MARKETING PRACTICES OF YELLOW CORN PRODUCERS

IN PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE

LEAH MAE CACACHO

GENEROSE ROMERO

THESIS PROPOSAL

Department of Agribusiness
College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

February 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis proposal entitled, MARKETING PRACTICES OF YELLOW

CORN PRODUCERS IN PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE, prepared and submitted
by Leah Mae Cacacho and Generose P. Romero, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness, is hereby
endorsed.

ETHEL REYNDA M. CALIVOSO ALLIAH ASHIEL B. TAGATAC

Statistician Member

RAYMUND JULIUS G. ROSALES CHESSA PAE N. FAUSTINO

Member English Critique

ETHEL REYNDA M. CALIVOSO

Adviser

_________
Date signed

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor

of Science in Agribusiness

ETHEL REYNDA M. CALIVOSO SOSIMA R. DEMANDANTE

Department Chairman Dean

________________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study
Statement of the Problem
Significant of the Study
Scope and Limitation
Operational Definition of Terms

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature and Study

Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis of the Study

METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

Research Design
Variables of the Study
Units of Analysis
Population and Sample
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUMMARY CONCLUSION

LITERATION CITED

APPENDICES
 4

MARKETING PRACTICES OF YELLOW CORN PRODUERS

IN PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE

Undergraduate thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of Agribusiness from the Mariano Marcos State University,
City of Batac, Ilocos Norte. College Contribution No._______. Department
Contribution No. _______. Prepared under the guidance of Mrs. Ethel Reynda
Calivoso.

LEAH MAE CACACHO

GENEROSE ROMERO

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Yellow corn is one of the major sources of income for every Filipino farmer in

terms of area planted in the Philippines (Hansen et al., 2022). Yellow corn is a

significant animal feed ingredient, and it is the grain that animal raisers favor,

especially for poultry and swine (Salpietra, 2017). This is because it is relatively

inexpensive and has a high calorie and protein content rich in essential amino acids

(Harris, 2022).

Based on the report of the Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA) (2022), Ilocos

Norte’s volume of yellow corn production in the 1 st quarter of 2022 decreased but in

the second quarter it recorded positive growth and ranked 3rd among the four (4)
 5

provinces in the region. In the first quarter of 2022, Ilocos Norte produced 46,121 Mt,

which is lower than the 47,119 Mt produced in the same quarter in 2021. On the other

hand, the volume of production in the 2nd quarter produced 15,878 Mt, which is

higher than the expected harvest of 14, 199 mt in the same quarter in 2021.

The average domestic retail price of yellow corn grain was estimated about

PhP34.18 per kg, which shows an increase of more than PhP2.00 per kg from the

previous year. Since 2017, the average retail price of yellow corn has been increasing

(Statista Research Department, 2023). Moreover, yellow corn farm gate price has an

estimated average of PhP16.11 per kg from January to March 2022, up 29.1% from

PhP12.47 per kg from January to March 2021 (DA-Regional Field Office III, 2019).

Aramugam (2015) mentioned that the main problem of yellow corn producers

in Philippines is the price changes that providing unreasonable price to both farmers

and consumers of the maize. Moreover, the middlemen’s relatively high

transportation costs, and the farmers lack of knowledge about specific marketing

conditions made it difficult for them to sell their produce.

Statement of the Problem

One of the biggest issues that every farmer has to deal with is price, which

fluctuates wildly on the market. It is difficult for corn farmers to continue planting

every season due to the prices and the locations of markets. It is a challenge for them

to acquire that capital to pay for additional labor and purchase corn inputs.

In response to this, the student-researchers want to conduct a study to

 6

determine the marketing practices of yellow corn producers in Paoay, Ilocos Norte.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio- economic profile of yellow corn producers in Paoay, Ilocos

Norte.

2. What are the marketing practices of yellow corn producers in terms of:

a. product

b. price

c. place and

d. promotion?

3. What are the problems encountered by yellow corn producers in terms of

marketing?

Significance of the Study

The study will serve as baseline information to the following:

Current/ Aspiring farmers. This will give yellow corn producers important

knowledge and a background about enhancing their marketing techniques for yellow

corn. It will also give information to those who want to engage in the farming of

yellow corn as well as a better understanding of marketing their product.

