Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Diamond & Related Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/diamond

Rice husk derived graphene and zinc oxide composite anode for high
reversible capacity lithium-ion batteries
Ojo Friday Abraham a, *, Victor Sunday Aigbodion a, b, d, Emenike Chinedozi Ejiogu a, c,
Uche Chinwoke Ogbuefi a, c
a
Africa Centre of Excellence, ACESPED University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
b
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
d
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 534, Auckland Park, South Africa

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Due to the low toxicity, high theoretical capacity, abundant resources, low potential, of zinc oxide (ZnO), it is
Cycling performance regarded as the next-generation lithium-ion battery anode material. However, because of the significant draw­
Discharge capacity back in terms of volume expansion during the charge-discharge cycles, ZnO is easily pulverized and agglom­
Anode
erated. In this research work, we synthesize 0.5 g of rice husk-derived graphene (R0.5) and 1.0 g of ZnO (Z1.0)
Lithium-ion batteries
composite (R0.5Z1.0) to accommodate the volume expansion of ZnO during the charge-discharge process as a
next-generation lithium-ion battery anode. Rice husk as a graphene source will support the future usage of bio-
based materials for active material synthesis. The samples were characterized via SEM, XRD, and Fourier infrared
spectroscopy, and with a discharge capacity of 895.2 mAhg− 1 at a current density of 200 mAg− 1 after 110 cycles,
the composite material demonstrated remarkable Li storing characteristics and electrochemical performance as
an anode for lithium-ion battery application.

1. Introduction and most electropositive metallic element, and therefore accommodates

The increasing demand for sustainable energy in the automobile
industry, energy storage devices, portable electronics, and the quest for
a green world, have led to research for means to retrieve active materials
from biomass to replace conventional graphite anode materials of
lithium-ion batteries [1]. Among several works of literature available in
this regard, rice husk-based materials have been given significant
research input due to the synergistic property combination of silicon and
carbon present in rice husk biomass [2,3]. Rice husk has received huge
recognition as an eco-friendly anode source material for battery appli­
cation because of the property combination of the theoretical capacity,
availability, and eco-friendliness of silicon, and the mechanical stability
and electrical conductivity of carbon present in rice husk. Furthermore,
in support of a green world, numerous researches have been conducted
by using rice husk as an alternative source to silicon and silicon-carbide
for the next generation LIBs anodes [4,5].
The principal reason for the numerous research interests into the
lithium-ion battery is based on the property that lithium is the lightest,
very high energy density [6]. The electrochemical properties of lithium-
ion batteries have been discovered to possess stability over 500 cycles
and can be manufactured in different dimensions and also require facile
maintenance when compared with other battery technologies [7].
Different battery technology aspects such as the cost-efficient upgrade,
cycling life, and safety continue to be at the forefront of battery research.
However, this technology is already being implemented in portable
electronics, and also introduced recently into the power systems of the
next generation of electrified vehicles [8]. Hsieh and co-workers
described a ZnO/graphene hybrid material made using a simple in-situ
reduction process and proven as an anode that was highly reversible
for rechargeable lithium batteries [9]. The hybrid consists of 5 nm ZnO
grains evenly dispersed on graphene. The ZnO/graphene anode with a
capacity greater than 800 mAh delivers at a rate of 200 mA/g in the
voltage range between 3.0 and 0.001 V. The anode can maintain a
rechargeable capacity of 778 mAh/g with a coulombic efficiency of 97%
after 42 cycles. The high reversible capacity is maintained at elevated
current density. At a current level as high as 1000 mA/g, the ZnO/

