11

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Propositions
Quarter 2- Week 7

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General Mathematics – Grade 11
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Propositions
Quarter 2- Week 7

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 Propositions

Introduction

In our daily lives, to reason out is one way of defending ourselves.

Especially inside the courtroom, in order for the victim or the accused to
defend himself, he need to reason out. But not all our reasons are always
true. Sometimes we are also lying. And that is one of the roles of the Judge
or the Mediator, to determine whether you are telling the truth or not.

Logic is defined as “the science of correct reasoning.” The science that

deals with the principles and criteria of validity of inference and
demonstration: the science of the formal principles of reasoning. Logic is
also used in engineering, philosophy, computer science, mathematics, and
many other disciplines. Aristotle is one of the earliest logicians and one of
the most renowned. His logic was used to distinguish valid arguments from
invalid arguments.

This Guided Learning Activity Kit discusses the key concepts of

propositional logic.

Learning Competency

a. Illustrates and symbolizes propositions;

b. Distinguishes between simple and compound propositions; and
(M11GM-IIg-3)
c. Performs the different types of operations on propositions
(M11GM-IIg-4)

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 Objectives

At the end of this Guided Learning Activity Kit, the learners are
expected to:

1. illustrate and symbolizes propositions.

2. give the difference between simple and compound propositions.
3. perform the different types of operations on propositions.

Review

Before you proceed to your new lesson, which is the Propositions, try
to answer the following problems about Business and Consumer Loans.

Directions: Solve the problem. Write your solutions on your paper.

Problem1. A ₱50,000 loan is to be repaid in full after 2 years. If the interest

rate is 7% compounded quarterly, how much should be paid after 2 years?

Given: P =
i4 =
𝑖𝑚
m= j=
𝑚
j=
t= n = mt
n=

Find F
F = P(1 + j)n

Problem 2. If a car loan of ₱1,500,000 requires a 20% down payment, how

much is the mortgage?
Given: P =
Down payment =
Find: Amount of Loan (Mortgage)
Mortgage = Cash Price – Down payment

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Problem 3. A businessman borrowed ₱700,000 for his business. If his
monthly payment is ₱ 25,000 for a 3-year mortgage, what is the total
interest?

Given: P =
t=
Monthly Payment =

Find: Total Interest

Total Interest = Total Amount Paid – Amount of Mortgage

Discussion

Before you read and study the lesson proper, let us recall some of the
lessons of your language subject.

Sentences are classified as follows:

1. Declarative sentence is used to make statement of fact, intent, or

feeling.
Example: I wish I could visit my brother this summer.

2. Imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or direction.

Example: Please do not answer in chorus.

3. Interrogative sentence is used to ask a question.

Example: Did you drink your milk this morning?

4. Exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feelings.

Example: The traffic enforcer shouted, “Stop!”

Warm-up Activity
Which sentence can be answered as either true or false?
1. Fidel is passing in Mathematics.
2. Pass the paper and go to your next subject.
3. July 04, 1972 was a Wednesday.
4. When will you go to Manila?
5. 2 + 4 = 6 and 11 – 9 = 2
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Sentences 1, 3, and 5 are propositions. The truth or falsity of each can be
determined by a direct check. However, sentences 2 and 4 cannot be
answered as being true or false. Sentence 2 is a command (imperative
sentence) and sentence 4 is a question (interrogative sentence).

Proposition

Definition:

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false,

but not both.

Example 1. Determine whether each of the following statements is a

proposition or not. If a proposition, give its truth value.

a. Luzon is an island in the Philippines

b. Find a number which is greater than 5.
c. My cousin will get a perfect score in the Mathematics examination.
d. Welcome to Zambales!
e. 4 + 6 = 10
√𝑥
f. f(x) = is a rational function.
𝑥+1
g. What is the range of the function?
h. This article is false.
i. It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.
j. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
k. If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.
l. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite them
are congruent, and if two angles are congruent, then the sides
opposite them are congruent.

