College of Information Technology

2nd Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023

PRELIM (MODULES 1 – 5)

MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CARLOS BULOSAN
“The poor man does not write books; he is too busy looking for something to fill his stomach. And when he comes to it, his mind is too
weak, his recollection too short, his imagination too blurred, etc. Thus the history is not yet written.” – Carlos Bulosan

An individual must fulfill their basic necessities – food, clothing, shelter – before developing their other capacities. Early
Filipino immigrants in America (also referred to as Pinoys) struggled to meet their needs on a daily basis, and so they wrote very little.
As such, Filipinos virtually do not exist in the multiethnic canon of American historical literature, but only within the broader category of
“Asian Americans.”

Carlos “Allos Bulosan” was a Filipino writer and labor activist who lived in numerous cities along the American West Coast. He
is best known for his written work, especially his autobiography, America Is in the Heart. It highlights various themes Bulosan explored
throughout his writing career, such as racism, capitalism and empire, and worker liberation. He wrote endlessly, to express Pinoy
sufferings. In doing so, he has given a name, a face, and a voice to the countless and anonymous Pinoys.

His published works appeared in newspapers, journals, poetry collections, and magazines, in both the United States and the
Philippines. Some of his writings were translated into foreign languages and published in their respective countries. Bulosan primarily
sought to project the Filipino immigrant experience to his audience, whoever they were: migrant workers, native Filipinos, or his
students.
Like other Filipinos of his generation, Bulosan left the Philippines at a young age to seek better economic opportunities in the
United States. Although Bulosan did not know at the time, America’s white hegemony looked down upon Filipinos as sources of cheap
labor, as well as troublemakers. Some Filipinos resorted to crime – robbery, bootlegging, thievery, assaults – in retaliation for their
constant poverty and the anti-Filipino legislation. They also turned to gambling in attempts to win their fortunes. Their behavior was not
entirely without merit, since Filipinos struggled to survive in a society that largely did not accept them.

Ultimately, white Americans wanted Filipinos to only perform the physically

demanding and unskilled labor. This included picking seasonal crops,
dishwashing, housecleaning, and packing and canning. Americans took many
steps, legal and extralegal, to keep Filipinos (and other minorities) from climbing
the social ladder.

Carlos Bulosan was both a writer and labor activist. In the broad sense, he is
significant in that he represents a unity of thought and action. In a letter to his
colleague (and later girlfriend) Josephine Patrick, he writes about how he finds it
a stupidity “when people spend so many years learning how to read and write but
never use that knowledge throughout their lives.” Bulosan saw education as
more than just one’s acquisition and retaining of facts; for him, knowledge must
be applied. Bulosan utilized his English writing skills when working in labor unions,
thereby bringing about societal change.

MODULE 2
ALLOS LIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Carlos “Allos” Sampayan Bulosan was born November 02, 1911 in Mangusmana, Binalonan, Pangasinan. His father Simeon
Bulosan was a sharecropper, who could barely afford what little land he had. Bulosan’s mother, Autilia Sampayan supports Simeon by
selling salted fish, salt and beans in the public market.

According to Allos’ Autobiography, America is in the heart, he had 6 siblings namely: Leon, Amado, Luciano, Macario, Irene
and Francisca. But Piring (2016) found out through his research the names of his siblings were Aurelio, Dionisio, Silvestre, Apolonio,
Marcella and Escolastica. See table 1 for comparison.

America is in the heart Piring (2016)

Leon Aurelio
Amado Dionisio (?)
Luciano Silvestre (?)
 Macario Apolonio (?)
Allos/Carlos Allos/Carlos
Irene Marcella
Francisca Escolastica

Table 1 – The Bulosan siblings. They are arranged from oldest to youngest, comparing characters from America Is in the Heart to
Piring (2016) The three middle brothers are marked with “(?)” because no records were found that determined their birth order, so their
ages may not correlate with the other autobiography characters.