Local Government Units (LGU). The study will serve as a guide for the

local government in creating and giving a starting point for new projects, programs,

and policies on providing assistance to yellow corn farmers.

Researchers and students. The study’s results will be useful to researchers,

 7

students, and others who wish to learn more about the marketing strategies used by

yellow corn and conduct further research on this topic.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is basically concentrated on the marketing practices of marketing

yellow corm producers in the three (3) barangays in Paoay, Ilocos Norte. It dealt with

the yellow corn producer`s socio-economic profile, marketing practices (in terms of

product, place, price, and promotion), and problems encountered in marketing.

As to the limitations, the availability, time, and willingness of the respondents

to be interviewed affected the gathering of information. The researchers will focus on

closed-ended questions to limit the study and gather responses. The COVID-19

pandemic also affected the overall conduct of the study.

Operational Definition of Terms

The operational definitional terms were listed and defined for a better

understanding of the study. The following terms were used in the study:

Respondent. This refers to the yellow corn producers in Paoay, Ilocos

Norte who were involved and interviewed for this study.

Socio-economic profile. This refers to the personal attributes of the

respondents like age, annual income, area planted of yellow corn, civil status, highest

educational attainment, household size, mode of selling of product, mode of

transportation, organization affiliation, sex, source of capital, source of information,

 8

usual volume with yellow corn sold and years in corn farming.

Age. This refers to how old the farmer is at the time of the study. This

can be categorized as young, middle-aged or old.

Annual Income. This refers to money earned by the corn producers

from yellow corn production and other source within a year.

Area planted for yellow corn. This refers to the land devoted by the

respondent of yellow corn production.

Civil status. This refers to whether the respondents are single, married,

widowed or separated.

Educational attainment. This refers to the highest level of education

that the respondent has successfully attained.

Household size. This refers the total number of household members

residing in one roof with the respondent

Mode of selling of product. This refers to whether the corn is sold

directly to buyers or stored after harvesting

Mode of transportation. This refers how farmers distribute their

product whether it is delivered, picked up by the customer, or both.

Organizational affiliation. This refers to the membership of the

yellow corn producers to an organization.

Sex. This refers whether the respondents are male or female.

Source of capital. This refers to the methods and techniques of raising

finance for corn production, whether through personal savings or loan.

 9

Source of information. This refers to where the respondents acquire

information in yellow corn marketing,

Usual volume with yellow corn sold. This refers to the amount of corn

sold by the farmers either per sack, salop, scoop, and kg.

Years in corn farming. This refers to the total number of years that the

respondents engaged in planting corn.

Marketing practices. This refers on how yellow corn will sell in the

market. This refers to the different activities done in terms of product, price, place or

distribution, and promotion.

Product. This refers to the yellow corn intended for sale.

Yellow corn. This refers to the harvested fruit of yellow corn

producers.

Price. This refers to the amount of money required, expected or

payment for the product.

Method of selling. This refers to the sales and selling strategy

which are techniques using to create more sales, close more deals

quickly and increase revenue like sacks, like sacks. Salop, scoop and kg.

Mode of payment. It refers to the yellow corn sold either for

cash or delayed payment of two or more days (credit).

Place/Distribution. This refers to where the product is being sold, either

at the market or in the homes of the respondents.

Buyer. This refers to anyone who will buy the yellow corn.
 10

Agent. This refers to a person who represents the

business when buying yellow corn and is also in charge of

product transportation.

Broker. This refers to a person who arrange transactions

between a seller and buyer who is usually in-charged in

coordination.

Middlemen. This refers to an individuals or

businesses who specialize in buying and selling yellow corn.

Retailer. This refers to a merchant who has stalls in the

market and sells yellow corn directly to consumer.

Wholesaler. This refers to a merchant who sells yellow

corn to retailers, and wholesaler and retailer.

Promotion. This refers to the form of communication used by the

respondents to inform or persuade potential buyer to purchased their product.

Problems encountered. This refers to the problems and condition that

has a negative effect on the marketing of yellow corn.