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abraham.ojoO19@acespedunn.edu.ng (O.F. Abraham).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.108885
Received 2 December 2021; Received in revised form 18 January 2022; Accepted 31 January 2022
Available online 4 February 2022
0925-9635/© 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.
O.F. Abraham et al.
graphene anode can deliver more than 550 mAh/g, which is signifi­
cantly higher than the capacity of conventional commercial graphite
anodes. The shape of the load discharge profiles does not change
significantly during 13 cycles, indicating the stability of the hybrid as an
anode. In the discharge, the plateau at 1.3 and 1.0 V corresponds to the
formation of Li2O which accompanies the reduction of metal nano­
particles. In addition, the capacity below 1.0 V can be attributed to
graphene and/or reversible electrolyte polymerization.
There are kinds of literature in the preparation of zinc oxide in
different architectures like nanospheres [10], and nanorods [11]. They
find applications as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, in the
quest to achieve improved electrochemical activity of these anodes, ZnO
and carbonaceous materials have been researched for composite mate­
rials. ZnO aligned vertically on graphene has been investigated as a
composite material with a high discharge capacity of 810 mAhg− 1 [10].
In another work, hollow-structured porous organic metal ZnO/C was
synthesized and studied after 100 cycles to have a reversible capacity of
750 mAhg− 1 [12]. ZnO/CNT as anode material has been investigated to
render a reversible capacity of 602 mAhg− 1 after 50 cycles [13].
Furthermore, metal-organic framework-derived porous ZnO/MWCNTs
have been studied to possess a discharge capacity of 419.8 mAhg− 1 after
100 cycles following a charging rate of 200 mAg− 1 [14]. However,
improvement in the discharge capacity and alleviation of the volumetric
change of ZnO upon cycling remains a research question for these an­
odes. In this work, rice husk as a precursor material was used to syn­
thesize graphene via a simple chemical activation process incorporating
zinc oxide to accommodate the volume change and improvement in the
discharge capacity of ZnO, which has not been reported. The composite
R0.5Z1.0 material exhibited excellent electrochemical properties suitable
as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Rice husks were sourced from a local paddy mill in Enugu State,
Nigeria. Pellets of potassium hydroxide (KOH), zinc oxide, and all
chemicals used in this research work were used as purchased without
further purification from JoeChem chemicals in Enugu State, Nigeria.
2.2. Rice husk derived graphene synthesis via chemical activation
Fig. 1 shows the route for the synthesis of graphene active material
from rice husk carried out via chemical activation method as reported in
Fig. 1. Facile route for the active material synthesis.
2
Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885
the literature [15] alongside respective modifications. As received rice
husk was washed a considerable number of times as required and oven-
dried at a temperature of 90 ◦ C overnight (24 h). The oven-dried rice
husk and KOH pellets were blended followed by sieving to get particles
of uniform size with optimum fineness. The sieved particles were then
carbonized to get rice husk ash (RHA) in a laboratory crucible. The
carbonization of the rice husk entails the combustion of the dried rice
husk in the air at a temperature of 350 ◦ C for 2 h. The ash obtained from
the rice husk was then pulverized using mortar and pestle. The chemical
activation of the rice husk ash was carried out by using a mixing ratio of
1:3 with the pellets of KOH such that 15 g of RHA was mixed with 45 g of
powdered KOH. The obtained mixture was then poured into a laboratory
crucible and shielded with ceramic wool and thereafter the crucible was
put into a bigger crucible with activated carbon and ceramic wool to
prevent oxidation of the active material. Annealing of the crucible
content setup was thereafter carried out at a temperature of 900 ◦ C for 2
h. The obtained graphene was washed with distilled water to get rid of
impurities and then centrifuged at 3200 rounds per minute for 20 min
over a quite number of times to obtain a zero pH (neutral solution). The
graphene obtained was then oven-dried at a temperature of 80 ◦ C for 24
h and denoted as R.
2.3. Preparation of R0.5Z1.0 composite material
A neutral solution via deoxidized water of the precipitate of the
synthesized graphene and zinc oxide was obtained after refluxing with 2
M HCl at a temperature of 80 ◦ C for 3 h. The mixture was thereafter
placed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave of 50 ml overnight at a
temperature of 200 ◦ C. The resulting solution was cooled to ambient
temperature and a centrifugation route was applied to collect the formed
precipitates. Ethanol was used to wash the collected precipitates and
oven-dried for 6 h. In the end, calcination of the composite active ma­
terial in an argon atmosphere was conducted for 3 h at 500 ◦ C using
5 ◦ C/min as the working heating rate. The active material composite
obtained was denoted as R0.5Z1.0 (0.5 g of rice husk derived graphene
and 1.0 g of ZnO) similar to that reported in literature [16].
2.4. Characterizations and electrochemical features
The synthesized active composite material (R0.5Z1.0), rice husk-
derived graphene (R), and zinc oxide (Z) crystal and structural mor­
phologies were studied via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron mi­
croscopy, respectively. The presence of functional groups in the samples
was investigated using Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy.
O.F. Abraham et al.
2.5. Electrochemical analysis
70 wt% of the synthesized active materials were mixed with 20 wt%
acetylene black and 10 wt% of polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF) as a
binder to give a well-dispersed active materials slurry for the working
electrode. Thereafter, coating of the active material slurry was done
uniformly on copper foil disk substrate and dehydrated for 24 h in a
laboratory oven at a temperature of 80 ◦ C. Assembling of the CR2032
coin cells was carried out in an argon-saturated glove box where Li metal
acted as the counter electrode and 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate,
dimethyl carbonate, and ethylene carbonate in a volumetric ratio of 1:1.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry
(CV) analysis were performed on a CH604E electrochemical worksta­