Solution. Recall that for a statement to be a proposition it has to be a

declarative sentence, and it should have truth value of either true or false,
but not both true and false at the same time.

a. This is a declarative sentence, and Luzon is an island in the

Philippines.
Hence, a is a true proposition.
b. This is an imperative sentence, so it is not a proposition.
c. The statement is a declarative sentence. Although the truth value will
only be known after the Mathematics examination, we know that it
can only be either true (my cousin gets a perfect score) or false
(she has some mistakes), but not both. Hence c is a proposition.

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 Remark that for a declarative sentence to be a proposition, it is not
necessary that its true value is immediately known.

d. Statement d is an exclamatory sentence, and so it is not a

proposition.
e. Obviously, 4 + 6 = 10 is a true mathematical sentence. But, is it a
declarative sentence? Yes. To see this, note that you may read it as
“The sum of four and six is ten,” which is clearly a declarative
sentence. Therefore, e is a true proposition.

Remark that the propositions we consider in mathematics are of this

form.

f. This is a declarative sentence. Since the numerator of the function is

not a polynomial, the function f is not rational and so the statement is
false.

You can remark that false mathematical sentences are still propositions.

g. It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it is not a proposition.

h. Although h is a declarative sentence, it is not a proposition because it
can neither be true nor false. There are other types of sentences
where true or false values cannot be assigned. The sentence “This
article is false” is one example. If we assume that it is true, then it is
false; if we assume that it is false, then it is true. Thus, the sentence
cannot be classified as either true or false, so it is not a proposition. A
self-contradictory proposition like this is called a paradox.
i. This is a declarative sentence. √2 cannot be expressed as a quotient of
two integers. Thus, i is a proposition.
j. It is a declarative sentence, which is true for anyone because each of
us finds logic either fun or boring. Hence j is a true proposition.
k. This is a declarative sentence, but it is not true. There are Grade 11
students of other nationalities.
l. We know that it is a true proposition. Furthermore, we can express
the
whole sentence as “Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if
two angles opposite them are congruent.”

Remark
Consider the following mathematical sentences.
(a) 5x = 1
(b) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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Note that both are declarative sentences,
times a number x is 1,” and “The square
squares,” respectively. But, are they true or
both sentences involve some unknowns
statements are not propositions.
which may be read as “Five
of a sum is the sum of the
false? We cannot tell because
x and y. Thus, the given

Definition:

Simple proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no

connecting words.
-it cannot be broken down any further into other
component propositions.

Compound proposition – contains two or more simple propositions

that are put together using connective words.

There are several ways in which simple propositions ca be combined to

form compound propositions. Different combinations of compound
propositions can be formed by using logical connectives or simply
connectives. Words such as and, or, not, and if…then are examples of
connectives.

Example 2. For each of the propositions in Example 1, determine whether it

is simple or compound proposition. If it is a compound proposition, identify
the simple components.

Solution. The propositions a, c, e, and f are all simple propositions. On the

other hand, the following are compound propositions.

i. It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.

ii. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
iii. If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.
iv. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite
them are congruent, and if two angles are congruent, then the
sides opposite them are congruent.

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Furthermore, we can determine the simple propositions that make up the
propositions i, j, k, and l. We do so in the following table.

Proposition Simple Components

i • √2 is a rational number
j • Logic is fun.
• Logic is interesting.
• Logic is boring.
k • You are a Grade 11 student.
• You are a Filipino
l • Two sides of a triangle are
congruent.
• The angles opposite them are
congruent.

Logical Operators

As we learned that compound propositions is a combination of simple

propositions using logical connectors. In this lesson, we will introduce the
symbolic counterpart of the connectors ‘not’, ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘if…,then’ and ‘…if
and only if…’ which we call connectors. But before that, we need to discuss
first about the important tool in logic, the truth table.

1. Constructing a truth table.

Given a proposition, its truth table shows all its possible truth values.

Example 1. Since a proposition has two possible truth values, a proposition

p would have the following truth table.

For one proposition:

P
T
F
T = true F = false
For two propositions:

p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

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 For three propositions:

p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
F F T
F T F
T F F

In general, a truth table involving n propositions has 2n rows.