 11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature and Studies

Overview of the Corn Industry

Yellow corn crops are most commonly grown in agricultural areas in the

Philippines (Urrutia et al., 2017). Corn is the second most important crop and major

sources of income of every Filipino in the Philippines and overall value next to rice

(Hansen et al., 2022). With large swatches of land dedicated to corn, global

production yields of more than one billion Mt (Baker 2018, as cited by Mateo and

Tabios, 2022).

Yellow corn plays a vital role in animal nutrition. It makes up between 50 to

60% of the overall mixed feed ration, making it one of the most significant feed

grains used in feed milling (Dayo, 2015). It is one of the essential component in

formulating feeds for hogs and poultry. Both the demand and the productivity of

yellow corn are generally growing due to the increasing demand for meat (DA

National Corn Program, n.d.). It has proven to be one of the most adaptable crops for

livestock and fuel (Gwirtz, 2013). In addition, it serves many other purposes and is

widely used. Aside from being a main ingredient for animal feeds, yellow corn can

be used for foods, oil, ethanol, and liquor (Gamboa, 2021),

Corn is an important crop for the country's agricultural development

(Paguirigan, 2019, as cited by Mateo and Tabios, 2022). It is estimated that 600,000
 12

farm households rely on corn as a major source of income. This is on top of the

transportation services, traders, processors and agricultural input suppliers who

directly benefit from corn production, processing, marketing, and distribution.

The yellow corn production in the country has improved by 25% in the year

2020, reaching 6.0 Mt compared to 4.8 Mt in the year 2011. From the agronomic

studies, yellow corn yields are expected to increase via projecting from 4.68 to 5.17

Mt per ha: area increases yearly from 1.45 to 1.51 million ha in 2022-2025. These

will result in increased production from 6.79 M Mt to 7.8 M Mt in 2025 (DA National

Corn Program, n.d.).

Socio-economic profile of Yellow Corn Producers

According to the DA National Corn Program (n.d.), yellow corn farmers are

on average 49 years old on average, and the majority have completed primary school.

Approximately 36% of corn farmers in the country are fully owned. As studied by

Paguirigan (2019) as cited by Mateo and Tabios (2019), most of them are married,

and farming is their main source of income. In addition, they also grow rice and

vegetables. They mentioned also that men are more engaged in planting while women

are good at marketing.

Marketing Practices of Yellow Corn Producers

Product. The farmer has several options. Some farmers keep their yellow

corn in storage to use as animal feed, sell it right away after harvesting or store it until
 13

there is a great or high selling price (Shen, n.d.). Yellow corn mostly sold after the

drying processed by the local feed miller-retailers (Salazar et al., n.d.)

Price. Products or service’s pricing represents its true value (Balisacan, 2019,

as cited by Mateo and Tabios, 2019) and has a significant impact on how marketable

it is.

Yellow corn farm gate price has an estimated average of PhP16.11 per kg

from January to March 2022, up 29.1% from PhP12.47 per kg from January to March

2021. Yellow corn's monthly average farm gate prices in 2022 were higher than their

corresponding records from January to March of the previous years (DA-Regional

Field Office III, 2019). The average domestic retail price of yellow corn grain was

estimated about PhP34.18 per kg, an increase of more than PhP2.00 per kg from the

previous year. Since 2017, the average retail price of yellow corn has been increasing

(Statista Research Department, 2023).

Place. Producers frequently sell their produce to traders shortly after

harvesting or drying. Distributors are in charge of connecting processors and feed

millers with end users (DA National Corn Program, n.d.). Farmers also sell to large

traders and processors. However, a deal of this nature frequently calls for a

middleman called commission agents. These agents are in charge of bringing

products from various regions to a typical area in a certain village or barangay

(Salazar et al., n.d.).

Producers frequently agree to a pre-negotiated price when engaging in

wholesale marketing with a shipper (Ag RMC Agricultural Marketing, 2022).

 14

Farmers are at the mercy of the traders who buy their corn. Hence, farmers cannot

object if traders purchase their crop at too low price even the National Food Authority

(NFA) has set a price floor for corn. They view low corn prices as a crop failure, and

the majority of them have personally experienced it (Manuel, 2018).