tion. The cyclic voltammetry tests were performed at a scan rate of 0.1
mVs− 1 under a voltage range of 1–3 V. Meanwhile, the electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy analysis was carried out at a frequency level of
100 kHz and 0.1 Hz under a voltage value of 5 mV. The galvanostatic
charge and discharge test under different current densities was carried
out between a potential window of 0.01 and 3 V at ambient temperature
via a LAND CT-2001 battery tester.
3. Result and discussion
The X-ray diffraction patterns for the R1.0 (rice husk derived gra­
phene), Z1.0 (zinc oxide), and R0.5Z1.0 (rice husk derived graphene/zinc
oxide composite) are shown in Fig. 2. The most pronounced diffraction
peaks appear at 37.0620, 40.1930, 42.3580, 55.8160, 66.8000, 74.5330,
78.9340, 80.9200, and 82.3630 corresponding to (100), (002), (101),
(102), (110), (103), (200), (112), and (201) crystal phases of ZnO,
respectively [17]. The superimposition of the sharp peaks of R1.0, and
R0.5Z1.0 at 30.8790 corresponds to the (002) graphene phase and shows
the products are crystalline. However, there is no characteristic peak for
the restacked graphene phase for the R0.5Z1.0 composite, suggesting a
uniform dispersion rate of the synthesized graphene in the sample. In
addition, the samples show high purity since no peaks were traceable to
any impurity.
The morphological and structural architectures of the R1.0, Z1.0,
R0.5Z1.0 composite samples were studied by scanning electron micro­
scopy. As depicted in Fig. 3A, it shows that there are pores in the syn­
thesized graphene (R1.0) and this porous nature is beneficial for the
increase in surface area and as active lithium-ion storage sites and for
alleviating the volume and agglomeration of the zinc oxide as seen in
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of the rice husk derived graphene (R1.0), zinc oxide (Z1.0)
and rice husk derived graphene/zinc oxide composite (R0.5Z1.0).
3
Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885
Fig. 3C. However, as seen in Fig. 3B, it is clear that the zinc oxide was
well distributed unto the voids of the synthesized graphene structure.
The pores of the R1.0 sample acts as potential localities to alleviate the
structural change and volumetric expansion of the ZnO phase and for
easy lithiation and delithiation of lithium-ions [18]. The EDS spectrum
in Fig. 3B, and C shows the materials are composed of three elements of
C, Zn, and O while that of Fig. 3A shows the presence of the elements C,
Si, and O. Together with the XRD, it can be implied that ZnO has been
incorporated successfully into the rice husk derived graphene.
The Fourier transform-Infrared spectra of the synthesized active
material electrode R1.0, Z1.0, and R0.5Z1.0are shown in Fig. 4. The band of
adsorption at 2923 cm− 1 is associated with vibrational stretching of
O–H resulting from the adsorption of water molecules. The 1645 cm− 1
band depicts the presence of the bending of water molecules [19]. The
wide peak around 595–1083 cm− 1is linked to the vibrational stretching
of the Zn–O and Li–O and this is noticed in the entire spectra [20]. The
500 cm− 1 peak is a consequence of the ZnO network superimposing with
the peak of the synthesized rice husk-derived graphene. In addition,
Fig. 4 shows the peaks of the synthesized rice husk graphene in R0.5Z1.0
composite. However, bands at 2854 cm− 1 and 2922 cm− 1 are a result of
the unasymmetry and symmetry vibrational stretching of C–H. The
peaks 1455 cm− 1 and 1645 cm− 1 is related to the vibrational stretching
of C–O and C– – C, respectively [21]. Therefore, the Fourier transform-
Infrared spectra support the formation of the rice husk graphene/zinc
oxide composite.
The cyclic voltammetry tests for the composite R0.5Z1.0were con­
ducted at a scan rate of 0.1 mVs− 1, and the obtained curves for the first
three cycles are plotted out in Fig. 5. In the first cycle, three peaks from
the cathodic activity are seen at 0.24 V, 0.77 V, and 1.62 V respectively.
The 0.77 V peak corresponds to the appearance of partial solid elec­
trolyte interphase reversible layer [22]. Meanwhile, the 1.62 V peak is
linked to the lithium ions reacting with the functional groups on the
synthesized active materials surface as discussed from Fig. 4 [23]. A low
pronounced peak at 0.24 V is related to the alloy formation of ZnO to
LiZn [24]. However, after several cathodic points, only a peak at 0.82 V
is seen and this corresponds to the ZnO to Zn reduction and alloy for­
mation [25]. In the first cycle of the anodic sweep, there are only three
peaks of oxidation from 0.3 V to 0.8 V, which can be a result of the
dealloying of the alloy of Li–Zn [26]. The wide peak of oxidation at
1.26 V can be linked to the production of ZnO due to the reduction-
oxidation reaction of Zn and Li2O [10]. The synthesized active mate­
rial electrode shows reversibility and good stability due to the super­
imposition of the curves after the first cycle.
To further evaluate the electrochemical response of the synthesized
active materials, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests
were carried out. The Nyquist profiles of the R1.0, R0.5Z1.0, and Z1.0are
shown in Fig. 6. The plot shows that the Faradic charge-transfer resis­
tance of 180 Ω for the synthesized active material (R0.5Z1.0) is much
lesser than that of Z1.0 (560 Ω). This depicts a reduction in the Faradic
charge-transfer resistance upon adding the synthesized rice husk gra­
phene, thereby improving electronic conductivity. Therefore, the com­
posite material shows extensive improvement in reversible capacity
[13].
However, the galvanostatic charge-discharge plots for the 1st, 2nd,
10th, 20th, and 30th cycles of R0.5Z1.0 at a potential window of 0.01 to
3.00 V and under a current density of 200 mAg− 1is shown in Fig. 7. The
first cycle discharge curve shows a sharp slope around a potential of
0.77 V because of solid electrolyte interface formation followed by the
reduction in the irreversible capacity. However, a low slope at a po­
tential 0.26 V is due to the formation of Li–Zn alloys and ZnO reduction
to Zn [16]. In the first cycle charge profile, a well-pronounced plateau at
a potential of 1.27 V is associated with ZnO formation. The 1st and 2nd
cycle profiles superimposed show stability of the reaction at this
instance [27]. However, in the charge-discharge profiles, the charging
curves show pronounced peaks before the emergence of the lithium
plating potential but this is not the case in the discharging curves since
O.F. Abraham et al. Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885