They live in a little grass hut in Mangusmana. The old house of Bulosans in Binalonan as described by Milagros and Elizabeth,
daughters of Escolastica, (Daranciang, 2006):

1. It was a stilt house made of wood and bamboo with concrete footstools for posts and stairs. Such concrete tiny slabs are still present to
this day used as base integrated to the new house.
2. The area was 35 sq. meters as evidenced by the concrete slabs which measured five by seven meters.
3. Under the house was an open storage for implements and jars. A corner was used as a corral for goats and sheep that were
evacuated from mangusmana during flood season.
4. The yard was surrounded by bamboo fences with a front gate facing the street of the Bulosans.
5. In the backyard was a small bamboo structure called “Kamarin” in Ilocano. It contained two huge baskets for storing palay and clean
rice. It is called rice granary which measured 2x2 meters giving an area of 4 meters.

The family owned a 5-hectare farmland that lies at the bank of the toboy river. According to Daranciang (2006) as stated by
Raymundo Bulosan Jr., the farm is not productive because it was stony, sandy and crisscrossed by huge huge roots of trees extended
from the forested area that bounded the eastern part of the property.

In farming that piece of land, it was impossible to work by him alone. Even with the help of his sons for certain times, it was
still an impossible task. They had two (2) carabaos but this doesn’t mean that they are well-off. The family had no helpers, they only
had farm help. In Pangasinan, a farmer of two or more hectares needed farm help. This practice is called “Kasogpon” in Ilocano and
“Kasamak” in Pangasinan. Kasogpon was paid with palay after the harvest time. The amount of palay depends on the amount of
harvest.

To be able to harvest the ripened grains on time, many people, usually women, were needed. The harvesters cut the stalks
one at a time with the use of “gamlang” (a tiny rice cutter placed between the fingers.) after the seven handfuls of stalks were cut; it is
usually tied up to a pliant bamboo called “bayog”. Each tied bundle was called “pingey” and six pingey is equal to a “pungo”. Twenty
pungos is called “oyon”

The Bulosans’ farm was considered third class. It can only yield more or less twenty five (25) cavans at P5.00. The family’s
income in palay was only P125.00 per year with additional P25.00 for their income on corn and vegetables. The farm produces
approximately P150.00 annual. Converting on a monthly basis, they only have P12.50/month. Dalakirik, salayusay, iniket and
batolinew were some varieties of rice during the time of Bulosans which are rarely seen today.

Milagros confirmed that her grandmother, Autelia Sampayan actually sold salt, salted fish, balatong and otong to augment the
very little income of the family. She stated further that when Autelia died, Escolastica inherited the tiny business. Milagros observed
and sometimes helped her mother going around the villages selling salt, salted fish and vegetables exactly as Autelia did. She showed
the jars were the salt, salted fish, alamang and sugar that her grandmother used as containers. She has preserved them as a
testimony to the kind of business her mother Escolastica and her grandmother did and saved the jars for sentimental values. They
preserve their “abasto” or stored food supply for the whole year with the use of “galem” , a semi-concrete cover for jars sealed to
prevent worms from coming in (Daranciang, 2006).

At the age of five, Allos began working as a herd boy. At such an age, he could not have herded cows or carabaos but
possibly goats and sheep. At the age of thirteen, He went to Baguio to try his luck in looking for a job. After so much hardship, he finally
found a job offered by Miss Mary Strandon, who hired him to push her wheelbarrow.

Little is known about Allos’ life in the Philippines because at a very young age, he went to America in search for greener
pastures

MODULE 3
ALLOS AND HIS SIBLINGS’ EDUCATION
The Bulosan Brothers were able to go to elementary school because public schools offered free education. They
went to Binalonan Central School which is now Binalonan North Central School (Daranciang 2006, p. 61)

Only Macario Completed high school. Amado had reached only as far as fifth grade and Carlos had only reached
third grade. Macario became a teacher and had an opportunity to teach in Mindanao. He took her sister Francisca
(Escolastica) to Mindanao to do the chores for him that is why Escolastica never had an opportunity of stepping into the
portals of any school, (Daranciang 2006).

Macario’s Schooling caused the family to sell some hectares of land. One hectare after another until the whole farm
was lost and Simeon became a sharecropper and later hired labor after the church eased him out. It was unfortunate that
neither Macario nor his brothers were able to redeem their lost farm. This was because there were so many unfortunate
incidents that blocked their financial path to a better life. (Ibid, p. 61)

“All this time my brother Amado was working industriously with us on the farm. He worked seriously because he,
too, wanted Macario to go through High school. Amado had gone as far as fifth grade, but although he was eager to go
farther, my father stopped him. We could afford only my brother Macario’s education,” Bulosan, p. 15).