Promotion. Farmers choose to sell directly to customers, which is typically

faster than doing so through retail markets. Some farmers also sell to different buyers

such as middlemen, processor and household at different mode of distribution, either

for picked-up or delivered as studied by Food and Agriculture Organization (n.d) as

cited by Mateo and Tabios (2022).

Problems Encountered in Marketing Yellow Corn

According to Sumalde and Quilloy (2015) the Philippines’ agricultural

commodity marketing system faces a number of problems and challenges that signal

inefficiencies, which are growing increasingly difficult. the poor prices farmers obtain

for their products, several layers of market middlemen in agricultural supply chains,

and a lack of access to profitable markets (for example, institutional and export

markets).

The low buying price and fluctuating market prices were two of the most

frequent issues farmers faced while marketing their goods (Bureau of Agricultural

Statistics, 2011). Yellow corn producer’s problems are the price changes that

providing unreasonable price to both farmers and consumers of the maize. Moreover,

the middlemen’s relatively high transportation costs, and the farmers lack of
 15

knowledge about specific marketing conditions made it difficult for them to sell their

produce (Aramugam, 2015). Instable markets, transportation, and a shortage of

packing supplies were issues when distributing their yellow corn products (Kaputo,

2008).

The rising cost of fertilizer is another issue currently affecting farmers. When

they get ready to plant their dry-season crops, local farmers having a great deal of

difficulties due to the rise in fertilizer prices. Farmers must now pay more for

fertilizer as it accounts for more than half of their output expenses as a result of recent

price increases (Business world, 2021 as cited by Mateo and Tabios, 2022).

Conceptual Framework

The system approach (inputs-process-outputs) was used in describing the

conceptual framework study in Figure 1. It explains the conceptual framework of

marketing practices of yellow corn producers in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, to further

analyze and determine the conclusions regarding the study. The socio-economic

profile of the respondents (age, annual income, area planted with yellow corn, civil

status, highest educational attainment, household size, mode of selling the product,

mode of transportation, organization affiliation, sex, source of capital, source of

information, usual volume of yellow corn sold, and years in corn farming); marketing

practices (in terms of product, price, place, and promotion), and problems

encountered by yellow corn producers in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, in terms of marketing.

The information gathered will be used to describe and study the marketing practices
 16

of yellow corn producers through a face-to-face interview schedule.

Inputs

Socio- economic profile

Marketing practices
product
mode of selling
Problem encountered in marketing yellow
corn

Output Process

Descriptive Analysis
Marketing practice of yellow corn Through face-to-face interview (interview-schedule)
producers in Paoay Ilocos Norte

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Hypotheses of the Study

The following are the hypotheses of the study:

1. The yellow corn producers are an average of 49 years old; most of them are

married, and the majority completed primary school. The yellow corn farmers

in the country are fully owned, with an average of 36%; in addition, farming is
 17

their main source of income.

2. The marketing practices of yellow corn producers frequently involve selling

their produce to traders shortly after harvesting or drying. Farmers are at the

mercy of the traders who buy their corn. Hence, farmers cannot object if

traders purchase their crop at a too low price, even though the National Food

Authority (NFA) has set a price floor for corn. They also agree to a pre-

negotiated price when engaging in wholesale marketing with a shipper. In

addition, producers choose to sell directly to customers. Some farmers also

sell to different buyers, such as middlemen, processors, and households, using

different modes of distribution.

3. The problems encountered by yellow corn producers in marketing their

product are: the price changes that result from providing an unreasonable

price; the middlemen’s relatively high transportation costs; a lack of

knowledge about specific marketing conditions that made it difficult for the

farmers to sell their produce; a lack of access to profitable markets; a shortage

of packing supplies that were issues when distributing their yellow corn

products; and the rising cost of fertilizer.

 18

METHODOLOGY

The methodology composed of the study of marketing practices in terms of

locale of the study, research design, variables of the study, units of analysis,

population and sample, research instrument, data gathering procedure and data

analysis.