Fig. 3. SEM/EDS images of (A) rice husk derived graphene, (B) rice husk derived graphene/zinc oxide composite, and (C) zinc oxide.

3400 1500

Z1.0
Transmittance (%)

ZnO
O-H C-H
R0.5Z1.0 C-O
C=C

R1.0

Fig. 5. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the first three cycles at a scanning
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 rate of 0.1 mVs− 1.
Wavenumber (cm-1)
supports the good reversibility of the synthesized electrode material and
Fig. 4. FT-IR spectrum of synthesized rice husk derived graphene (R1.0), ZnO
the possibility of reactivation [29]. In addition, to verify the synergistic
(Z1.0), and rice husk derived graphene/ZnO composite (R0.5Z1.0).
effect of the synthesized anode materials on the electrochemical per­
formance of the electrode, bare ZnO (Z1.0) and rice husk-derived gra­
the conduction is through pseudocapacitance with the functional group
phene (R1.0) were also investigated under the same rate performance
of the carbon active materials [28].
test working conditions. Table 1 gives a comprehensive summary of the
The rate performance profiles of the R1.0, Z1.0, and R0.5Z1.0 composite
average specific capacity of the electrodes at varying current densities.
samples are likewise measured and the results are shown in Fig. 8(A).
The average specific capacity of the ZnO (Z1.0) decreases substantially
The average specific capacity of the R0.5Z1.0 fluctuates from 978.1,
upon the increase of the current density. These outcomes prove the
793.4, 683.4, 624.6, to 584.3 mAhg− 1, when the current density in­
improvement in the rate capability of the composite anode (R0.5Z1.0) to
creases from 200, 500, 1000, 2000 to 5000 mAg− 1. However, the ca­
the ZnO (Z1.0) and this can be because of the supportive interaction of
pacity is maintained when the current density became 200 mAg− 1 once
ZnO and the synthesized graphene from rice husk.
again. This depicts an excellent rate cycling performance since there is a
The cycling performance for the charge-discharge of the R0.5Z1.0,
negligible loss in capacity at each rate step. Furthermore, the result
Z1.0, and R1.0is shown in Fig. 8(B) for 110 cycles at a current density of