Her sister Irene died from a mysterious illness which she contracted at a young age. This, Allos states, prompted
him to go to school and become a doctor, (Piring 2016, p. 27).

Carlos Bulosan presents his childhood this way: He and his brothers strove to escape a life of wage labor. Carlos
worked on the family farm, Macario eventually became a teacher, Leon served in the army, and Luciano worked in local
politics, (Ibid).

Luciano, as mentioned by Carlos, worked in local politics. “He who became a vice mayor was not a professional.
But he was an avid reader of good books that made him a man of great convictions and potentialities. He was also a
Philippine scout who completed three years of service before he was honorably discharged because of failing health. He
received some amount from the United States as his monthly pension” mentioned Bulosan (1946) as cited by Daranciang
(2006).

Before joining the army, he had been an agent for one of the largest companies in Manila who recruited workers
from Northern Luzon. He was then a man of wide experience whose wisdom was broadened as a result. He was one of the
two men in town who could operate typewriters, and so, was needed in the presidencia. He was also the first to know about
machines like automobiles and motorcycles when they first came to Binalonan. There were many important things he could
do that few of the townspeople knew, (Ibid).

When Luciano ran for election, he did not need much money to win. Following the rule of succession, Elizabeth and
Milagros said that he was elected vice mayor and became a mayor only after the mayor left his position. Allos made no
mention of the year when Lucinao got elected. (Daranciang 2006).

As to Aurelio, he never had a stint in college. Immediately after graduation from high school, he was employed at
the Binalonan Elementary School. In those days, a college degree was not required for teaching. High school graduates
were hired to teach.

Carlos reached only as far as the third grade but he was a diligent student going to school every day (except when
he was sick) and listening intently to his teacher. When his brothers were working in the municipality, they often took Carlos
to school to practice reading books and magazines. They too, brought home reading materials for Carlos to read. For those
he could not read, the brothers read aloud for Carlos to hear, (Ibid).

At the age of thirteen, he went to Baguio to try his luck in looking for a job. After so much hardship, he finally found
a job offered by Miss Mary Strandon. During his stay in Baguio, he met Dalmacio, a Filipino houseboy who later became his
friend. From time to time, Dalmacio taught Carlos how to read. After doing their day’s work, Both Dalmacio went under trees
to read books borrowed from the library. When Miss Standon found out that Carlos was eager to read and to learn, she
recommended him to work in the library. Carlos took this opportunity to fill his mind by reading all the books that he could
when there were no borrowers of books, although he was not exposed to formal schooling in Baguio, his library readings
surpassed formal schooling, (Ibid).
Carlos also went to Lingayen with his cousin who was studying in Lingayen High School (It was then the only high
school in Pangasinan). His cousin tagged him along to attend his classes. In early years, students who were not enrolled
formally in a school, were allowed to sit-in as visitors or “Saling Pusa''. Carlos was smart, his cousin’s English teacher took
interest in him and he went a mile to write a certification that Carlos attended his class for two years. He described this
situation in a paragraph quoted below:

“My cousin’s English teacher was a man who had been in America. He wore American shoes and clothes, and
came to class smoking a large pipe. He sat in a small chair which he tilted backward, purring his feet on the table so that we
could see his silk socks. The timid girls in the front seats were embarrassed. But he took interest in me, and even invited
 me to his house. There he wrote out a credit card which made it appear that I had been going to school regularly for two
years, graduating from one grade to another with excellent marks”.

It is here that Bulosan first developed his talents as a writer, for he apparently contributed to and edited the school’s
newspaper.

Allos never had an opportunity to pursue college.

MODULE 4
AMERICA BEFORE ALLOS ARRIVED

With the outbreak of the 1898 Spanish-American War, many Filipinos anticipated independence and liberation. After the war,
Spain relinquished the Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. President William McKinley was
originally uncertain about whether to take the Philippines, but later stated that he came to his decision through these reasons:

1. That we could not give them back to Spain- that would be cowardly and dishonorable;
2. That we could not turn them over to France and Germany-our commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and
discreditable;
3. That we not leave them to themselves-they are unfit for self-government-and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there
worse than Spain's wars; and
4. That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them,
and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died.