Locale of the study

The study will be conducted in Paoay, one of the municipalities in the

province of Ilocos Norte. The municipality of Paoay is a fourth-class municipality in

the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. The town is home to the Paoay Church, a

UNESCO World Heritage Site. Paoay lies on the tiny strip of Ilocos Norte’s coastal

plain facing the China Sea, bounded by the City of Laoag on the north, Currimao on

the south, Sarrat on the east, and the Luzon Sea on the west. The municipality has a

land area of 76.24 square meter, consists of 31 barangays, and is populated by the

Ilokano (Hanse, 2014).

The student researchers chose the municipality of Paoay, Ilocos Norte,

because farming is one of the major sources of income and occupations of the people

in Paoay, Ilocos Norte. During the dry season, they plant different varieties of corn,
 19

rice, and loom weaving as well.

Figure 2. Map of Paoay, Ilocos Norte showing the Locale of the Study (Retrieved

from Google Maps).

Research Design
 20

In this study, the researcher will use a descriptive research design to describe

about the marketing practices of yellow corn producers in Paoay, Ilocos Norte,

wherein socio-economic profile, marketing practices and techniques, as well as the

problems encountered in the marketing of yellow corn are describe and observe.

Variables of the study

The variables of the study are the yellow corn producers such as socio-

economic profile of the respondents (socio-economic profile of the respondents (age,

annual income, area planted with yellow corn, civil status, highest educational

attainment, household size, mode of selling the product, mode of transportation,

organization affiliation, sex, source of capital, source of information, usual volume of

yellow corn sold, and years in corn farming); marketing practices (in terms of

product, price, place, and promotion), and problems encountered by yellow corn

producers in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, in terms of marketing.

Units of Analysis

The units of analysis are the yellow corn producer whose characterized were

determined, studied, described and explained.

Population and Sample

The respondents of this study are the farmers who are engaged in the

production of yellow corn in the area of three (3) different barangays in Paoay, Ilocos
 21

Norte. The total number of yellow corn producers will interview are 30 respondents.

Research Instrument

An interview schedule is use to gather information from the respondents. The

interview schedule is written in English, and at the same time it will simultaneously

translated into the local language during the interview in order to have a better

understanding between the interviewer and the respondents and also to get accurate

responses. The interview schedule will ask about the respondent’s socio- economic

profile, marketing practices (in terms of price, place, product and promotion) and

problems they had to deal it.

Data Gathering Procedure

The student’s researcher conducts the research in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, and

emphasizes to the respondents the value of their participation in the research. The

researcher will clarify some terms for the respondents so they can answer the

questionnaire with full knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the study.

The respondents will assure that their identities and all information gathered were

kept confidential. The interview schedule will use in conducting the interview was

written in both English and the local language. During the interview process, Iluko

were utilize to engage the respondents in discussion so they could better comprehend

the study. In addition, the student researchers interviewed their respective respondents

in their homes.
 22

Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics such as frequency, means, and percentage were used to

determine the socio-economic profile, to identify the marketing practices in terms of

product, price and place, and problem encountered by the yellow corn producers.
 23

LITERATURE CITED

AG MRC AGRICULTURAL MARKETING RESOURCE CENTER. N.D.

Sweet Corn. Retrieved from https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-
products/vegetables/sweet- corn#:text=Fresh%20sweet%20is%20
typically. shipper%20at%a%20predetermined%price. on February 1, 2023.

ARAMUGAM, N. 2015. An Exploration on Corn Industry Marketing Channels.

Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331977836_Exploration_on_Corn_I
ndustry_Marketing_Channels on November 23, 2022.

DA NATIONAL CORN PROGRAM. N.D. Philippine-Yellow-Corn-Industry-

Roadmap. Retrieved from
http://www.pcaf.da.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2022/06/Philippine- Yellow-
Corn-Industry
Roadmap20212040.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1RvASVubwGuaQq9wPsev0h4W5tspk
kA4ygj26ynEqkUubgeW7BzCucg6E on January 18, 2023.

DAYO, M. 2015. Quality Protein Maize (QPM): A high-protein corn for swine and
poultry. Retrieved from https:businessdiary.com.ph/12814/qualityprotein-
maize-qpm-a-high-protein-corn-for-swine-and-poultry/? amp on February 12,
2023.