4
O.F. Abraham et al. Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885

200 mAg− 1. The respective charge and discharge capacities of R0.5Z1.0

for the first cycle are 1212.5 mAg− 1 and 2120.8 mAg− 1 giving an initial
coulombic efficiency of 57.2% which is due to the formation of a solid
electrolyte interface layer [16]. In the second cycle, the coulombic ef­
ficiency of the R0.5Z1.0 is stable at an average of 99.3%. However, even
after 110 cycles, the R0.5Z1.0 sample was still able to render a capacity of
895.2 mAhg− 1, and this is way higher than the reported value for ZnO in
literature [11,10]. The Z1.0 electrode shows a pronounced decrease in
capacitance from 2695.2 mAhg− 1 to 83.3 mAhg− 1. Meanwhile, after
110 cycles the R1.0 electrode delivered a capacity of 483.3 mAhg− 1. The
improvement in the capacity of R0.5Z1.0 electrode over ZnO is associated
with structural, electronic, and volumetric alleviation support provided
by the synthesized rice husk graphene [14]. Table 2 shows the com­
parison of the discharge capacity of ZnO-based composite anodes. From
Table 2, the discharge capacity of the synthesized anode of this work

Table 1
Fig. 6. Nyquist profiles for the R1.0, R0.5Z1.0 and Z1.0 at a current density of Corresponding average specific capacity at varying current density for the syn­
200 mAg− 1. thesized samples.
Current density 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 Samples
(mAg− 1) X 1000

Specific capacity 978.1 793.4 683.4 624.6 584.3 R0.5Z1.0

(mAhg− 1) 546.4 446.5 413.4 374.8 320.5 R1.0
178.6 34.5 34.5 28.7 45.8 Z1.0

Table 2
Summary of ZnO-based anode materials and their respective electrochemical
characteristics.
ZnO-based anode Number Charging Discharge Reference
materials of cycles rate capacity work
(mAg− 1) (mAhg− 1)

ZnO/CNT composite 50 100 602 [13]

Vertically aligned 50 80 810 [10]
ZnO/graphene
composite
ZnO nanorods 100 300 230 [11]
Porous ZnO/C 100 100 750 [12]
nanocages
MOF-derived porous 100 200 419.8 [14]
Fig. 7. Galvanostatic charge-discharge plots of R0.5Z1.0 at a current density of
ZnO/MWCNTs
200 mAg− 1 of the 1st, 2nd, and the 10th to the 30th cycles. nanocomposite
Rice husk derived 110 200 895.2 Present
graphene/ZnO work
composite

Fig. 8. (A) Rate performance profiles of the R1.0, Z1.0, and R0.5Z1.0 composite samples, and (B) Cycling performance plots for R0.5Z1.0, Z1.0, and R1.0 at a current
density of 200 mAg− 1 for 110 cycles.