2. Define negation.
The simplest logical operator is the negation operator, which is
denoted by ~.

The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false

whenever the given statement is true, and true whenever the given
statement is false.
The negation of a proposition p is denoted by ~ p: (read as ‘not’ p)
and is defined through its truth table:

p ~𝑝
T F
F T

The negation can be obtained by inserting the word not in the given
statement or by prefixing it with phrases such as “it is not the case that…”

The negation of the statement “Melvin Paul is handsome” can be

written as:

“Melvin Paul is not handsome.” or

“It is not the case that Melvin Paul is handsome.”

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 3. Define conjunction.
The next logical operator allows us to state an expression for two
propositions to be true. It is called the conjunction operator and is
denoted by Λ.

Conjunction
Two simple propositions connected using the word and.
The conjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by
p Λ q : (p and q)
and is defined its truth table:

p q pΛq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

The propositions p and q are called conjuncts.

The sentence “Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday” is a conjunction.

Sometimes the word but will be used in place of and in a given sentence.

Another example, “Jessica was on time, but Shienna May was late” can also
be written as “Jessica was on time and Shienna May was late.”

Other words like ‘even though’, ‘yet’, and ‘while’ are also used to flag
conjunctions.

4. Define disjunction

Disjunction
Two simple propositions that are connected using the word or
which is denoted by V. A disjunction allows us to express alternatives.
The disjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted by p V q: (p or q)
and is defined through its truth table:

p q pVq
T T T
T F T
F T T

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 F F F

The propositions p and q are called disjuncts.

The sentence “I will pass the Math exam or I will be promoted” is an

example of disjunction.

5. Define conditional

Conditional
Two simple propositions that are connected using the word if…then
which is denoted by →.
The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p → q: (If p, then q)
and is defined through its truth table:

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The conditional p → q may also be read as ‘p implies q’. The proposition p

is called hypothesis while the proposition q is called the conclusion.
The sentence “If you will recite the table of multiplication, then you
will pass the oral examination” is an example of a conditional.

The example can be also be written as:

a. If you will recite the table of multiplication, you will pass the oral
examination; or
b. You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the table of
multiplication.

In (a), then was omitted but it is understood to be there.

In (b), the two parts are switched around and then was also omitted.

Nonetheless, both (a) and (b) are conditionals.

6. Define biconditional

Biconditional
Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent
and consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second

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statement.
The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p ↔ q: (p if and
only if q)
and is defined through its truth table:

p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

The proposition may also be written as ‘p iff q’. The propositions p and q
are the components of the biconditional.

The sentence “ If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle
opposite them are congruent, and if two angles of a triangle are congruent,
then the sides opposite them are congruent,” is an example of a bi-
conditional.

The sentence above is usually stated as “Two sides of a triangle are

congruent if and only if two angles opposite them are congruent.”

Activities

Guided Practice 1

Directions: Determine whether each of the following statements is a

proposition or not. Write P if is a proposition and NP if it is not. Write your
answers on your paper.

1. Today is Monday.
2. Do you love Mathematics?
3. Look at me.
4. One kilometer is equal to 1000 meters.
5. √16 = 4
6. Jessica’s answer is wrong.
7. Ouch! I cut my finger.
8. The president will visit the victims of typhoon Ulysses.
9. The mother is assisting her child in answering the modules.
10.Who is your teacher in General Mathematics?

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Guided Practice 2

Directions: Determine whether each of the following propositions is simple

or compound. Write simple if it is a simple proposition and compound if it is
a compound proposition. Then identify the connective used for compound
proposition. Write your answer on your paper.

1. She got the highest score.

2. Brian is not going to enroll next semester.
3. Two line segments are parallel iff they are equidistant.
4. -18 + 3 = -15 and 18 + (-3) = 15
5. Either Sam or Tess is stupid.
6. All tenants in the building are insured.
7. Six is not an odd number.
8. If you are a Senior Citizen, then you can avail the 20% discount in
any store.
9. Tomorrow is your birthday.
10.Either he watches a movie or dines with his friends.

