. logical-mathematical
intelligence to another, although the logical-mathematical II. spatial
intelligence is dominant. Creative individuals seem to be III. linguistic
marked by a special fluidity of mind. They may be able IV. bodily kinesthetic
to think of a problem verbally, logically, and also A. I only
50 spatially. B. II only
Paradoxically, fluid thinking may be connected to C. I, II, and III only
another generally agreed-upon trait of the scientific D. II, III, and IV only
genius-persistence, or usually strong motivation to work
on a problem. Persistence kept Einstein looking for the
55 solution to the question of the relationship between the
law of gravity and his special theory of relativity. Yet
surely creative fluidity enabled him to come up with a
whole new field that included both special relativity and
gravitation.
Many scientists have the ability to stick with a
problem even when they appear not to be working on it.

36. Which statement would the author most likely not agree 39. The author’s attitude toward scientists in this passage
with? can be seen as one of
F. Most people believe that IQ is what makes the scientist A. objective intrigue
brilliant. B. grudging admiration
G. Some scientists may come up with a solution to a C. subtle jealousy
problem when they are working on something else. D. boundless enthusiasm
H. Creativity is much more important than basic
intelligence in scientific discovery. 40. According to paragraphs 1-5 (lines 1-41), the best
J. Scientists usually get the answer to a problem fairly way to understand genius is as a combination of
quickly, and if they get stuck they usually go on to F. very high IQ, content knowledge, and ability to
another problem. multitask
G. creativity, persistence, and mental flexibility
37. As used in the passage, “fluidity” (line 54) can best be H. relativity, creativity, and knowledge of quantum

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defined as physics
A. persistence when faced with a problem J. revolutionary outlook, sensitivity, and desire for
B. having a rightly attitude in dealing with scientific variety
problems
C. being able to move from one scientific are to another
D. having an open mind in dealing with scientific
phenomena

38. The word “paradoxically” in line 47 is used to mean


F. ironically
G. seemingly contradictory
H. in a manner of speaking
J. conditionally

END OF TEST 3.
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DO NOT RETURN TO THE PREVIOUS TEST.

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