5
O.F. Abraham et al.
shows excellent discharge capacity.
4. Conclusion
In summary, the excellent morphology of the composite sample
(R0.5Z1.0) synthesized via an easy chemical activation route provided an
excellent discharge capacity of 895.2 mAhg− 1 even after 110 cycles at a
current density of 200 mAg− 1, which is very close to the specific theo­
retical capacity of ZnO (978 mAhg− 1). The results from this work show
that the R0.5Z1.0 synthesized through this simple method has wide
application opportunities as an anode material for high-energy storage
for lithium-ion batteries while making use of readily available biomass.
Ethical approval
This work does not include humans and animals hence does not
require ethical approval from any committee.
Consent to participate
This work does not include humans and animals hence does not
require Consent to participate in the research.
Consent to publish
The Authors give the publisher the consent to publish the work.
Funding
There is no funding to report in this work.
Availability of data and materials
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this
study are available within the article.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Conception and design of study: Ojo Friday Abraham, Aigbodion
Victor Sunday, Ejiogu Emenike Chinedozi
Acquisition of data: Ojo Friday Abraham, Uche Chinwoke Ogbuefi
Drafting the manuscript: Ojo Friday Abraham, Aigbodion Victor
Sunday, Uche Chinwoke Ogbuefi
Revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content:
Ojo Friday Abraham, Aigbodion Victor Sunday, Ejiogu Emenike
Chinedozi
Approval of the version of the manuscript to be published: Ojo Friday
Abraham, Aigbodion Victor Sunday, Ejiogu Emenike Chinedozi, Uche
Chinwoke Ogbuefi
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The author hereby appreciates and acknowledge the Africa Centre of
Excellence for Sustainable Power and Energy Development, ACE-SPED,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Energy materials research group, Uni­
versity of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa,
Nano research group laboratory, the University of Nigeria for their
support.
6
Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885
References
[1] Ramchandra Pode, Potential applications of rice husk ash waste from rice husk
biomass power plant, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 53 (2016) 1468–1485, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.051.
[2] Sekar, Sankar Talha, Abu Ahmed, Aqueel Inamdar, Akbar I. Lee, Youngmin Im,
Hyunsik Kim, Deuk Young Lee, Sejoon, Activated carbon-decorated spherical
silicon nanocrystal composites synchronously-derived from rice husks for anodic
source of lithium-ion battery, Nanomaterials c (2019).
[3] Yi Chi You Zhang, Ya Xin, Sen Yin, Ya Xia Zhang, Juan Wang, Ping Zheng, Xin
sheng Cao, Fei Fei Guo, Yu Guo, Rice husk-derived hierarchical silicon/nitrogen-
doped carbon/carbon nanotube spheres as low-cost and high-capacity anodes for
lithium-ion batteries, Nano Energy 25 (2016) 120–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
nanoen.2016.04.043.
[4] H. Chu, Q. Wu, J. Huang, Rice husk derived silicon/carbon and silica/carbon
nanocomposites as anodic materials for lithium-ion batteries, Colloids Surf.A
Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 558 (2018) 495–503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
colsurfa.2018.09.020.
[5] J. Prasara-A, S.H. Gheewala, Sustainable utilization of rice husk ash from power
plants: a review, J. Clean. Prod. 167 (2017) 1020–1028, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2016.11.042.
[6] M. Armand, J.M. Tarascon, Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium
batteries, Nature 26 (2) (2001) 7–10.
[7] Zhan, Dan Luo, Wei Kraatz, Heinz Bernhard Fehse, Marcus Li, Yuqi Xiao,
Zuoan Brougham, Dermot F. Simpson, André J. Wu, Bing, Facile approach for
synthesizing high-performance MnO/C electrodes from rice husk, ACS Omega
(2019), https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03026.
[8] Z. Ling, Z. Wang, M. Zhang, C. Yu, G. Wang, Y. Dong, Sustainable synthesis and
assembly of biomass-derived B/N co-doped carbon nanosheets with ultrahigh
aspect ratio for high-performance supercapacitors, Adv.Funct. Mater. (2016)
111–119, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504004.
[9] C. Hsieh, C. Lin, Y. Chen, J. Lin, Synthesis of ZnO@graphene composites as anode
materials for lithium ion batteries Chien-Te, Electrochim. Acta 111 (2013)
359–365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.197.
[10] N. Li, S. Jin, Q. Liao, C. Wang, ZnO anchored on vertically aligned graphene:
binder-free anode materials for lithium ion batteries ZnO anchored on vertically
aligned graphene: binder-free anode materials for lithium ion batteries, Appl.
Mater. Interfaces (2014), https://doi.org/10.1021/am507046k.
[11] S. Kundu, S. Sain, M. Yoshio, T. Kar, N. Gunawardhana, S.K. Pradhan, Structural
interpretation of chemically synthesized ZnO nanorod and its application in