Independent Practice

Directions: Give the logical operator of the following statements. Write your
answers on your paper.

Example: He has green thumb g and he is a senior citizen s.

Answer: g Λ s

1. Robin r can swim or Tom t plays the quitar.

2. Seven is greater than zero z, and seven is positive p.
3. Johann can watch TV t iff he finishes his homework h.
4. Julie Ann j did not pass the interview.
5. Either Mae m or Reene r likes chocolate.
6. If you do not attend the retreat r, then you will get an incomplete
grade g.
7. Today is not Sunday s.
8. The class c will be happy if Ruben r is elected president.
9. Two segments are intersecting i if and only if they have only one
solution s.
10.Trencia is beautiful b and intelligent i.

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on
your paper.

1. It is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.

a. composition b. proposition c. interrogative d. imperative
2. A proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
a. simple b. compound c. complicated d. mono
3. A proposition that contains two or more simple propositions that are
put together using connective words.
a. simple b. compound c. complicated d. multi
4. The simplest logical operator which is denoted by ~.
a. conjunction b. disjunction c. negation d. conditional
5. The components of the proposition of the logical operator conjunction
is called ________.
a. propose b. disjuncts c. conjuncts d. junction
6. The components of the proposition of the logical operator disjunction
is called __________.
a. propose b. disjuncts c. conjuncts d. junction
7. A self-contradictory proposition that cannot be classified as either
true or false is called __________ .
a. paradox b. paradigm c. negation d. biconditional
8. The connective “iff” is read as ______________.
a. if, then b. if and then c. if and only if d. if, if
9. The conditional p → q may also be read as ‘p implies q’. The
proposition p is called __________ .
a. hypothesis b. conclusion c. facts d. theorem
10.The conditional p → q may also be read as ‘p implies q’. The
proposition q is called the _________ .
a. hypothesis b. conclusion c. facts d. theorem

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 Reflection

Directions: Complete the table by writing the logical operators, connectives,

and symbols. Write your answers on your paper.

Logical Operator Connective Symbol

conjunction (1) Λ
(2) or V
negation (3) (4)
(5) if…then (6)
(7) (8) ↔

References

General Mathematics Learner’s Material First Edition 2016.

Department of Education

Oronce, Orlando A. (2016) General Mathematics, Manila, Philippines,

Rex Bookstore, Inc.

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Assessment Guided Practice I
1. P
1. b 2. NP
2. a 3. NP
3. b 4. P
4. c 5. P
5. c 6. NP
6. b 7. NP
7. a 8. P
8. c 9. P
9. a 10. NP
10. b
Reflection 1. Simple
2. Compound, negation
1. and 3. Compound, biconditional
2. disjunction 4. Compound, conjunction
3. not 5. Compound, disjunction
4. ~ 6. Simple
5. conditional 7. Compound, negation
6. → 8. Compound, conditional
7. biconditional 9. Simple
8. if and only if (iff) 10. Compound, disjunction
Independent Practice
1. 𝑟𝑉𝑡
2. z𝛬𝑝
3. t↔ℎ
4. ~𝑗
5. 𝑚𝑉𝑟
6. 𝑟 →𝑔
7. ~𝑠
8. 𝑐 →𝑟
9. 𝑖 ↔𝑠
10. 𝑏𝛬𝑖
Key to Corrections
 Acknowledgment
The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt
gratitude to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to
the successful preparation, development, quality assurance, printing and
distribution of the Quarter 2 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all
learning areas across grade levels as a response to providing the learners
with developmentally, appropriate, contextualized and simplified learning
resources with most essential learning competencies (MELCs)-based
activities anchored on the principles of guided learning delivery modalities.

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of

the writers and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and
exhausting their best efforts to produce these indispensable learning kits
used for the implementation of the learning delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout

evaluators making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for
having carefully evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to
DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly

extending its financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of
these learning resources for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and the subject teachers, in close

coordination with the school heads, for their weekly distribution and
retrieval of the GLAKs and for their frequent monitoring of the learners’
progress through various mean; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the
learners the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish
the tasks and for gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would

not be possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to
serving our Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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