The Filipinos did not feel the same way, and, under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo rebelled against their new American
overlords in 1899. The Philippine-American War lasted three years, with heavy casualties on both sides. With the rebellion crushed,
the Philippines left even more destitute, the United States questioned whether it should embrace its own overseas empire.

The Philippine Islands are considerably close to China and the rest of Asia, so the United States was able to maintain markets
and establish new ones across the Pacific Ocean. To enforce its imperial domination, the United States was able to reuse the Subic
Bay, a naval base in the Philippines, originally built by the Spanish in 1885. The American Empire stretched across the Pacific: Hawaii,
Midway and Wake Islands, Samoa, Guam, and elsewhere.

United States President William McKinley took on the “white man’s burden,” claiming he was told by God to educate and uplift
the Filipinos. The American colonial system, under the leadership of Governor-General William Howard Taft (later the 27th President of
the United States), brought new, albeit limited, career opportunities for Filipinos who could afford to go to school. The U.S. offered
some small measure of hope to Philippine society, as the U.S. tasked itself with improving the Filipinos’ health, education, agriculture,
infrastructure, horticulture, and animal husbandry. The Philippines experienced educational and population booms, but the Philippine
economy still suffered from damage caused by the Spanish.

In November 1903, Governor-General Taft passed the Pensionado Act, allowing qualified Filipino students to study at
American colleges and Universities. They studied at the expense of the provisional government, hence the name pensionado
(pension). Filipino students learned that freedom, democracy, and social equality were found in the United States. Through the colonial
education, the United States promised a better life for the Filipinos, even though it was a capitalist nation, like Spain.

The American provisional government touted its ideals of a benevolent democratic government to a largely illiterate and
“culturally backward” country. The colonial ideology of America and other Western nations justified itself, masking the economic
exploitation and racial exclusion of the colonized. Much later, in works such as “My Education” and “Terrorism Rides the Philippines,”
Carlos Bulosan argued that the Filipinos could not exercise their right to self-determination, when the Philippines were colonized by a
world superpower – a power that boasted of democracy but whose society practiced discrimination on every conceivable level.

In the eyes of many Filipinos, racial equality and economic salvation were found in America. The Pinoys traveled to the United
States, and settled primarily along the West Coast and Hawaii. Their experiences differed: the Filipinos in Hawaii had to compete only
with the Japanese, but the Filipinos on the West Coast faced the oppression and discrimination of a racist white working class.
Filipinos found that they were only allowed to work in manual labor, even if they were college educated. Not even the Pensionados
were able to pursue their professions in California. California law barred Filipinos from entering the professional workplace, and so
some of the Pensionados returned to the Philippines.

White farmers found Filipinos ideal for “stoop labor,” a racial remark on their heights. In the San Joaquin Delta region,
agriculture employers usually paid Filipinos less than half of what a white male received for the same work. The Filipino presence was
tolerated only because they were needed as field workers. A shortage of labor caused by anti- Chinese and Japanese legislation
prompted the Pinoy immigration. Filipinos struggled to survive in a society that did not accept them. The Pinoys faced oppression, both
legislative and social. The Pinoys were considered neither American citizens nor complete foreigners, but “nationals,” left in a sort of
limbo. Because of their status, they could not reap the benefits of American citizenship. Samuel Gompers, the president of the
conservative American Federation of Labor (AFL), called Filipinos “barbaric” and “uncivilized,” which implied that the AFL or other
larger labor unions did not accept Filipinos in their ranks. Furthermore, in 1927, the AFL urged Congress to bar Filipinos from entering
the United States. Filipinos had few chances to climb the social ladder, even in America.

White Americans took legal and extra legal steps to exclude Filipinos from society. The California Supreme Court case
Roldan v. Los Angeles County (1933) ruled that Filipino-Caucasian marriages were legal, but the California Civil Code was rewritten
shortly after to make such marriages illegal.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 granted Philippine independence in 10 years, but reclassified Filipinos as “aliens” and set
the Filipino immigration quota to 50 per year. The following year, the Repatriation Act was passed, which offered Filipino immigrants a
free one-way ticket back to the Philippines, on the condition that they never return to the United States. The 1946 Rescission Act
denied benefits, but not pay, to Filipino World War II veterans. In 1952, the McCarran-Walter Act was passed, revising immigration
laws to favor “good” Asian countries. In Bulosan’s words, it was a crime “to be Filipino in California.”