lithium ion battery, Appl. Surf. Sci. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apsusc.2014.12.152.
[12] Y. Song, Y. Chen, J. Wu, Y. Fu, R. Zhou, S. Chen, Hollow metal organic
frameworks-derived porous ZnO/C nanocages as anode materials for lithium-ion
batteries, J. Alloys Compd. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jallcom.2016.10.110.
[13] S.M. Abbas, S.T. Hussain, S. Ali, N. Ahmad, N. Ali, S. Abbas, Structure and
electrochemical performance of ZnO/CNT composite as anode material for lithium-
ion batteries, Mater. Sci. (2013) 5429–5436, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-
7336-3.
[14] Y. Zou, Z. Qi, Z. Ma, W. Jiang, R. Hu, J. Duan, MOF-derived porous ZnO/MWCNTs
nanocomposite as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, J. Electroanal. Chem.
788 (2017) 184–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.028.
[15] H. Muramatsu, Y.A. Kim, K. Yang, R. Cruz-Silva, Rice husk-derived graphene with
nano-sized domains and clean edges, Small (2014) 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1002/
smll.201400017.
[16] Bao, Shouchun Hou, Tianqi Tan, Qingke Kong, Xiangli Cao, Haijie He, Maoxia Wu,
Guanglei Xu, Binghui, Immobilization of zinc oxide nanoparticles on graphene
sheets for lithium ion storage and electromagnetic microwave absorption, Mater.
Chem. Phys. 245 (October 2019) (2020) 122766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2020.122766.
[17] L. Stobinski, B. Lesiak, A. Malolepszy, M. Mazurkiewicz, B. Mierzwa, Journal of
electron spectroscopy and graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide studied by
the XRD, TEM and electron spectroscopy methods, J. Electron Spectros. Relat.
Phenom. 195 (2014) 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2014.07.003.
[18] P. Sehrawat, A. Abid, S.S. Islam, A. Mauger, C.M. Julien, Nanostructured graphene
oxide-based hybrids as anodes for lithium-ion batteries, J. Carbon Res. 6 (4) (2020)
81, https://doi.org/10.3390/c6040081.
[19] A. Viinikanoja, J. Kauppila, P. Damlin, C. Kvarnstro, In situ FTIR and raman
spectroelectrochemical characterization of graphene oxide upon electrochemical
reduction in organic solvents †, R. Soc. Chem. (2015) https://doi.org/10.1039/
C5CP00942A.
[20] D. Scarano, S. Bertarione, G. Spoto, A. Zecchina, C.O. Arean, FTIR spectroscopy of
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane adsorbed and co-adsorbed on zinc
oxide, Thin Solid Films 400 (2001) 50–55.
[21] W. Yodying, T. Autthawong, Y. Chimupala, T. Sarakonsri, Nanostructural
characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene/titanium dioxide (B)/silicon
composite prepared by dispersion method, Solid State Phenom. vol. 302 SSP
(2020) 27–35, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.302.27.
[22] S. Wang, L. Yang, L.P. Stubbs, X. Li, C. He, Lignin-derived fused electrospun carbon
fibrous mats as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries, Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 5 (23) (2013) 12275–12282, https://doi.org/10.1021/
am4043867.
[23] K. Yu, J. Li, H. Qi, C. Liang, Cellulose-derived hollow carbonaceous nanospheres
from ricehusks as anode for lithium-ion batteries with enhanced reversible capacity
O.F. Abraham et al.
and cyclic performance, Chem. Sel. (2017) 3627–3632, https://doi.org/10.1002/
slct.201700768.
[24] J. Lee, K. Ko, B. Park, Electrical and optical properties of ZnO transparent
conducting films by the sol – gel method, Cryst. Growth 247 (2003) 119–125.
[25] Ren, Zhimin Wang, Zhiyu Chen, Chao Wang, Jia Fu, Xinxin Fan, Chenyao Qian,
Guodong, Preparation of carbon-encapsulated ZnO tetrahedron as an anode
material for ultralong cycle life performance lithium-ion batteries, Electrochim.
Acta 146 (2014) 52–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.038.
[26] B.Y. Sharma, N. Sharma, G.V.S. Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari, Nanophase ZnCo 2 O 4 as a
high performance anode material for li-ion batteries **, Adv. Funct. Mater. (2007)
2855–2861, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200600997.
Diamond & Related Materials 123 (2022) 108885
[27] B.J. Liu, Y. Li, X. Huang, G. Li, Z. Li, Layered double hydroxide nano- and
microstructures grown directly on metal substrates and their calcined products for
application as Li-ion battery electrodes **, Adv. Funct. Mater. (2008) 1448–1458,
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200701383.
[28] A. Eftekhari, Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2) for energy storage, catalysis, and
optoelectronics, Appl. Mater. Today 8 (2017) 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apmt.2017.01.006.
[29] Chen, Ziliang Wu, Renbing Wang, Hao Jiang, Yukun Jin, Lin Guo, Yanhui Song,
Yun Fang, Fang Sun, Dalin, Construction of hybrid hollow architectures by in- situ
rooting ultrafine ZnS nanorods within porous carbon polyhedra for enhanced
lithium storage properties, Chem. Eng. J. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cej.2017.06.009.