GAMBOA, R. 2021. Tackling the yellow corn value chain. Retrieved from
htpps://www.philstar.com/business/2021/09/16/2127355/tackling-yellow-
corn-value-chain on February 28, 2023

GWIRTZ, J. 2013. Processing maize flour and corn meal food products. Retrived
from https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12299 on February 15, 2023

HANSE, O. 2014. Paoay Church: A significant landmark of the past and present.
Retrieved from htpps://thedailyroar.com/culture/paoay-church-a-significant-
landmark-of-the-past-and-present/?amp=1 on February 13, 2023.

HANSEN, J., DE LOS SANTOS, W.L., and LANSIGAN, F.P. 2022. Linking corn
production climate information and Farm level decision making a Case
Study. Retrieved from https://www.climate- policy- watcher.org/climate-
forecasts/linking-corn-production-climate- information-and- farmlevel-
 24

decisionmaking-a-case-study-in-isabela- philippines.html on November 8,

2022.

HARRIS, J. 2022. Feedstuffs. Retrieved from

https://www.fao.org/3/y5019e/y5019e03.htm on November 20,2022

KAPUTO, E. 2008. Constraints facing smallholder’s farmers in maize marketing: A

case study. Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/4500 on
February 27, 2023.

MANUEL, C. 2018. Small scale corn farmers’ misfortunes. Retrieved from

https://essc.org.ph/content/archhives/10523/ on February 1, 2023.

MATEO, K. H., and TABIOS, K.J. 2022 Marketing Practices of Glutinous Corn
(Zea Mays) producers in Brgy. 22 San Guillermo, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte.
Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac,
Ilocos Norte.

PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORIY. 2022. Corn Production in Ilocos Region

1st quarter 2022. Retrieved from http://rsso01.psa.gov.ph/content/corn-
production-ilocos-region-1st-quarter-2022 on October 20, 2022

PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY. 2022. Corn Production in Ilocos

Region First Quarter. 2022. Retrieved from
http://rsso01.psa.gov.ph/content/corn-production- ilocos-region-1st-quarter-
2022?fbclid=IwAR3OV99DTcukmEDXhEQppyBki3iLMbeynWHYj6OvtMs
a6qv3KgT_uLL1cak#:~:text=by%20Type%2C%20Ilocos%20Region%3A%2
01st%20Quarter%202022&text=The%20highest%20corn%20harvest%20in,to
ns%20volume%20of%20corn%20production on October20, 2022.

PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY. 2022. Marketing Costs Structure for

Corn. Retrieved from
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/marketing_costs_structure_corn.pdf on
October 21, 2022.

SALAZAR, A., ELCA, C., LAPINA, G., and SALAZAR, F.G. N.D. Issues Paper
on Corn Industry in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=web&url=https://www.phcc.gov.ph/wp-
content.uploads/2021/PCC-Issues-Paper-2021-01-Issues-Paper-on-Corn-
Industry-in-the-Philippines.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiYlZutpj8AhUAwnMBHc_-
ASlQFnoECa4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1WRaclR9gsY2LrGfP45UcV on
October 18, 2022.
 25

SALPIETRA, D. 2017. Corn Working Group in the Philippines. Retrived from

www.growasia.org on February 12, 2023.

SHEN, A. N.D. Harvesting. Retrieved from

https://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/farmschool/food/harvest.htm on February
14, 2023.

STATISTA RESEARCH DEPARTMENT. 2022. Domestic wholesale price of

yellow corn grain Philippines 2012-2021. Retrieved from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1046953/philippines-domestic-wholesale-
price-yellow-corn-grain/ on October 21, 2023.

STATISTA RESEARCH DEPARTMENT. 2023. Domestic retail price of yellow

corn grain Philippines 2012-2021. Retrieved from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1046977/philippines-domestic-retail-price-
yellow-corn grain/#:text=The%20average%20domestic%20retail
%20price,had%beedn%20increasing%20 since%202017 on February 3, 2023.