White Americans also discriminated against Filipinos on a social

level. They imposed restrictions on where Filipinos could go within a city.
White business owners refused to serve Filipinos: hotel signs read,
“Positively No Filipinos Allowed” or “No Dogs and No Filipinos Allowed.” One
sign in Salinas, California read, “This is a White Man’s Country. Get Out of
Here if You Don’t Like What We Pay.” Whites viewed Filipinos and other
immigrants as easily corruptible, giving into vices and pleasures, like other
immigrants. Filipinos spent most of their small earnings in places owned or
run by other “Orientals,” usually disreputable establishments: bars, pool
halls, dance halls, gambling dens, and brothels. But these activities helped
Filipinos forget the humiliations, abuse, and white mob violence.

“Positively No Filipinos Allowed.” This Stockton, CA hotel,

photographed in 1945, was one of many establishments that barred Filipino
entry. Filipinos found that they were unable to frequent certain restaurants,
stores, and other public places.
White men saw Filipinos as a double threat: economic and sexual.
Clearly, the influx of Filipino workers meant job competition, even when
Filipinos were restricted to only blue-collar work. Filipinos were seen as a
threat to white “racial purity,” but ethnic purity was not an issue for Filipinos, coming from a mestizo (mixed-blood) ancestry due to the
Spanish colonization. The Filipino immigrant gender male-to-female ratio was 14:1 in California, 47:1 in New York. Strict Filipino
Catholic gender roles also prohibited unchaperoned Filipina travel. In addition, agricultural work was not ideal for family life. Many
Filipinos envisioned that they would get rich quick, and return home. Again, the American colonial education system stated that
America was a land of plenty, and Filipinos further imagined they would be picking gold off the streets (hence, El Dorado Street in
Stockton). The word balikbayan refers to ethnic Filipinos who are citizens or residents of overseas countries, who periodically return to
the Philippines – it remains a common social trend. Like other Pinoys, Bulosan also expected to make his fortune and return home,
and he had no solid plan on how to implement those goals.

MODULE 5
ALLOS EARLY LIFE IN AMERICA

The Bulosan brothers – Aurelio, Dionisio, and Carlos – left the Philippines with the intention of finishing their education and
making their fortune. Carlos Bulosan was determined to begin a career as a writer, as he already proved himself a proficient writer in
high school. Carlos Bulosan arrived in Seattle on July 22, 1930 – shortly after the Great Depression hit, and he found that America was
not at all anything like he expected. His immediate goal was to establish contact with his brother Aurelio, who was living in Lompoc, CA
at the time. Bulosan got his first job in America as a dishwasher in Lompoc’s Lane Café (the Opal Café in America Is in the Heart).

During his first ten years in America, Bulosan lived in four states: Washington, Oregon, California, and Arizona. He worked in
fisheries, canneries, and picked produce out in the fields. He found that migrants worked in generally miserable conditions. He wrote
about witnessing on the-job injuries comparable to those described in The Jungle: in one instance, while working at a fishery,
Bulosan’s coworker lost an arm in a cutting machine. Bulosan later found the arm floating around in the water with the fish. Bulosan
described working conditions similar to those found in other literary classics, signifying his intellect.

Aside from poor working conditions, the work was not steadily available, due to changing agricultural seasons. In order to
remain constantly employed, Bulosan moved up and down the Pacific Coast: Washington (mostly Seattle), California (Sacramento,
Stockton, and especially Los Angeles), Alaska, and sometimes traveled east (New Mexico). Migration was a large trend among the
Pinoys, and they usually traveled by train, taxi, or with friends.
Bulosan was afflicted with numerous health issues throughout his life, the most noticeable being his weak legs, the most
critical being tuberculosis. The most prominent episode of poor health was his admittance to the tuberculosis wards at the Los Angeles
County Hospital. He stayed there from 1936 to 1938, during which he underwent a series of operations: thoracoplasty and the removal
of a kneecap and lung. The leg was apparently gravely injured by a white mob, and a letter reveals his right hand was smashed by
white policemen who tried to extort money from him. He was admitted to Seattle’s Firland Sanatorium, another tuberculosis hospital, in
1952. Bulosan attributes his loss of hearing and internal bleeding with the medications he took while at Firland. He underwent a total of
18 operations by 1954. His frail state prevented him from doing physical labor and marching on the front lines during strikes and
protests. This in turn limited his employment opportunities, which is why he was reliant on writing as an occupation.

