Republic of the Philippines

Bato Institute of Science and Technology

Dolho, Bato, Leyte
Mathematics in the Modern World ( Gen.Ed. 4)

Name: ___________________________ Course/Year/Section: _________

Instructor: Shanice O. Ellivera Date: Aug. 22- 27, 2022

MODULE 2
LESSON 2: PROPOSITIONS AND COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

INTRODUCTION:
Logic is used to establish the validity of arguments. It is not so much concerned with what
the argument is about but more with providing rules so that the general form of the argument can
be judged as sound or unsound.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading the module, you will be able:
1. Apply the principles of prepositions
2. Construct truth tables for logical expressions
3. Determine proposition statement

DISCUSSION OF THE TOPIC:

Read the famous poem below by Rudyard Kipling, an Indian short story writer, poet and
novelist. See the wisdom in this poem

If
by: Rudyard Kipling

If you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise:

If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;

If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build ’em up with worn-out tools:

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: ‘Hold on!’

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

 Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,
And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!
ANALYSIS:
 Do you like it?
 What is the most striking line of the poem for you?
 Can you spot and identify as many propositions as you can in the poem?

ABSTRACTION:
Propositions-
Is a declarative sentence which is either true or false, but not both simultaneously.
Propositions are sometimes called statements.
The following are examples of prepositions.
1. The rose is white.
2. Triangles have four vertices.
3. 3+3=4
4. 6<24

Exclamations and questions and demands are not propositions since they cannot be identified as true or
false.
The following are examples which are not propositions.
1. Keep off the grass.
2. Long live the Queen.
3. Did you go to Jenny’s party?
4. Don’t say that.

Logical Connectives and Truth tables

The truth (T) or falsity (T) of a proposition is called truth value. A table which summarizes truth
values of propositions is called a truth table.
Simple propositions make only a single statement. These can be combined to form compound
propositions. Thus, compound propositions are simply composed of linked simple propositions and in
this notion, these simple proposition is called the components of the compound statement. The
operations which are used to link pairs of propositions are called logical connectives and the truth
value of any compound proposition is completely determined by
• the truth tables of its component simple propositions, and
• the particular connective, or connectives, used to link them.
Propositions are conventionally symbolized using the letters p, q, r, . . .. We shall adopt
the latter convention throughout the rest of the discussions
Example. Write the negation of the proposition “All numbers are even”
The following are some examples of negation of the given proposition.
1. It not the case that all numbers are even.
2. Not all numbers are even
3. Some numbers are not even.
4. Some numbers are odd.
Consider the following examples:

1.Tomorrow at 8:00am, I will go swimming at the beach or I will climb at the Musuan Peak.
2. Either I prefer cofee or milk as part of my morning routine.
3. A person that is infected by a SARS-Cov-2 is either symptomatic or asymptomatic.
4. Applicants for this post must be over 25 or have at least 3 years relevant experience.

On (1) in the example above, the proposition is exclusive since one cannot do both swim-
ming in the beach while climbing on the Musuan Peak. The same observation applies
to (3). While both (2) and (4) are inclusive

APPLICATION:
Let p and q represent the following statements:
p: 10 > 4
q: 3 < 5

Determine the truth value for each statement:

1. p ∧ q
2. ~ p ∧ q
Construct truth tables for the following compound prepositions.
a. ~p
b. ~p ∨ q
p q ~p ~p ∨ q
T T
T F
F T
F F
EVALUATION:
Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a proposition,
determine if its true or false.
1. Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today?
2. Please close the door.
3. 2<1
4. 144 is a perfect square.
5. Keep right while passing through the corridor.

Write the negation of each of the following statements:

6.Some men in Ormoc are positive in COVID.
7.All integers are rational numbers.
8.All claases in BIST should be online.
9.Some students in BIST are kind.
10.No one in the students of Gen.Ed 4 fails in their final exam.
References:

Winston S. Sirug. Ph.D.; “Mathematics in the Modern World CHED CURRICULUM

COMPLIANT”; Copy right 2018; Mind Shapers Co., INC.
Mary Joy J. Rodriquez, MAED, Ivy Gay O. Salcvador, MAME, Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D., Elma
M. Torres, MM, Edwina M. Manalang, Ed.D., Nora A. Orendina Ed.D., Ph.D., and Justine Ian N.
Ogoy. BSED, “Mathematics in the Modern World” Philippine Copyright 2018, Nieme Publishing
House Co. LTD.
https:///www.math.fsu.edu/~wooland/hm2ed/Part1Module2/Part1Module2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj
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