SUMALDE, Z., and QUILLOY, K. 2015. Improving Marketing Efficiency through

Agricultural Cooperatives: Successful Cases in the Philippines. Retrieved
from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325754981Improving_Marketing_E
fficiency_through_Agricultural_cooperatives_Successful_Cases_in_the_Phili
ppines on March 2, 2023

URRUTIA, J., DIAZ, J.L., and MINGO, F. L. 2017. Forecasting the Quarterly
Production of Rice and Corn in the Philippines: A Time Series Analysis.
Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-
6596/820/1/012007/meta on February 15, 2023
 26

APPENDICES
 27

APPENDIX A

LETTER REQUEST TO THE MAYOR

Date: __________________
_________________________
Mayor
Municipality of Paoay, Ilocos Norte

THRU: ________________________
Municipal Agriculturist

Ma’am/Sir:

We are 4th year BS in Agribusiness students of the College of Agriculture,

Food and Sustainable Development at Mariano Marcos State University. As part of
our degree requirements, we are currently working on a thesis entitled,
“MARKETING PRACTICES OF YELLOW CORN PRODUCERS IN PAOAY,
ILOCOS NORTE”
Your municipality was the chosen locale of our study. In this regard, may we
request through the Municipal Agriculture Office that we will be assisted to allow us
to conduct an interview with the yellow corn farmers in your Municipality. In
addition, may we ask for the assistance of your office for the copy of the municipal
map. Your approval will be of great help in the completion of our undergraduate
thesis.
Thank you so much and we are looking forward to your response to this
request. May God bless you and your office.

Very respectfully yours,

LEAH MAE S. CACACHO

GENEROSE P. ROMERO
 28

Student-researchers
Noted by:

ETHEL REYNDA M. CALIVOSO

Adviser/Chair

SOSIMA R. DEMANDANTE
Dean, CAFSD
APPENDIX B

LETTER TO THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN

Date

Barangay Chairman
Brgy.
Municipality of Paoay, Ilocos Norte

Sir/Madam:
We are 4th year BS in Agribusiness students of the College of
Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development at Mariano Marcos State
University. As part of our degree requirements, we are currently working on a
thesis entitled, “MARKETING PRACTICES OF YELLOW CORN
PRODUCERS IN PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE”.
In this regard, may we request permission to conduct interviews to the
corn producers from your barangay. Your assistance will be of great help in the
completion of our undergraduate thesis.
Thank you very much and we look forward to your favorable
response to this request. May God bless you and your office.

Very respectfully yours,

LEAH MAE S. CACACHO

GENEROSE P. ROMERO
Student-researchers
 29

Noted by:

ETHEL REYNDA M. CALIVOSO

Adviser/Chair

SOSIMA R. DEMANDANTE
Dean, CAFSD

APPENDIX C

LETTER FOR THE RESPONDENTS

Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
We are 4th year students taking up Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness at
Mariano Marcos State University, College of Agriculture, Food, and Sustainable
Development (CAFSD). We are currently pursuing a thesis entitled “Marketing
Practices of Yellow Corn Producers in Paoay, Ilocos Norte”.

Our study would like to look upon yellow corn producers’ socio-economic
profile, marketing practices (in terms of product, place and price) and problems
encountered (in terms of marketing) by the yellow corn producers.

You will be asked to answer a set of questions with regards of the said topics.
Your feedback to our questionnaire will only be recorded for this research purposes
only. This is purely voluntary and refusal to participate will be respected and will not
result in any loss or penalty.

Student Researchers:

LEAH MAE S. CACACHO

GENEROSE P. ROMERO
 30

APPENDIX D

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR YELLOW CORN PRODUCERS

Mariano Marcos State University

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD &
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Department of Agribusiness
City of Batac 2906, Ilocos Norte

MARKETING PRACTICES OF YELLOW CORN PRODUCERS

IN PAOAY, ILOCOS NORTE

Direction: Please write the information needed and/ or check the right answer.