Allos also led a harmful lifestyle, which he attributes to his writing. He brought himself to starvation (while employed) in order
to feel want, as many people around the world felt. Bulosan’s declassified FBI file states that he weighed 99 lbs. by the time he was
admitted to Firland Sanatorium and 87 lbs. by June 14, 1954. Alcohol, especially whiskey, supposedly cleared his mind of distractions,
so he could focus on his ideas. It is also possible he drank constantly to numb the pains from his various ailments. Finally, he was an
insomniac; he would write in episodes spanning several days, fearing that he would lose his ideas if he slept. This amalgam of poor
health and a self destructive lifestyle caused his death in September 1956.

As mentioned earlier, Carlos Bulosan was not survived by anyone, and Aurelio was his legal heir. But there were women in
Bulosan’s life, and primary sources show that they all held some significance beyond being his friends or love interests. He was
uncomfortable being seen with a woman in public, not because of the woman herself, or his being with one. He was aware that his
relationships were prone to prejudices, since he was a Filipino. And so he never mentioned these women outside of correspondence.

The Babb sisters, Sanora and Dorothy, brought Bulosan lifelong friendship. Sanora Babb and Bulosan originally came into
contact when he was editor for The New Tide. a labor union newspaper to which she contributed. Bulosan and the Babb sisters wrote
many letters, and the sisters recommended many books. They visited him often when he was in the LA County Hospital. Bulosan read
one book a day during his time in the hospital, and he credits the Babb sisters with “making” him into a skilled writer.

Dorothy Babb and Carlos Bulosan

Letters written by Marjorie Patton (dating from 1950-

1953) suggest she and Bulosan were married, or at least in a
deeply committed long-distance relationship. The Carlos
Bulosan Papers at the University of Washington have no copy of the
marriage certificate, but letters addressed to Ms. Marjorie
Bulosan suggest they were married by 1950. Bulosan may have
kept the relationship quiet because of racism and prejudice.
Marjorie was involved with the labor movement to an uncertain
extent. She found a job in connection with the Atomic Energy
Commission, which probably gave leads for the FBI. Carlos
Bulosan was a blacklisted author by this time, and the FBI already began its surveillance on him the year before. The
relationship was ultimately unsuccessful, but records only indicate a separation, not divorce.

In his last years, Bulosan met Josephine Patrick, a white woman who was long involved in the labor movement.
They were both members of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), though
at different times. They knew of each other, and had mutual friends in various labor unions. Bulosan and Patrick met in
Seattle in 1952, at the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 37 chapter. Poetic letters written to
Josephine indicate that Bulosan was madly in love with her, but their relationship was also unsuccessful.

Bulosan’s relationships failed because of his dedication to his work. In a letter written
to a friend in September 1947, Bulosan says “I don’t want to marry because I am a
coward: I am actually afraid of the responsibilities attendant to marriage. It takes a
man sometimes to marry. I have married my work, my dream, my hope for the future. No
woman can take the place of my work; and all the women I have known realized it, and so in
time they all went away.”
(Josephine Patrick)

Bulosan’s American colonial education promoted freedom and equality, but he later
found that these ideas applied only to white Americans. He was acutely aware that Filipinos
and other minorities had little chance of economic prosperity and social justice, especially
in the Depression-era United States. Unsurprisingly, he dedicated his life to writing and political activism to push for better
conditions and civil rights for minority workers in the United States and (later) around the world. Bulosan’s numerous
injuries kept him from performing physical labor and marching out on the front lines, so his written works were his attempts
to advance civil and worker rights. He sacrificed love and health for these impersonal ambitions.