Questionnaire No. / numero tikwestyoner __________________________________

Date of Interview / Petsa iti pinag-interbyo ________________________________
Name (optional) / Nagan (opsyunal)______________________________________
Address / Pagnaedan __________________________________________________

Part I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

1. Age/ Tawen:
2. Sex/ Kinatao
[ ] Male / Lalake
[ ] Female / Babae
3. Educational Attainment/ Kangatwan nga Nagun-od nga adal
_____Elementary/ Elementarya:
[ ]1 [ ]2 [ ]3 [ ]4 [ ]5 [ ]6
_____Secondary/ Secondarya:
 31

[ ]1 [ ]2 [ ]3 [ ]4
_____College/ Kolehiyo:
[ ]1 [ ]2 [ ]3 [ ]4
Course/ Kurso: _________________________
____ Higher Degrees/ Kangatwan nga nagadalan:
[ ] Master [ ] Doctorate [ ] ____ Postgraduate
Course:_______________________
4. Household size/ Bilang ti miyembro iti pamilya
[ ] 1-5
[ ] 6-10
[ ] others (Please specify)/ dadduma pay (ilanad)
5. Civil Status/ Estatdo iti Biag
[ ] Single/ Awan asawaan
[ ] Married/ Naasawaan
[ ] Widow/ Balo
[ ] Separated/ Nakisina
6. Organization Affiliation/ Nakaikappengan nga Orgnosasyon
Name of Organization/ Position/ Officer/
Nagan ti organisasyon Akem Opisyal

PART II. ECONOMIC PROFILE/ EKONOMIKO NGA IMPORMASYON

7. Annual Income/ Makatawen a Pagsapulan
[ ] 20,000-40,000
[ ] 41,000-50,000
[ ] 51,000-60,000
[ ]Others; (Please Specify)/ dadduma pay ( ilanad);
_______________________________________________
8. Source of Capital/ Paggapwan iti Kapital
[ ] Personal Savings / Personal nga Urnong
[ ] Loans from Cooperative Rural Bank / Utang nga aggapo iti Utang
[ ] Loans from Usurious Lenders / Utang nga aggapo kadagiti
agpapautang
[ ] Government Subsidies/ Grants/ Subsidiya nga aggapo Gobyerno
[ ] Others: (Please Specify/ dadduma pay (ilanad);
_______________________________________________
9. Area planted for Yellow Corn/ Manu nga hektarya, squaremeter iti
pagmulaan? (Please Specify). _______________________
10. Purpose of Yellow Corn Producers in farming/ Rason nu apay agmula iti
mais.
 32

[ ] Source of Income / Pagsapulan

[ ] Use to feed animals/ pagpakan iti taraken
[ ] Others: (Please Specify)________________________
11. Mode of Marketing
[ ] Direct selling / ilako nga sigud
[ ] Stock /
[ ] Others: (Please specify)_________________________

Part III. MARKETING PRACTICES / PANAGMANEHAR ITI MAILAKO

12. Product / Produkto
[ ] Grain
[ ] Others: (Please specify) / dadduma pay (ilanad):
_____________________________________________
13. Who are the buyers?/ Assino dagitay aggatang ?
[ ] Household
[ ] Middlemen
[ ] Processor
[ ] Cooperatives
[ ] Trader
[ ] Other: (Please specify)/ dadduma pay (ilanad):
_____________________________________________
14. Price/ Presyo
[ ] Grain.
[ ] Others: _______________________
15. Persoal Involved in Determining Price/ Tao nga Makin ammo nga
agibaga Presyo
[ ] Seller/ Aglaklako
[ ] Buyer/ Aggatgatang
16. Mode of Payment (Wagas nga pinagala iti bayad)
[ ] Credit/ Utang
[ ] Cash/ Kwarta
[ ] Others: (Please specify)/ dadduma pay (ilanad)
_____________________________________________
17. Place of Transaction / Lugar iti Transaksiyon
[ ] Field/ Talon
[ ] Farmers Residence/ Balay
[ ] Buyer Place/ Mapan idanon

Part IV. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED/ PROBLEMA ITI PINAGLAKO

18. Selling / Pinaglako
[ ] High cost of inputs/ Nangina nga persyo dagiti mausar
 33

[ ] Lack of market information/ Awan umno nga paggapwan iti

impormasyon
[ ] Unfair trade practices/ Saan nga usto nga aramid
[ ] High transportation cost/ nangato iti bayad iti transportasyon
[ ] Others (Please specify)/ dadduma pay (ilanad):
____________________________________________